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This descriptive, correlational designed study was concerned with noncompliance with therapeutic regimens, a pervasive clinical problem which is confounded with the lack of a strong link among theory, research and practice. The focus was on one of the constructs included the Reciprocal Interaction Model of Compliance Behaviors, which was derived using a modified grounded theory methodology and following various theory building prescriptions. The overall purpose was to begin to evaluate the goodness-of-fit of this empirically, qualitatively and retroductively generated explanation of compliance behaviors. The specific aims were to develop, refine and test a 6-point response, 64-item Likert-type instrument, Olivas' Health Motivation Scale - OHMS, that adequately measures the construct, Health Motivation: the force within the patient which is developed as he/she gains experience with his/her illness as a function of time. It has two major dimensions: expectations and values. Health Motivation as indexed by an expectations/values interaction was predicted to impact compliance as measured by dietary and medication measures, both objective and subjective estimates. Using trait and nomological construct perspectives, the OHMS was systematically evaluated by internal and external association criteria and therefore validity and reliability estimates, with a purposive sample of 84 heterogeneous hemodialysis patients who represented two cultures (Anglo and Hispanic), varying in gender, age and length in hemodialysis. Internal consistency reliability and trait construct validity were derived through Cronbach's alpha and principal components factor analysis. Refined OHMS Scales had alphas and thetas ranging from .58 to .89. Explained scale variance ranged from .54 to .84. Epistemic coefficients, the validity links between concept and operational measures, ranged from .76 to .94. Internal validity of the design, estimated through multiple regression, was concluded to be satisfactory. External association assessment via multiple regression produced mixed findings. Select expectations, in linear combination with select values, explained varying degrees of the variance, in select compliance measures, R² = .11 to .44. Through empirical modeling via path analysis, select subject characteristics (ethnicity, length on dialysis, age) were found to have direct or indirect relationships with compliance. Theory, research, and practice based limitations and recommendations were made from the results of the study. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

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Bakgrund: Diabetes mellitus typ 2 är en vanlig folksjukdom som innebär en stor börda för patienter. Kostförändringar har visats kunna förbättra patienters situation, men följsamheten av kostråd brister dock ofta och det tillhör sjuksköterskans roll att främja och stödja en effektiv egenvård bland patienter med diabetes. Syfte: Syftet av denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka utifrån patienters perspektiv vad som påverkar till en ökad samt minskad följsamhet av kostråd vid diabetes typ 2. Metod: Litteraturöversikten är baserad på 19 artiklar av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa ansats som valts ut från databaserna PubMed, Cinahl och PsycINFO. De valda artiklarna vetenskaplig kvalitet granskades med checklistor för kvasi-experimentella eller kvalitativa studier. De inkluderade artiklarnas resultat analyserades av båda författarna för att hitta faktorer som påverkar följsamhet av kostråd. Relevant data sorterades i teman beroende på likheter och skillnader. Resultat: Totalt identifierades sex teman som beskriver vad som kan ha betydelse för följsamheten till kostråd: (1) förhållningssätt till förändring, (2) sociala aspekter, (3) mental hälsa, (4) kultur, (5) kunskapsbrist och (6) socioekonomisk situation. Slutsats: Sjukdomsinsikt, self-efficacy och socialt stöd är väsentliga aspekter att beakta när sjuksköterskor vårdar patienter med diabetes, för att främja deras följsamhet till kostråd. Stödjande insatser borde bygga på individens egen förmåga att ändra sin kost genom att inkludera tidig och anpassad information, delaktighet av närstående samt empati gällande personens socioekonomiska, kulturella och psykiska förhållande. / Background: Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus increases worldwide and represents a major disease burden. Effective self-care, including diet changes, has been shown to prevent complications and improve quality of life. However, adherence to diet therapy is often insufficient and it belongs to the nurse’s role to promote and support adequate self-care. Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine, from patients perspectives, what increases and decreases compliance to dietary advice for diabetes type 2. Method: The literature review is based on 19 articles of both quantitative and qualitative approaches, selected from the databases PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO. The scientific quality of the selected articles was assessed with checklists for quasi-experimental or qualitative studies. Both authors analyzed the results of the included articles, to identify factors that influence adherence to dietary advice. Relevant data were sorted into themes depending on similarities and differences. Results: Six themes were identified: (1) attitude to change, (2) social relations, (3) mental health, (4) culture, (5) lack of knowledge and (6) socio-economic condition. Conclusion: Disease insight, self-efficacy and social support are essential aspects to consider when nurses care for patients with diabetes, to promote their adherence to dietary advice. Supporting interventions should strengthen the individual's own capability to change their diet, by including early and tailored information, participation of family members and empathy regarding the person's socio-economic, cultural as well as their psychological condition.

The relationship between health attribution belief systems and compliance in an ecological treatment regimen was examined in 40 patients with environmental illness. Internal and chance scales on the Health Attribution Test (HAT) were found to be related to reported level of compliance for each subject. Data were subjected to Chi square analysis with highly significant results obtained. Ecology patients appear to take responsibility for their own health and treatment and, although they feel themselves to be victims of fate, they comply with treatment on a high level.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the problem of defaulting of tuberculosis (TB) treatment in the Khomas region of Namibia. A quantitative, descriptive research approach was used to investigate the reasons for defaulting of TB treatment under the DOTS strategy in Khomas Region of Namibia. Data was collected by using a structured interview schedule with 54 participants who were on DOTS strategy and defaulted. Data were analysed by using the Epi info computer program. The major findings from the data obtained, revealed that the respondents did not have an in-depth knowledge of TB and the health education was not successful. This contributed to the defaulting of their treatment. Based on the study findings nurses should improve health education to TB patients on DOTS and also educate members of the community to address the stigmatisation of TB. Recommendations for further improvement in the compliance of TB treatment were made. / Public Health / M.A. (Public Health)

A research report submitted to the faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Epidemiology. / Antiretroviral therapy (ART) recommendations among HIV – infected pregnant women have been revised several times by the World Health Organization (WHO). Option B+, which is the latest recommendation continues to be rolled out in several countries across the globe but mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Retention in care and adherence to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs taken by these women remains unclear in this new program. We assessed ability to stay in care (retention) and adherence to ART among HIV – infected women starting life-long treatment during pregnancy and after, at an HIV care and treatment clinic in Ifakara Tanzania. Our study provided an opportunity to understand the trends in adherence to ART and retention in care for this population. Methods We analyzed data of HIV-infected pregnant women registered and starting ART for the first time in the Kilombero and Ulanga Antiretroviral Cohort in 2009 and 2010 with a follow up period of up to two years to 2011 and 2012 respectively. Adherence was by patient self-report (PSR) and was sufficient (good) if the woman took all the prescribed pills of the issued batch or insufficient (poor) if she missed two or more pills. Women that missed two or more consecutive scheduled visits to the clinic were not retained while those that honored their scheduled visits were retained in care. Two sample t test and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to test predictor outcome associations for continuous variables while Pearson’s and Fisher’s exact tests were used for categorical ones. Hazard ratios of each predictor variable were calculated using Cox regression. Student No: 737395 Page v Results A total of 1,282 HIV – infected women were registered in KIULARCO between 2009 and 2010. Fifty (50) were pregnant and started life-long ART upon registration in this period. Of these, 25 (50%) were registered in 2009 and the other 25 (50%) in 2010. Slightly more than half, 52.2% had CD4 cell counts above 350cells/mm3. Almost half, 49% of the women were registered in their final (third) pregnancy trimester. About 82% were in WHO stage one and 60% of all the 50 women were initiated on AZT/3TC/EFV regimen. Only 5.7% had secondary education while the rest had primary or no education at all. Of the women that reported their partners HIV state, 54.5% had partners that had never tested for HIV. Adherence for all participants was reported as sufficient (good) for the entire period the women were in care. No one had insufficient (poor) adherence. Retention in care was higher during pregnancy than after delivery. Generally, loss to follow up was 40%. About 30% were lost during pregnancy and the majority, 70% lost after they had delivered their babies. There was no evidence to prove that any of the factors studied independently predicted non retention. The most likely time to non retention was six months after delivery. Conclusions Our study, despite small sample size, shows that among women diagnosed HIV – infected and starting life-long ART during pregnancy (Option B+), adherence to ART is sufficient and retention in care similar during and after pregnancy. Counseling on the importance of staying in care especially around the first few months after delivery should be emphasized at ANC.

Estudo descritivo transversal que teve como objetivos caracterizar os usuários dos serviços de saúde com diabetes mellitus que apresentaram não adesão ao tratamento segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e terapêuticas, e relacionar a não adesão e as variáveis sexo, idade, anos de estudo, tempo de diagnóstico, hemoglobina glicada, colesterol total, triglicerídeos, colesterol lipoproteína de alta densidade e colesterol lipoproteína de baixa densidade. Os dados foram provenientes da base de dados de um estudo seccional conduzido, em 2010, em 17 Unidades de Saúde da Família do município de Passos, Minas Gerais. A amostra foi constituída por 417 pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que apresentaram não adesão ao tratamento. Para análise, utilizou-se estatística descritiva e o Teste Exato de Fisher. Para a quantificação das associações utilizou-se a regressão logística, com o cálculo do Odds ratio bruto. Os resultados mostraram que houve predomínio de mulheres, média de 62,4 anos, 4,2 anos de estudo e 2,6 salários mínimos. A maioria tinha tempo de diagnóstico inferior a dez anos, excesso de peso, obesidade abdominal, valores elevados de pressão arterial sistólica. As complicações e comorbidades mais referidas foram retinopatia e a hipertensão arterial, respectivamente. Os antidiabéticos orais mais utilizados foram as biguanidas e as sulfonilureias. O consumo de gordura saturada, fibra alimentar e fracionamento das refeições diárias não estavam de acordo com os parâmetros recomendados. O nível de atividade física foi considerado moderadamente ativo e muito ativo para maioria dos usuários. Ao adotar o nível de significância de 5%, no qual valores de p menores que 0,05 foram considerados significativos, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre não adesão e as variáveis estudadas. Entretanto, aqueles com tempo de estudo igual ou inferior a oito anos tiveram maior chance de não aderir ao plano alimentar; os com valores de hemoglobina glicada maiores que 6,5% tiveram maior chance de não aderir ao tratamento medicamentoso, e os com valores de colesterol total igual ou superior a 200 mg/dl, ao plano alimentar. Espera- se que os resultados possam contribuir para o diagnóstico situacional dos usuários com diabetes das 17 Unidades de Saúde da Família investigadas e para a busca de estratégias inovadoras no enfrentamento das fragilidades em relação a não adesão aos três pilares do tratamento em diabetes. Essa avaliação pode também constituir em um instrumento valioso de mensuração contínua do impacto das intervenções implementadas. / Descriptive transversal study aimed to characterize the patient with diabetes mellitus that had no treatment adherence according to socio-demographic variables, clinical and therapeutic, and relate to nonadherence and the variables sex, age, years of study, time of diagnosis, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The data were from a base sectional study conducted in 2010 in 17 family health units of the municipality of Passos, Minas Gerais. The sample consisted of 417 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have nonadherence to treatment. For analysis, we used descriptive statistics and the Fisher exact Test. For the quantification of logistic regression was employed, with the calculation of the Odds ratio. The results showed that there was a predominance of women, average of 62.4 years, 2.6 years of study and 4.2 minimum wages. Most had diagnostic time less than ten years, overweight, abdominal obesity, high systolic blood pressure values. The most reported complications and comorbidities were hypertension. The complication and comorbidity more reported was hypertension and retinopathy, respectively. The most commonly used oral antidiabetics were the biguanidas and the sulfonilureias. The consumption of saturated fat, dietary fiber and fractionation of daily meals were not according to the recommended parameters. The level of physical activity was considered moderately active and very active for most patients. By adopting the significance level of 5%, in which p values less than 0.05 were considered significant, not statistically significant difference was found between nonadherence and the variables studied. However, those with study time equal to or less than the eight years had a higher chance of not joining the food plan; the glycated hemoglobin values greater than 6.5% had a higher chance of not adhering to drug treatment, and the total cholesterol values equal to or greater than 200 mg/dl, the eating plan. It is expected that the results contribute to the situational diagnosis of the patients with diabetes of 17 family health units investigated and to the search for innovative strategies in confronting the weaknesses in relation to nonadherence to the three pillars of diabetes treatment. This evaluation can also be a valuable tool for measuring the impact of interventions implemented.

Introdução: apesar de todo o avanço científico e tecnológico voltado para o cuidado de pessoas com úlcera venosa crônica, muitas apresentam dificuldades para aderir ao cuidado necessário à cicatrização dessa lesão, o que traz impactos negativos às suas vidas. Objetivo: compreender a ação das pessoas com úlcera venosa crônica em relação à adesão ao cuidado orientado pelos profissionais de saúde. Método: pesquisa de abordagem fenomenológica, realizada em uma cidade do interior de Minas Gerais. Participaram cinco homens e sete mulheres com úlcera venosa crônica, com idade média de 61 anos e tempo médio da lesão de 13 anos. Para obtenção dos dados, utilizou-se a entrevista aberta com as seguintes questões norteadoras: fale-me sobre as orientações que você recebeu do profissional de saúde sobre o cuidado com a ferida. Como está sendo para você seguir estas orientações? O que você tem em vista quando procura o profissional de saúde para cuidar da sua ferida? A organização e análise foram realizadas seguindo os passos preconizados por estudiosos da fenomenologia social de Alfred Schütz. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com seres humanos da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, sob o Parecer nº 1.235.302, de 18 de setembro de 2015. Resultados: o típico da ação vivida por pessoas com úlcera venosa crônica frente à adesão ao cuidado orientado pelos profissionais de saúde caracteriza-se como aquele que age em busca da adesão aos cuidados com vistas à cicatrização da úlcera venosa crônica e à manutenção da integridade da pele dos membros inferiores o maior tempo possível, vislumbrando a retomada das atividades do cotidiano. Além disso, inclui a expectativa do estabelecimento de uma boa relação interpessoal com o profissional no serviço de saúde. Embora intencionalidade se volte para a adesão ao cuidado orientado pelos profissionais de saúde, as atividades cotidianas impedem a concretização dessa intencionalidade, dificultando a realização do repouso, prática de exercícios físicos, dieta e uso da terapia compressiva. Também a falta de infraestrutura dos serviços de saúde interfere na adesão ao cuidado, o que pode dificultar a cicatrização da úlcera venosa crônica. Conclusões: a fenomenologia social de Alfred Schütz permitiu desvelar o típico da ação de pessoas com úlcera venosa crônica frente à adesão ao cuidado orientado pelos profissionais de saúde, trazendo elementos importantes para a reflexão acerca da dificuldade para a adesão a esse cuidado. A perspectiva das pessoas com úlcera venosa crônica aponta questões alocadas no universo intersubjetivo e cultural dos participantes, além daquelas relacionadas à operacionalização dos cuidados nos serviços de saúde, que precisam ser refletidas no âmbito da assistência, gestão, ensino e pesquisa na área de saúde e enfermagem. / Introduction: despite all the scientific and technological advances meant for the care of people with chronic venous ulcers, many people with this wound have difficulty adhering to the care necessary for the healing of this wound, which brings negative impacts to their lives. Objective: To understand the action of people with chronic venous ulcer in relation to adherence to care guided by health professionals. Method: phenomenological research, carried out in a city in Minas Gerais. The study included five men and seven women with chronic venous ulcers, with mean age of 61 years and mean duration of 13 years injury. To obtain the data we used the open interview with the following guiding questions: Tell me about the prescriptions you received from health professionals about the care of the wound. How it is for you to follow these recommendations? What you have in mind when looking for health professional to take care of your wound? The organization and analysis were carried out following the steps recommended by researchers of social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research with human beings of the University of São Paulo School of Nursing, Protocol number1,235,302, September 18, 2015. Results: the typical action experienced by people with venous ulcers front adherence to care guided by health professionals is characterized as one who acts in pursuit of adherence to care with a view to healing of chronic venous ulcers and skin integrity maintenance of the lower limbs as long as possible, seeing the resumption of daily activities. It also includes the expectation of establishing good interpersonal relationship with the professional in the health service. Although intentionality will return to adherence to care guided by health professionals, everyday activities do not allow the realization of this intention, hindering the realization of rest, physical exercise, diet and use of compression therapy. The lack of infrastructure of health services interferes with adherence to care which can hinder the healing of chronic venous ulcers. Conclusions: social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz allowed reveal the typical action of people with chronic venous ulcers front adherence to care guided by health professionals, bringing important elements for reflection on the difficulty adhering to this care. The perspective of people with chronic venous ulcers point issues allocated in the intersubjective and cultural universe of participants, as well as those related to operationalization of care in health services, which need to be reflected in assistance, management, teaching and research in health and nursing.

Bakgrund Diabetes är en av de sjukdomar som ökar mest i hela världen, detta medför att även följdsjukdomar förknippade med diabetes ökar. Diabetesretinopati [DRP] är en av dessa följdsjukdomar. Regelbunden ögonbottenfotografering gör att förändringar upptäcks i tid. Följsamheten till ögonbottenfotografering bland patienter med diabetes är dock inte optimal.   Syfte Syftet med studien var att identifiera faktorer som bidrar till att patienter med diabetes har låg följsamhet till ögonbottenfotografering.   Metod Studien utfördes som en systematisk litteraturstudie, med kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar för att sammanställa tidigare forskning.    Resultat Studien resulterade i tre huvudkategorier Faktorer relaterade till interaktionen med sjukvården, faktorer relaterade till patientens livssituation och personlighet och faktorer relaterade till det omgivande samhället samt åtta underkategorier. De huvudsakliga faktorer som framkom var brist på information, ekonomiska aspekter samt känslor relaterade till undersökningarna.   Slutsats Genom att identifiera försvårande faktorer kan denna studies resultat användas som utgångspunkt för att utveckla hälsofrämjande åtgärder för en ökad följsamhet. Även annan vårdpersonal, till exempel diabetessjuksköterskan kan få nytta av kunskapen som framkommer. Vidare forskning behövs som behandlar nordiska förhållanden. / Background Diabetes is an increasing health problem all around the world. This means that health problems associated with diabetes are also increasing. Diabetic retinopathy [DRP] is one of these problems. To detect DRP at an early stage, regular fundus examinations are recommended. However, compliance among diabetic patients is not optimal. Purpose The purpose of the study was to identify factors that contribute to patients' with diabetes low compliance to fundus examinations. Method The study was a systematic literature review, including both qualitative and quantitative research in order for a comprehensive compilation of previous studies. Results The result showed three main categories. Factors related to the interaction with the healthcare system, factors related to the patient's life situation and personality and factors related to the surrounding society. There were also eight subcategories. The main factors that emerged were lack on information, economic aspects and emotions related to the examinations. Conclusions By identifying aggravating factors, the result in this study may be useful as a starting point to develop health-promoting actions to increase compliance. Other healthcare professionals, such as the diabetic nurse, may also benefit from the knowledge that emerges. Further research about the conditions in Scandinavia is required.