The piano first came into existence about 1709, but until the 1770's it was probably used most successfully as an accompanying instrument because of the small volume of tone it could produce. In its earlier stages the piano was not capable of producing even as big a tone as a large. sized harpsichord, During these seventy years piano builders experimented a great deal with the piano and its mechanisms, As with any instrument, some ideas were kept and improved, and others were tried and then discarded.

Despite being ubiquitous within the Classical style, pedals have received little attention in the scholarly literature. This dissertation adopts a form-functional approach to understanding them with an eye toward distinguishing their normative and non-normative functions. A form-functional approach begins by parsing the musical surface into formal and temporal functions. William Caplin has identified five distinct temporal functions: 1) "before-the-beginning"; 2) "the beginning"; 3) "the middle"; 4) "the end"; and 5) "after-the-end." Appearing mostly in locations 2) and 5), tonic pedals express two primary functions, formal initiation and postcadential closing for a theme. Dominant pedals also express postcadential function, but close less stable areas like transitions. They also appear in location 3), most notably in contrasting middles, where they bring harmonic contrast or uncertainty and anticipate a recapitulation. Because they frequently mediate between the home and subordinate key, I have devised four categories of dominant pedal that bring a sense of clarity to the range of functions dominant pedals can serve. V[supercript d] => V[supercript d] pedals normally express a postcadential standing-on-the-dominant or a contrasting-middle function. V[supercript t] => V[supercript t] pedals express the same functions, but in a more stable way. V[supercript t] => V[supercript d] pedals express a retransition function or a contrasting-middle function that enacts a harmonic transformation. The V[supercript d] => V[supercript t] pedal also expresses a contrasting-middle function, but reverses the direction of the harmonic transformation. Finally, with regard to their non-normative functions, pedals can loosen their formal contexts by generating form-functional overlap and expansion. / text

Les problématiques scientifiques étudiant la biomécanique du mouvement de pédalage en cyclisme ont fait et font toujours l'objet de nombreux travaux. Ces travaux touchent de divers domaines, technologique par exemple pour l'amélioration du matériel qui a considérablement évolué, physiologique pour l'amélioration des capacités physiques et des rendements énergétiques en fonction des styles de pédalage, et biomécanique pour l'expertise, en particulier, de l'efficacité de mouvement de pédalage. Le travail présenté s'inscrit dans ce dernier champ scientifique : la biomécanique du mouvement.</br>Le travail réalisé a bénéficié d'un appel à projet de l'Agence Française de la Lutte contre le Dopage avec pour objectif : « [SIC] se réarmer vis-à-vis du dopage en adoptant des démarches qui se veulent originales et concrètes, notamment en se plaçant du point de vue de l'entourage scientifique de sportifs dopés » en se focalisant sur les thèmes « [SIC] Travail, puissance et rendement énergétique».</br>Dans ce contexte, l'objectif général des travaux est l'évaluation du profil biomécanique du coureur cycliste par mesures en laboratoire. Pour cela, une plateforme expérimentale a été validée et nous a permis d'aborder deux questions centrales i) qu'est ce qui crée la force produite à la pédale ? ii) que peut-on attendre d'une évaluation énergétique mécanique du mouvement de pédalage? Ces deux points sont abordés à partir d'un protocole de tests de type incrémentiel tel que l'exige la Fédération Française de Cyclisme. Les résultats ont été obtenus sur une cohorte de coureurs Elite. / Numerous studies investigated and still investigate pedaling motion in cycling from a biomechanical point of view. These studies involve various fields, like technologic for improving the material which has considerably evolved, physiologic for physical capacities and energy efficiencies' improvement according to pedaling styles, and biomechanics for motion's expertise and pedaling efficiency in particularly. This work takes part in the last scientific field: the biomechanics of movement.</br>This work received a call for proposals of the AFLD (Agence Française de la Lutte contre le Dopage) in order to: "[SIC] rearm regarding doping by adopting original and practical approaches, considering scientific environment of doped athletes" by focusing on the themes of "[SIC] Work, power and energy efficiency".</br>In this context, the general objective of this work is the biomechanical evaluation of cyclist's profile in laboratory conditions. For this, an experimental platform has been validated and allowed us to follow two central issues i) How is created the force produced to the pedal? ii) What can be expected from a mechanical energy evaluation of pedaling motion? These two points are discussed through incremental protocol tests as required by the French Cycling Federation. The results were obtained on a cohort of Elite cyclists.

This master thesis is focused on design of control stick grip and rudder pedals extension. These components are equipped with active elements, which provide pilot with haptic feedback. The purpose of the introduced design is to allow prototype to be built into the aeroplane so that the proposed concept of haptic feedback can be tested onboard. It shall verify used technical solutions as well to allow for their application on following development stages that aim at certification of the proposed haptic feedback system to be used in general aviation aeroplanes. The designed components are the successors of prototypes used for experiments carried on flight simulator. The design process follows the requirements of legislation and outcomes of the previous experiments. This thesis follows the design process from setting of the design requirements to mechanical test of 3D printed prototypes.

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