A community-based randomised controlled trial was conducted in the district Larkana of Sindh province of Pakistan. The new model was based on reorganising the existing maternal health services. Three sub-districts were randomly assigned to the intervention group and four to the control group. The intervention consisted of integrating traditional birth attendants with the health care system, the use of safe delivery packs and the provision of antenatal care by doctors. Over one year 19,525 women were recruited and followed up. The proportion of referrals was higher in the intervention group (10.0 Vs 6.9 %; odds ratio 1.50 [95% Cl 1.26-1.74]). Significant differences were also found in some pregnancy complications including haemorrhage, obstructed labour and puerperal sepsis. Perinatal mortality in the intervention group was 83, compared to 118 per 1000 births for the control group, odds ratio 0.69 (95% Cl 0.53-0.85)(P<O.OOI). Maternal mortality ratio was also lower in the intervention group (303 Vs 439 per 100,000 live births), but this reduction did not achieve statistical significance (odds ratio 0.74,95% C I 0.23-1.24). Implementation of such a model could significantly improve the effectiveness of maternal health services in rural settings in Pakistan.

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Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree in Masters of Technology: Nursing, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / Background South Africa is burdened by consistently high maternal and perinatal mortality rates. In a move to alleviate this burden the South African National Department of Health (DoH) instructed the adoption of the Basic Antenatal Care (BANC) approach in all antenatal care (ANC) facilities. Whereas many facilities have begun the implementation of the BANC approach, in the eThekwini district, not all of the facilities have been successful in doing so. The study was conducted in those eThekwini Municipality Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities that have been successful in order to identify the factors influencing their success in implementing BANC. Methods The facilities that had been successful in implementing BANC were identified, followed by a review of the past records of the patients who had completed their ANC and had given birth. This was done in order to establish whether the facilities that were said to be implementing BANC, were in fact, following BANC guidelines. The factors that influenced successful implementation of BANC were identified based on information obtained from the midwives who were working in the ANC facilities that were successfully implementing BANC. The sample size was comprised of 18 PHC facilities that were successfully implementing BANC from which a total of 59 midwives were used as the study participants. Results Several positive factors that influenced successful implementation of BANC were identified. These factors included; availability and accessibility of BANC services: Policies, Guidelines and Protocol; various means of communication; a comprehensive iii package of services and the integration of services; training and in-service education; human and material resources and the support and supervision offered to the midwives by the PHC supervisors. Other factors included BANC programme supervisors’ understanding of the programme and the levels of experience of midwives involved in implementation of BANC. There were, however, certain challenges and negative factors that were identified and these included: shortage of staff; lack of cooperation from referral hospitals; lack of in-service training; problems in transporting specimens to the laboratory; lack of material resources; lack of management support and the unavailability of BANC guidelines.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:59:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moura_pmss_me_botfm.pdf: 389492 bytes, checksum: 520725d1bf0b29083e7b633d40e6c27e (MD5) / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) / Avaliar as causas mais freqüentes e fatores de risco associados com óbito perinatal em dois centros de diferentes níveis de atenção. Estudo caso-controle incluindo 299 casos de óbitos perinatais e 1161 recém-nascidos que sobreviveram ao período neonatal precoce (controles) entre 2001 e 2006 em dois hospitais de diferentes níveis de atenção (secundária e terciária) localizados em Botucatu/SP. Fatores maternos, gestacionais e neonatais associados com óbitos perinatais foram investigados. As causas básicas dos óbitos perinatais foram estratificadas dentro de 5 grupos de acordo com a classificação de Wigglesworth modificada. Correlações entre variáveis do estudo e óbito perinatal foram avaliadas pela análise univariada. Odds ratio foi calculado com intervalo de confiança a 95%. Análise de regressão logística múltipla foi realizada para obtenção de estimativas independentes para o risco de óbito perinatal. No centro de atenção terciária, fatores de risco independentes para óbito perinatal incluíram idade gestacional, primiparidade, gênero masculino e doença materna (hipertensão arterial, infecção intra-uterina). No centro de atenção secundária, nenhum fator de risco independente foi identificado ainda que Apgar de quinto minuto < 7, baixo peso ao nascer e hemorragia materna foram associados com óbito perinatal. As causas mais freqüentes de óbito perinatal no centro secundário foram asfixia e morte anteparto, enquanto no terciário prevaleceu malformação seguida por imaturidade e morte anteparto. Nossos resultados mostram que ambas, atenção obstétrica e neonatal, estão integradas num sistema hierarquizado, mas destacam a importância de melhorar a assistência pré-natal, ao parto e nascimento. / To assess the most frequent causes and risk factors associated with perinatal death in two centers at different care levels. Case-control study including 299 perinatal death cases and 1161 infants who survived the early neonatal period (controls) between 2001 and 2006 in two hospitals at different levels of care (secondary and tertiary) located in Botucatu/SP. Maternal, gestational and neonatal factors associated with perinatal death were investigated. The basic causes of perinatal death were stratified into 5 groups according to the modified Wigglesworth’s classification system. Correlations between study variables and perinatal death were evaluated by univariate analysis. Odds ratio was calculated with a 95% confidence interval. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate independent perinatal death risk. Results: In the tertiary care center, independent perinatal death risk factors included gestational age, primiparity, male gender and maternal disease (arterial hypertension, intrauterine infection). In the secondary care center, no independent risk factors were identified although five-minute Apgar score <7, low birthweight and maternal hemorrhage were associated with perinatal death. The most frequent causes of perinatal death in the secondary center were asphyxia and antepartum death while in the tertiary center they included malformation, imaturity and antepartum death. Our results show that both obstetric and neonatal care were integrated into a hierarchized system but highlight the importance of improving prenatal, delivery and birth care.

Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background The annual burden of stillbirths is estimated to be more than 3 million deaths globally. Depending on the perinatal classification used, up to two thirds of deaths are reported as unknown.Gardosi, et al (2006) developed the ReCoDe system, which identified the relevant condition at the time of death in utero. The system aims to identify what went wrong in utero, without necessarily indentifying why fetal demise occurred. With comparison to the conventional Wigglesworth classification, the authors were able to reduce the number of unexplained stillbirths from 66.2% to 15.2%. The Perinatal Problem Identification Program (PPIP) is the nationally implemented perinatal classification system in South Africa. The PPIP database recorded approximately 660 000 births from the 1st January 2006 until 31st December 2007. This reflects approximately 40% of all births in health institutions in South Africa during this time period. There were 11742 stillbirths recorded in on the PPIP database for this two year period.Unexplained stillbirths formed 24% of the total perinatal deaths. The Saving Babies Report 2006-2007 has suggested that funding andresearch resources be directed to identifying the causes of deaths in this group. Objective: Our primary objective was to compare the outcomes of the PPIP to the ReCoDe classification system developed by Gardosi, with special attention as to reducing the number of unexplained stillbirths. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study on the perinatal deaths occurring at or presenting to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, for the time period extending from 01 January 2008 to 31 December 2008. A weekly Perinatal Mortality Audit meeting (PNM) is held at Tygerberg Hospital. In attendance at these meetings are General obstetricians, Fetal-maternal specialists, Neonatologists, Pathologists, a Geneticist, Obstetric and Paediatric Registrars. Relevant clinical details are summarised from clinical notes and Perinatal Losses data forms. These forms are specific to Tygerberg Hospital and completed by the attending doctor at first consultation. Placental histology and post-mortem examination would have been performed in certain cases as per the departmental protocol. All perinatal deaths, both stillborn and neonatal deaths weighing more than 499g, are discussed at this forum and consensus then reached on a primary and final cause of death. This information is then entered into the PPIP database, along with any identifiable avoidable factors.The investigators separately reviewed the information available from the Perinatal Losses and the PIPP V2.2 data capture forms and then reclassified each stillbirth according to the ReCoDe hierarchal system Results: We studied the data sheets of 406 stillbirths of babies of whom the deaths had been previously classified according to the PPIP classification. The median maternal age was 25.65 years (range 14 – 45) while the median birth weight was 1127 grams (range 500 – 4100).The vast majority of these stillbirths occurred in singleton pregnancies and are also classified as extremely low birth weight. The three major causes of stillbirth over the study period were antepartum haemorrhage (24.4%), hypertensive disorders (22.4%) and spontaneous preterm labour (11.1%). Within the ReCoDe classification, the leading categories were in the placental group (33.2%), fetal group (21.6%) and the maternal group (20%). The unexplained group (PPIP IUD group), from the index study constitutes 8.1% (33 of 406) of cases, while the number of unclassified stillbirths in the primary ReCoDe classification accounted for 15% (60 of 406) of the total. The main reasons for this difference is that ReCoDe does not incorporate preterm labour as a cause, and uses customised growth charts for identifying fetal growth restriction. Conclusion: PPIP remains the gold standard in Perinatal Audit in South Africa.We would recommend that ReCoDe be evaluated prospectively, alongside the established PPIP system, to better compare their performance outcomes. The development of customized fetal growth potential charts relevant to the local population should be explored. The Perinatal Losses data capture form should be revised to be more comprehensive and relevant. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond Die jaarlikse las van doodgeboortes word geskat op meer as 3 miljoen sterftes wêreldwyd. Afhangende van die perinataleklassifikasiesisteem wat gebruik word, tot twee derdes van sterftes is aangemeld as onbekend. Gardosi, et al (2006) het die ReCoDesisteemontwikkel, wat die betrokke toestand in die tyd van die dood in utero geïdentifiseer. Die sisteem het ten doel om te identifiseer wat verkeerd geloop het in utero, sonder om noodwendig te indentifiseer waarom fetaledood plaasgevind het. Invergelyking met die konvensionele Wigglesworth klassifikasie, was die skrywers in staat om die getal van die onverklaarbare dood geboortes van 66,2% tot 15,2% te verminder. Die Perinataleprobleemidentifikasie Program (PPIP) is die nasionaalgeïmplementeerperinataleklassifikasiesisteemin Suid-Afrika. Die PPIP databasis aangeteken ongeveer 660 000 geboortes van die 1ste Januarie 2006 tot 31 Desember 2007. Dit weerspieël ongeveer 40% van alle geboortes in die gesondheids-instellings in Suid-Afrika gedurende hierdie tydperk. Daar was 11.742 doodgeboortes aangeteken in op die PPIP databasis vir hierdie twee jaartydperk. Onverklaarbaredoodgeboortesvorm 24% van die totaleperinatalesterftes. Die Saving Babies Verslag 2006-2007 het voorgestel dat befondsing en navorsing gerig word aan die identifisering van die oorsake van sterftes in hierdie groep. Doelstelling: Ons primêre doel was om die uitkomste van die PPIP te vergelyk met die ReCoDeklassifikasiesisteem wat deur Gardosiontwikkelis , met spesiale aandag aan die vermindering van die aantal van onverklaarbaredoodgeboortes. Metodes: Ons het'n retrospektiewebeskrywendestudie uitgevoer op die perinatalesterftes wat aangemeld het by die noodeenheid van die Departement Obstetrie en Ginekologie aanTygerberg Hospitaal, Kaapstad, Suid-Afrika, vir die tydperk wat strek vanaf 01 Januarie 2008 tot 31 Desember 2008. 'n Weeklikse Perinatale Mortaliteit Ouditvergadering (PNM) word gehou by Tygerberg Hospitaal. In die bywoning van hierdie vergaderings is Algemene Verloskundiges, Fetale-moederskant Spesialiste, Neonatoloë, Patoloë, 'n Genetikus, Obstetriese en Pediatriese Klienieseassistente. Relevante kliniese inligting is uit die kliniese notas en perinataleverliesedatavorms opgesom. Hierdie vorms is spesifiek na die Tygerberg-hospitaal en deur die dokter by die eerstekonsultasie voltooi. Plasentale histologie en post-mortem ondersoek sou voltooi gewees het in sekere gevalle soos per die departementeleprotokol. Alle perinatalesterftes, beide doodgebore en neonatalesterftes wat meer as 499g, word bespreek op hierdie forum en konsensus bereik oor 'n primêre en finale oorsaak van die dood. Hierdie inligting word dan in die PPIP databasis, saam met 'n identifiseerbare voorkombare faktore. Die navorsers afsonderlik die inligting beskikbaar van die perinataleverliese en die PIPP v2.2 datavasleggingsvorms en dan herklassifiseer elke stilgeboorte volgens die ReCoDehiërargiesestelsel. Results: Ons bestudeer die data velle van 406 doodgeboortes van babas van wie die sterftes voorheen volgens die PPIP klassifikasie geklassifiseer is. Die mediaanmoeder se ouderdom was 25,65jaar (range 14? 45?) Terwyl die mediaangeboortegewig was 1127 gram (reeks 500? 4100). Die oorgrote meerderheid van hierdie doodgeboortes plaasgevind in Singleton swangerskappe en word ookgeklassifiseer as &'n baie lae geboortegewig. Die drie grootste oorsake van doodgeboorte oor die studietydperk was antepartum bloeding (24,4%), die hipertensiewesiektes (22,4%) en &'n voortydsekraam (11,1%). Binne die ReCoDeSistematiek, die voorstekategorieë in die plasentalegroep (33,2%), die fetalegroep (21,6%) en die moedergroep (20%). Die onverklaarbaregroep (PPIP IUD groep), van die indeksstudie behels 8,1% (33 van 406) van gevalle, terwyl die aantal van ongeklassifiseerde doodgeboortes in die primêre ReCoDeSistematiek verantwoordelik vir 15% (60 406) van die totaal. Die belangrikste redes vir die verskil is dat ReCoDenieneemvoortydsekraam as &'n oorsaak, en gebruike aangepasgroeikaarte vir die identifisering van fetalegroeibeperking. Gevolgtrekking: PPIP bly die gouestandaard in Perinataleoudit in Suid-Afrika. Ons sal aanbeveel dat ReCoDe vooruitwerkend geëvalueer word, saam met die gevestigde PPIP stelsel, om beter te vergelyk hulprestasieuitkomste. Die ontwikkeling van persoonlikefetalegroeipotensiaalkaarte met betrekking tot die plaaslike bevolking moet ondersoek word. Die perinataleverliese data capture vorm moet hersien word om meer omvattende en relevant te wees.

O comprometimento da saúde da criança, em decorrência de sua exposição aos poluentes do ar, em especial ao advindo do tráfego veicular, tem sido investigado sob diversos aspectos, entre eles, o baixo peso ao nascer e o nascimento pré-termo, os quais são importantes determinantes dos óbitos perinatais. Este estudo busca analisar a associação entre poluição do ar e mortalidade perinatal a partir da exposição das gestantes e dos recémnascidos aos poluentes atmosféricos na Região Sul do Município de São Paulo, estimados indiretamente a partir do tráfego de veículos próximos à residência materna. Um estudo caso-controle sobre a mortalidade perinatal na Região Sul do Município de São Paulo foi realizado entre os anos de 2000 e 2001. Utilizou -se fontes de dados primários e secundários para obtenção de diversas variáveis relacionadas ao recém-nascido, à mãe, à gestação e ao parto. As residências maternas (endereço) foram localizadas numa base cartográfica digital e foi delimitado um raio de cerca de 200 m ao redor das mesmas. Todas as vias contidas nesse raio foram selecionadas e as distâncias residência-via foram calculadas mediante técnicas avançadas de geoprocessamento. A partir desse procedimento, e utilizando a contagem média do fluxo de veículos nessas vias, gerou-se um indicador da exposição ao tráfego veicular, a densidade do tráfego ponderada pela distância (DTPD), que se baseia na curva de distribuição normal para caracterizar a dispersão dos poluentes a partir do centro das ruas. Análises descritivas e regressão logística (univariada e multivariada) foram realizadas. Observa-se que há um aumento no risco de ocorrência de óbito neonatal precoce entre aquelas mães expostas aos maiores valores de DTPD (OR= 2,34; IC 95% 0,89 6,18), embora esse resultado não tenha alcançado os níveis tradicionais de significância estatística. Os resultados sugerem que o componente neonatal precoce dos óbitos perinatais pode estar associado a maior exposição materna à poluição do ar, relacionado ao tráfego veicular próximo as suas residências. Quanto ao componente fetal dos óbitos perinatais, há ainda menos evidências dessa associação / The compromising of the health of children due to their exposure to air pollution, especially that originating from vehicle traffic, has been investigated from several aspects, such as low birth weight and premature birth, which are important determiners of perinatal deaths. This study seeks to analyze the association between air pollution and perinatal mortality from the exposure of pregnant women and of newborn children to the atmospheric pollutants in the Southern Region of the Municipality of São Paulo, estimated indirectly from the traffic of vehicles near their residences. A case-control study concerning perinatal mortality in the Southern Region of the Municipality of São Paulo was carried out during 2000 and 2001. Primary and secondary data sources were utilized for the obtainment of several variables related to the newborn child, to the mother, to the pregnancy, and to the childbirth. The mothers´ residences (addresses) were located on a digital cartographic base and were limited to within a radius of about 200 meters around those residences. All the streets contained in this radius were selected and the residence-to-street distances were calculated through advanced geoprocessing techniques. From this procedure, and utilizing the average flow-count of vehicles on those routes, an indicator was generated for the exposure to vehicle traffic, the distance-weighted traffic density (DWTD), which is based on the normal distribution curve to characterize the dispersion of pollutants from the centers of the streets. Descriptive analyses and logistic (univariate and multivariate) regression were performed. It was observed that there is an increase in the risk of early neonatal mortality among those mothers exposed to the highest values of DWTD (OR= 2.34; IC 95% 0.89 6.18), even though this result has not reached the traditional levels of statistical significance. The results suggest that the early neonatal component of the perinatal deaths may be associated to a higher maternal exposure to the air pollution related to the vehicle traffic near their residences. Concerning the fetal component of the perinatal deaths, there is even less evidence of this association

Perinatal audit has been tested and proved an important tool for reduction of perinatal mortality and assessment of quality of perinatal care. At Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), a tertiary hospital in Dar es salaam, Tanzania we performed a retrospective cross-sectional study using data from an obstetrics database to classify all perinatal deaths during 1999-2003. We also determined the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy and its impact on perinatal outcome. Furthermore, we conducted a perinatal audit to study potential determinants and causes of perinatal and neonatal deaths and their avoidability. We also assessed the quality of care of patients admitted with eclampsia using a criteria based audit. Stillbirth, early neonatal and perinatal mortality rates (PMR) were 96, 27 and 124 respectively. A large proportion of foetuses (38%) had no audible foetal heart beat on admission at MNH labour ward and the majority of the neonatal deaths were asphyxiated at delivery. The PMR for multiples and singletons were 269 and 118 respectively resulting in a rate ratio of 2.4 (95%CI: 2.1-2.4). The prevalence of anaemia and severe anaemia was 68% and 5.8%, respectively. Severity of anaemia increased the risk of preterm delivery with ORs of 1.4, 1.4 and 4.1 for women with mild, moderate and severe anaemia as compared to women with normal haemoglobin levels. The corresponding risks for LBW and VLBW were 1.2, 1.7 and 3.8, and 1.5, 1.9 and 4.2 respectively. The prevalence of preterm delivery and LBW was 17% and 14% respectively. The hospital-based incidence of eclampsia was 504 per 10,000 women or 5.1 % of all mothers admitted. Suboptimal care were identified on criteria regarding management plan by senior staff, review of the plans by specialist obstetrician, delay on caesarean section, monitoring patients on magnesium sulphate and inadequate use of the laboratory. Two out of three patients requiring operation were not operated within set standards. Birth asphyxia was the main cause of intrapartum fresh stillbirth (47%) and early neonatal deaths (51%), whereas eclampsia (25%) and preeclampsia (8.3%) were main maternal medical conditions. The majority of stillbirths were fresh, indicating foetal demise during labour or just before delivery. The audit study identified suboptimal care in about 80% of audited cases out of which about 50% were found to be the likely cause of the adverse perinatal outcome. Inadequate maternal and foetal monitoring during labour were the main suboptimal factors, though delay in referral and operative interventions were also prominent. Based on these studies, we conclude that: The perinatal mortality (PMR) in this study was higher than the national average. About one in four perinatal deaths at MNH can be attributed to avoidable factors linked to obstetric care Main causes of perinatal and neonatal deaths were intrapartum birth asphyxia, immaturity related and infections            Management of patients in labour needs to be improved Suboptimal care that is essentially avoidable included: inadequate monitoring of patients during labour, delay of care,    e.g. long decision to surgery interval, and delayed referral of patients fromprimary hospitals The prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy was very high; and low birth weight and preterm delivery was independently associated with severity of anaemia The prevalence of eclampsia at MNH was high and the case management needs to be improved