Thesis (D.M.A.)--University of Oklahoma, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-70).

The use of nebulization is becoming increasingly frequent in treatment of acute or chronic lung diseases for delivery of topically active drugs and is also an attractive way to deliver systemic drugs. A nebulizer can be defined by the aerodynamic properties of the emitted particles which are directly related to the lung deposition and the clinical response to a nebulized drug. New guidelines elaborated by an European norm (ENFR13544-1) aim to participate to a better control on quality and efficiency of existing devices and inspired the elaboration of the studies of this thesis. The aim of these works was to evaluate the nebulization function of a new kind of modality, the intrapulmonary percussive ventilation which contrarily to classical jet nebulizers nebulizes drugs under superimposed percussion conditions. In vitro measurements were realized by cascade impaction and laser diffraction. Lung deposition was investigated by imagery techniques and pharmacokinetic study. Aerodynamic properties were different between the in vitro methods. When measured by cascade impaction, MMAD and FPF were smaller for IPV comparatively to SST. By laser diffraction, FPF remained lower but MMAD was higher with IPV than with SST. The effect of percussions was greater on MMAD than on FPF. An irregular intrapulmonary deposition and a higher whole body deposition due to a higher extrapulmonary deposition with the IPV were measured by scintigraphy. The pharmacokinetic study highlighted that the drug output and the lung dose were lower when amikacin was delivered by IPV comparatively to SST. All results of these different studies seem unfavourable to the use of intrapulmonary percussive ventilation as modality of administration for nebulized drugs without further investigations. Results presented in this thesis concerning exclusively healthy subjects, we hope that they encouraged to perform complementary analysis and observations in different conditions such as patients with lung disease.

The task of a drill bit in percussive drilling is to transport the initial kinetic energy of the hammer to the workpiece in terms of stress waves. The efficiency of this transportation and the stresses that the drill bit is exposed to during the process is dependent on the nature of the stress waves. In hand-type hammer drilling, changing dimensions of the bit means changing conditions for the propagation and interaction of the stress waves. In this study, using finite element method, wave propagation and interaction in hand-type hammer drill bits is investigated with respect to drill bit dimensions. The main aim is to assess the effect of length and thickness on the efficiency and stress history of a hand-type drill bit. The results are evaluated in regard to workpiece hardness, which is a factor changing the effect of dimensions. In addition, chiseling test, which is used to prove bits under percussive loading, is carried out to detect differences between thin and thick drill bits, and the results are explained with the help of finite element simulations. Conclusions are drawn revealing the efficiency and stress history of drill bits under percussive loading with respect to thickness, length and workpiece hardness. Finally, it is seen that the real-life results of chiseling test are in agreement with the simulation results.

<p>This master thesis consists of the creation of shock absorber models for percussive rock drills. A model of the rock was also developed. These models were connected to existing models of the rock drill to create a complete simulation of the rock drilling process.</p><p>When the models had been created the rock model was evaluated by comparison with measured values from lab tests. The verified rock model was then used to evaluate the shock absorber models.</p><p>Four new shock absorber concepts have been developed. Three of these have been modelled, while the fourth have only been sketched and described.</p><p>The evaluation of the models showed the following:</p><p>• Simulations of the single shock absorber don’t correlate to reality very well. The movement is too rapid and poorly damped.</p><p>• The simulated behaviour of the tandem shock absorber corresponds to reality, but the simulated hydraulic pressures aren’t reliable and neither is the damping.</p><p>• Simulation of the double shock absorber reflects reality fairly well, although the model of the check valve can be improved.</p><p>• There are problems with fluttering damper pressures in simulation whenever an accumulator is connected directly to the damper volume. The problem doesn’t exist if there is a line or an orifice with enough losses between the volume and the accumulator.</p><p>• The feeder system needs to be modelled.</p> / <p>Examensarbetet gick ut på att ta fram simuleringsmodeller av olika dämpare i en bergborrmaskin. Dessutom behövdes en bergmodell som gav korrekta reflexer från berget vid simulering. Dessa modeller kopplades samman med befintliga modeller för att skapa en simulering av hela bergborrningsprocessen.</p><p>Efter att modeller skapats utvärderades bergmodellen mot mätvärden som uppmätts under prov. Efter att bergmodellen verifierats användes den för att verifiera dämparmodellerna.</p><p>Fyra dämparkoncept har tagits fram. Tre av dessa har modellerats, medan det fjärde endast har skissats och förklarats.</p><p>Verifieringen av modellerna visade följande:</p><p>• Simulering av enkeldämpare stämmer dåligt med verkligheten utan ger för snabba och odämpade rörelser.</p><p>• Simulering av dubbeldämparen stämmer bra med verkligheten men modellen över backventilen behöver ses över något.</p><p>• Simulering av tandemdämpare stämmer beteendemässigt men de simulerade trycken är inte tillförlitliga och inte heller dämpningen.</p><p>• Det finns problem med trycksvängningar vid simulering av modeller där dämpvolymen är direkt ansluten till en ackumulator. Om en strypning eller en ledning med tillräckliga förluster ansluter ackumulator och dämpvolym med varandra märks inte detta problem.</p><p>• Modell över matningen behöver tas fram.</p>

The United States Navy incorporates many different occupations to ensure it achieves its overall mission. These occupations are extremely diversified and present a wide spectrum of occupational exposures. Many of these exposures have been well studied and documented. However, shipboard pneumatic tool hand-arm vibration, (HAV) and how it relates to different body postures is an area of occupational exposure that has received little attention. The chief objective of this study was to assess whether there is a difference in hand-arm vibration levels, while working on one of two surface orientations (e.g., horizontal and vertical) among distinctly different pneumatic tools while cleaning or not cleaning. The design of the study evaluated three pneumatic tools cleaning both horizontal and vertical surfaces and the fourth tool only cleaning a horizontal surface. HAV levels were measured to identify the effect horizontal and vertical surface orientations had on the tool. Five subjects were used in the evaluation of the four tools by a random sequencing order. Each subject was required to hold the tool in an idle condition, an activated without cleaning condition, and an activated cleaning condition, (surface contact) for 20 seconds each. These conditions were evaluated in two different surface orientations; horizontal and vertical (except for the 4th tool). Each subject repeated each of the cleaning/not cleaning conditions three times for a total of 7 measurements per surface. The idle condition was only conducted one time for each tool and surface. The measurements were collected from a Quest, HAVPro instrument using an accelerometer on the pneumatic tool following ISO 5349-1:2001 and ISO 5349-2:2001 methods.A three-way ANOVA (subjects by tool, by condition, (cleaning vs. not cleaning) and tool vs. condition) with replicates (not including idle conditions) was conducted on the data. The analysis included the main effects and the interaction of tool and surface orientation. The subjects were treated as a blocking variable. All the main effects and the interaction were significant at p<0.0001, except for surface, p<0.6396. Surface orientation does not affect HAV levels in pneumatic tools.

United States (U.S.) Navy sailors are exposed to a very large number of hazards, both chemical and physical. Occupational vibration from pneumatic air tools is one of the potential exposure hazards. There are very limited data as to the exposures to one type of tool, a needle gun or needle scaler, used by the sailors.The purpose of this study was to characterize the vibration levels generated by a needle gun used in the U.S. Navy. The design of the study evaluated the difference pressure had on the acceleration levels generated from the needle scaler. Five subjects were used in the evaluation of the tool. Each subject was required to hold the tool for twenty seconds activated without contact and activated on a surface and at two different pressures, 60 and 80 pound per square inch (psi). Each subject repeated each of the conditions three times for a total of 12 measurements. Each subject was also required to hold the tool in hand without the tool activated. The measurements were collected from an accelerometer on the needle gun following ISO 5349-1:2001 and ISO 5349-2:2001 methods. Significant differences were observed individually in pressure (p<0.0001), contact (p<0.0001)), and subjects (p<0.001). In addition, there was a significant interaction between contact and pressure (p<0.001). It was concluded that U.S. Navy sailors are not likely at significant risk to Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome for lifetime exposures to hand transmitted vibration.

This master thesis consists of the creation of shock absorber models for percussive rock drills. A model of the rock was also developed. These models were connected to existing models of the rock drill to create a complete simulation of the rock drilling process. When the models had been created the rock model was evaluated by comparison with measured values from lab tests. The verified rock model was then used to evaluate the shock absorber models. Four new shock absorber concepts have been developed. Three of these have been modelled, while the fourth have only been sketched and described. The evaluation of the models showed the following: • Simulations of the single shock absorber don’t correlate to reality very well. The movement is too rapid and poorly damped. • The simulated behaviour of the tandem shock absorber corresponds to reality, but the simulated hydraulic pressures aren’t reliable and neither is the damping. • Simulation of the double shock absorber reflects reality fairly well, although the model of the check valve can be improved. • There are problems with fluttering damper pressures in simulation whenever an accumulator is connected directly to the damper volume. The problem doesn’t exist if there is a line or an orifice with enough losses between the volume and the accumulator. • The feeder system needs to be modelled. / Examensarbetet gick ut på att ta fram simuleringsmodeller av olika dämpare i en bergborrmaskin. Dessutom behövdes en bergmodell som gav korrekta reflexer från berget vid simulering. Dessa modeller kopplades samman med befintliga modeller för att skapa en simulering av hela bergborrningsprocessen. Efter att modeller skapats utvärderades bergmodellen mot mätvärden som uppmätts under prov. Efter att bergmodellen verifierats användes den för att verifiera dämparmodellerna. Fyra dämparkoncept har tagits fram. Tre av dessa har modellerats, medan det fjärde endast har skissats och förklarats. Verifieringen av modellerna visade följande: • Simulering av enkeldämpare stämmer dåligt med verkligheten utan ger för snabba och odämpade rörelser. • Simulering av dubbeldämparen stämmer bra med verkligheten men modellen över backventilen behöver ses över något. • Simulering av tandemdämpare stämmer beteendemässigt men de simulerade trycken är inte tillförlitliga och inte heller dämpningen. • Det finns problem med trycksvängningar vid simulering av modeller där dämpvolymen är direkt ansluten till en ackumulator. Om en strypning eller en ledning med tillräckliga förluster ansluter ackumulator och dämpvolym med varandra märks inte detta problem. • Modell över matningen behöver tas fram.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta tese analisou os saberes percussivos produzidos pelos grupos de Maracatus e Banda Marcial-Show nas escolas pÃblicas da cidade de Fortaleza. No espaÃo escolar, a partir das literaturas na Ãrea e dos dados empÃricos coletados atravÃs da pesquisa de campo, identificou-se que as prÃticas percussivas em coletivo sÃo desenvolvidas, principalmente, por grupos de maracatus e fanfarras, constituindo-se como grupos de atividades extracurriculares que realizam ensaios, atividades e apresentaÃÃes artÃsticas. Tal fenÃmeno propiciou a problematizaÃÃo sobre a existÃncia desses grupos como geradores de conhecimento, porÃm, sem uma articulaÃÃo com as atividades educativas da escola. Portanto, diante desse conjunto de prÃticas na realidade escolar, a pesquisa afirma a existÃncia dos saberes percussivos atravÃs das dimensÃes educativas do saber epistÃmico, de identidade e social com base na teoria da relaÃÃo com o saber de Charlot (2000) e propÃe uma reflexÃo nos termos das epistemologias do sul, de Santos (2010), para uma possibilidade educacional construtiva e vÃlida a partir das prÃticas percussivas em coletivo nas escolas pÃblicas. AtravÃs das entrevistas semiabertas - com os sujeitos escolhidos - a pesquisa identificou as prÃticas percussivas desenvolvidas e compreendeu os sentidos atribuÃdos pelos sujeitos nesse processo de aprendizagem. Assim, esse trabalho traz contribuiÃÃes ao campo da educaÃÃo musical a partir de uma perspectiva dos saberes ressoados no contexto socioeducativo do espaÃo escolar. / This thesis analyzed the percussive knowledge produced by the Maracatus and Marcial-Show bands in the public schools of the city of Fortaleza. In the school space, from the literatures in the area and the empirical data collected through the field research, it was identified that the percussive practices in collective are developed, mainly, by groups of maracatus and fanfarras, constituting like groups of extracurricular activities Which carry out essays, activities and artistic presentations. This phenomenon led to the problematization of the existence of these groups as generators of knowledge, but without an articulation with the educational activities of the school. Therefore, in view of this set of practices in school reality, the research affirms the existence of percussive knowledge through the educational dimensions of epistemic, identity and social knowledge based on the theory of the relationship with the knowledge of Charlot (2000) and proposes a reflection in the In terms of the epistemologies of the south, Santos (2010), for a constructive educational possibility and valid from percussive practices in collective in public schools. Through the semi-open interviews - with the chosen subjects - the research identified the percussive practices developed and understood the meanings attributed by the subjects in this learning process. Thus, this work brings contributions to the field of musical education from a perspective of the knowledge resonated in the socio-educational context of the school space.

nÃo hà / A linguagem percussiva à uma Ãrea do conhecimento musical de grande importÃncia para o desenvolvimento educativo e formativo de um indivÃduo como sujeito social. Principalmente na educaÃÃo infantil e na adolescÃncia uma vez que, esse conhecimento envolve e desenvolve aspectos necessÃrios à formaÃÃo humana como a expressÃo, a coletividade, a psicomotricidade e a reflexÃo. Ao associar outras questÃes importantes e atuais como as questÃes Ãtnico-raciais e ecolÃgicas, cria-se uma trÃade que à chave para o meu trabalho de dissertaÃÃo. A presente pesquisa investiga a experiÃncia de um grupo percussivo: Batucan, vivida e desenvolvida com alunos da Escola PÃblica Filomena Martins dos Santos na cidade de Cruz-CE. Esse grupo utiliza alÃm das suas prÃticas musicais coletivas, a confecÃÃo de seus prÃprios instrumentos, criados em oficinas com materiais reciclÃveis. Como os ritmos trabalhados sÃo do repertÃrio afro-brasileiro, cria-se um link para a abordagem de temÃticas ligadas a educaÃÃo Ãtnico-racial. Portanto, à nessa perspectiva Musical, EcolÃgica e Ãtnico-Racial, que o projeto foi construÃdo e desenvolvido. O objetivo geral à analisar esse processo formativo dos integrantes do grupo Batucan atravÃs das prÃticas percussivas em um contexto de musicalizaÃÃo na escola, no perÃodo de 2016 a 2018. Para dar suporte a estas discussÃes, trago os estudos dos pesquisadores: Santos, Catherine (2013, 2017) e Schrader (2011) sobre contextos teÃricos voltados Ãs prÃticas percussivas em grupo. Penna (2015) sobre os estudos voltados à musicalizaÃÃo. Brito, Teca (2003) tratando da importÃncia da oficina reciclÃvel para o aprendizado musical e Cunha Jr. (2011) abordando a valorizaÃÃo de prÃticas educativas que incentivem a sensibilizaÃÃo dos alunos quanto Ãs questÃes Ãtnico-raciais. A metodologia escolhida para os propÃsitos desta pesquisa teve uma abordagem qualitativa. Seu caminho metodolÃgico foi o da pesquisa-aÃÃo. Como instrumentos de coleta de dados utilizaram-se: entrevistas semiestruturadas e questionÃrios escritos, alÃm de observaÃÃes e anotaÃÃes de ensaios, apresentaÃÃes, encontros, capacitaÃÃes e aulas de campo em que os alunos do grupo participaram no perÃodo de 2016 a 2018. Por fim, este estudo apresenta ao leitor(a) as experiÃncias formativas de um grupo musical que utiliza suas prÃticas percussivas como a principal proposta de musicalizaÃÃo na escola, articulando Ãreas educacionais ligadas Ãs questÃes Ãtnico-raciais e ecolÃgicas. / Percussive language is an area of musical knowledge of great importance for the educational and formative development of an individual as a social subject. Especially in early childhood and adolescence since this knowledge involves and develops aspects necessary for human formation such as expression, collectivity, psychomotricity and reflection. By associating other important and current issues such as ethno-racial and ecological issues, a triad is created that is key to my dissertation work. The present research investigates the experience of a percussive group: Batucan, lived and developed with students of Filomena Martins dos Santos Public School in the city of Cruz-CE. This group uses in addition to its collective musical practices, the making of its own instruments, created in workshops with recyclable materials. As the rhythms worked are from the Afro-Brazilian repertoire, a link is created to approach themes related to ethnic-racial education. Therefore, it is from this Musical, Ecological and Ethnic-Racial perspective that the project was constructed and developed. The general objective is to analyze this formative process of the members of the Batucan group through the percussive practices in a context of musicalization in the school, from 2016 to 2018. To support these discussions, I bring the studies of the researchers: Santos, Catherine (2013 , 2017) and Schrader (2011) on theoretical contexts focused on percussive group practices. Penna (2015) on the studies focused on musicalization. Brito, Teca (2003) discussing the importance of the recyclable workshop for musical learning and Cunha Jr. (2011) addressing the valuation of educational practices that encourage students to raise their awareness of ethnic-racial issues. The methodology chosen for the purposes of this research had a qualitative approach. His methodological path was that of action research. Data collection instruments were used: semi-structured interviews and written questionnaires, as well as observations and notes on essays, presentations, meetings, trainings and field classes in which students from the group participated in the period from 2016 to 2018. Finally, this study presents to the reader the formative experiences of a musical group that uses its percussive practices as the main proposal of musicalization in the school, articulating educational areas related to ethno-racial and ecological issues.

Nous ne sommes plus à l’âge où les destructions poétiques d’appareils se voient car les régimes d’appareils sont devenus transparents : lorsque nous pressons un écran tactile, nous touchons ce que nous ne voyons plus, nos empreintes, et nous voyons ce que nous ne toucherons jamais, le plan numérique. Pour l’artiste contemporain, l’interface haptique – point d’orgue d’une technologie stéréotypée de la percussion – est le parergon d’une échelle inédite, toute tactile. De la machine à écrire aux claviers de plus en plus fins du design informatique, à mesure que l’on croit voir le bloc imaginaire céder sous la pression ergonomique de l’empire cybernétique, se palpe en fait un réel d’emblée en dehors des formes et à l’intérieur de notre doigté. C’est l’espace de la corne aux doigts. Ce transfert, cette remontée du point d’impact dans son élan, ce retour de la forme dans sa structure font du moment de touche – de l’appareillage comme manœuvre de départ – un isolat capital pour reposer la question de la sculpture à l’époque des immatériaux. Bien en face et à contre-courant de la surface informatique, une épaisseur sensible fonctionnelle aurait lieu et pourrait donc faire œuvre ; telle est la thèse proposée ici. Le comportement machinal de l’utilisateur d’interfaces sera considéré comme un modèle poïétique ou pensé comme une partie de l’imagination en attente de traduction plastique. Pendant que se joue l’expérience rythmique de l’interactivité, le corps ne doit-il pas fournir un effort perceptif pour ne pas s’absenter dans une partition photo-digitale jouée par avance ? Ne doit-il pas exprimer son ancrage particulier, calleux et bruissant – nous l’appellerons dactylo-phonique – au contact de la matière du monde ? Sans cette expression, jamais le design technologique contemporain, bi ou tridimensionnel, modélisé et assisté par ordinateur, n’entamera de rapport véritablement efficient avec le réel de nos habitudes et de nos démarches ; bref avec tout le poids incarné de notre conscience imageante : la perte d’indicialité instaurerait-elle un type introverti de phénoménalité ? / Poetic destructions of apparatus are no longer visible as regimes of apparatus have become transparent: when we press a tactile screen, we touch what we cannot see anymore – our fingerprints – and we see what we will never be able to touch – the digital space. For contemporary artists, haptic interfaces are the finger-tipping point of a technological dynamics of percussion but also the parergon of a new and entirely tactile scale. From the first typewriters to the latest ultra thin keyboards designed by computer manufacturers, we may think imagination is yielding under the ergonomic pressure of the cybernetic world. But in fact, existing outside of the shapes and right under our fingertips lies a palpable reality – the space of calluses. This transfer, this sensory feedback, this return of the form to its structure turns this casting off of the apparatus into an essential isolate to rethink sculpture in the age of immateriality. Right in front of the computer surface but working against it, there would be a functional sensitive thickness – an art-making place. This is our thesis. The machine-like behaviour of the interface user will be considered as a poietic model or regarded as a part of imagination waiting for plastic translation.We may wonder whether the rhythmic experience of interactivity does not entail a perceptual bodily effort on our side in order not to remain absent during the performance of a somewhat predictable photo-digital score.Doesn't this peculiar, callous and rustling – or dactylo-phonic – anchoring of the body to the substance of the world need to express itself? Without this expression, contemporary technological design — whether bi or tri-dimensional, modeled or computer-assisted — will never initiate a truly efficient relation with the real experience of our habits and actions, i.e. with all the embodied strength of our image-making consciousness: does the loss of indiciality create an introverted type of phenomenality ?