一國如在教育上過度強調以學業為導向，就會出現具有雙刃劍角色的補習現象通常會，一方面幫助學生在學術能力測驗中取得高成就，另一方面限制了學生的創造性發展。部分學生因為在普通學校中無法取得足夠的知識和技能，故而轉向補習班為測驗做準備。尤其在英語科目成為主要考核科目之後，補習班的項目也因此更加多元。本研究旨在關注台灣補習教育何以在1990年代教改之後，依然擴張的現況，補習班如何從日常學習的補充角色，轉向台灣中學生教育中的必要部分。研究者針對補習班英語教學方法進行探討，透過對補習班經營者、教師和補習學生進行深度訪談，來瞭解他們的相關經驗。研究結果發現，補習班經營者意透多元與另類等途徑，聘請英語教師，來提升教學的創意。至於教師的訪談發現，英語教師通過嘗試新的教學方法來幫助學生在學業方面取得更好的成績，但是這種方式存在一定的局限性。本研究印一步發現補習班教師包括來自英語國家的和非英語國家，即使某些補習班老師並未取得教師資格證書，但在學生看來比一般學校的英語任課老師更加優秀。值得注意的是，大多數學生認為補習班的教學方法與一般學校相差無幾，但是學生滿意度明顯高於主流學校英語教師。本研究進一步確認補習班因商業利益等考量，許多訊息備受保密，使得研究者難以獲得一套完整的教學方法和學生經驗。 / In an academically oriented nation, there is a realization that attending a cram school can be double-edged, as they often offer great outcomes in students’ academic achievements especially with their test scores but they can also limit students’ creative development. Unable to obtain sufficient knowledge and skills for tests in mainstream schools, students have commonly turned to cram schools for examination preparation. Educational reforms enforcing English as a main examination subject greatly diversified the possibilities for tutoring and in fact helped cram schools’ diversification. The study focuses on the phenomenon of the influx of cram schools, and how it’s no longer a supplement, but instead a necessity of a secondary student’s education in Taiwan. This study starts with investigating the cram school phenomenon, as well as to discuss the teaching methods used in English classes. Finally, data has been collected through in-depth interviews among cram school owners, teachers and former attendees to look at their experience in cram school . The results of the study shows that the cram school owners approved the necessity to enhance creative teaching through alternative methods so as hiring teachers with supplementary talents. The teacher interviews revealed that trying new approaches to teaching have helped students achieve better outcomes academically, but sometimes only to a certain extent that is why cram schools can be double-edged. The paradox of this study is the cram school teachers’ qualifications for both native and English speakers. In fact, even though they may not have any teaching qualifications, cram school teachers are described by students as being better teachers compared to the ones in regular school. Significantly, the study discovered that a majority of students find cram school teaching methods in general so as the overall experience to be more satisfactory than with mainstream school The study finally showed that gaining information about cram schooling can be difficult as there is some secrecy surrounding it. This prevented the researcher from gaining a complete picture of cram school teaching methods and students’ experience.

<p>Cilj: Kod trećine bolesnika sa akutnim ST-eleviranim infarktom (STEMI) nakon primarne angioplastike (pPCI) razvije se postinfarktno remodelovanje leve komore (LK). Cilj istraživanja je nalaženje ranih prediktora post-infarktnog remodelovanja leve komore nakon akutnog STEMI i pPCI. Metodologija: Uključeno je 210 ispitanika sa prvim akutnim STEMI prednjeg zida, lečenih pPCI. Urađena je ehokardiografija u prva 24h, a zatim nakon 6 meseci, kada su ispitanici podeljeni u 2 grupe: ispitivanu sa remodelovanjem (n=55; 26%) i kontrolnu bez remodelovanja (n=155; 74%). Ispitanici su klinički praćeni godinu dana. Rezultati i dikusija: Multivarijantnom regresionom analizom, kao najsnažniji rani prediktori post-infarktnog remodelovanja izdvojili su se: postojanje &quot;no reflow&quot; fenomena nakon pPCI (OR=30.0 95% CI, p&lt;0.0001), pojava dijastolne disfunkcije u prva 24h (OR=27.7 95% CI, p&lt;0.0001), povećan dijametar leve pretkomore - LA (OR=5.0 95% CI, p=0,044) i srčana slabost na prijemu - Killip klasa 2-4 (OR=3.4 95% CI, p=0.003.). Univarijantnom regresionom analizom, snažni prediktori su neadekvatna rezolucija ST segmenta - STR (OR 2.0 95% CI, p=0.024) i zbirni indeks zidne pokretljivosti &ndash; WMSI &gt;2 (OR 21.6 95% CI, p&lt;0.0001). Totalno ishemijsko vreme nije imalo uticaja na post-infarktno remodelovanje (p=0.546). Tokom jednogodi&scaron;njeg praćenja ispitanici sa post-infarktnim remodelovanjem su imali značajno veću incidencu glavnih neželjenih kardiolo&scaron;kih događaja: rehospitalizacija (61.8% vs 22.6%; p&lt;0.0001) / najvi&scaron;e rehospitalizacija zbog srčane slabosti (40% vs 2.6%; p&lt;0.0001), sa mortalitetom 5.5%/; reinfarkta (20% vs 7.1%; p=0.007); rekoronarografija (45.5% vs 18.1%; p&lt;0.0001); revaskularizacija (30.9% vs 11%; p=0.001). Zaključak: Kod pacijenata sa akutnim STEMI prednjeg zida lečenih pPCI, pojava &quot;no reflow&quot; fenomena, dijastolne disfunkcije, povećana LA i srčana slabosti na prijemu su najjači rani nezavisni prediktivni faktori za nastanak post-infarktnog remodelovanja. Značajni prediktori su i neadekvatna STR i WMSI&gt;2. Pacijenti sa post-infarktnim remodelovanjem imaju veću incidencu glavnih neželjenih kardiolo&scaron;kih događaja i mortaliteta.</p> / <p>Objective: Patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated by primary angioplasty (pPCI) will develop left ventricular (LV) remodeling in one third of the cases. The purpose of this study is to determine early predictors of LV remodeling after acute STEMI and pPCI. Methods: 210 patients with a first acute anterior STEMI treated by pPCI were included. All participants underwent echocardiography in the first 24hrs and again after 6 months, after which they were divided into two groups: remodeling (n=55; 26%) and nonremodeling (n=155; 74%). Results and discussion: The most powerful independent early predictors were: &quot;no reflow&quot; after pPCI (OR=30.0 95% CI, p&lt;0.0001), diastolic dysfunction in the first 24hrs (OR=27.7 95% CI, p&lt;0.0001), increased diameter of the left atrium - LA (OR=5.0 95% CI, p=0.044) and at admission Killip class 2-4 (OR=3.4 95% CI, p=0.003), by multivariant regression analysis. Also, strong predictors were incomplete ST-resolution - STR (OR 2.0 95% CI, p=0.024) and Wall motion score index - WMSI &gt;2 (OR 21.6 95% CI, p&lt;0.0001), by univariant regression analysis. Total ischaemic time had no influence on LV remodeling. The group with remodeling had more frequent major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during one year follow-up: re-hospitalisation (61.8% vs 22.6%; p&lt;0.0001) / mostly re-hospitalisation due to heart failure (40% vs 2.6%; p&lt;0.0001) and mortality 5.5%; reinfarction (20% vs 7.1%; p=0.007); recoronagraphy (45.5% vs 18.1%; p&lt;0.0001); revascularisation (30.9% vs 11%; p=0.001). Conclusion: For the patients with a first acute anterior STEMI, treated by pPCI, development of &quot;no reflow&quot; after pPCI, diastolic dysfunction, increased LA and heart failure on admission are the most powerful early independent predictors for LV remodeling. Incomplete STR and WMSI&gt;2 are strong predictors too. Remodeling patients will have a more frequent incidence of MACE and mortality.</p>

La circulation extracorporelle (CEC) déclenche une réaction inflammatoire systémique, un dommage d’ischémie-reperfusion (I-R) et une dysfonction de l’endothélium dans la circulation pulmonaire. L’hypertension pulmonaire (HTP) est la conséquence de cette cascade de réactions. Cette HTP augmente le travail du ventricule droit et peut causer sa dysfonction, un sevrage difficile de la CEC et une augmentation des besoins de vasopresseurs après la chirurgie cardiaque. L’administration de milrinone et d’époprosténol inhalés a démontré une réduction de la dysfonction endothéliale dans l’artère pulmonaire. Le but de ce travail est d’évaluer différents types de nébulisateur pour l’administration de la milrinone et d’évaluer l’effet du traitement préventif de la combinaison de milrinone et époprosténol inhalés sur les résultats postopératoires en chirurgie cardiaque. Deux études ont été conduites. Dans la première, trois groupes de porcelets ont été comparés : (1) groupe milrinone avec nébulisateur ultrasonique ; CEC et reperfusion précédées par 2,5 mg de milrinone inhalée, (2) goupe milrinone avec nébulisateur à simple jet ; CEC et reperfusion précédées par 2,5 mg de milrinone inhalée et (3) groupe contrôle ; CEC et reperfusion sans traitement. Durant la procédure, les paramètres hémodynamiques, biochimiques et hématologiques ont été mesurés. Après sacrifice, la relaxation endothélium dépendante de l’artère pulmonaire à l’acétylcholine et à la bradykinine a été étudiée en chambres d’organe. Nous avons noté une amélioration de la relaxation de l’endothélium à la bradykinine et à l’acétylcholine dans le groupe avec inhalation de milrinone avec le nébulisateur ultrasonique. Dans la deuxième étude, une analyse rétrospective de 60 patients à haut risque chirurgical atteints d’HTP et opérés à l’Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal à été effectuée. Deux groupes ont été comparés : (1) 40 patients ayant reçu la combinaison de milrinone et d’époprosténol inhalés avant la CEC (groupe traitement) et (2) 20 patients avec des caractéristiques préopératoires n’ayant reçu aucun traitement inhalé avant la CEC (groupe contrôle). Nous avons observé que les besoins en support pharmacologique vasoactif était réduit à 12 heures et à 24 heures postopératoires dans le groupe traitement. L’utilisation de la nébulisation ultrasonique a un impact favorable sur l’endothélium de l’artère pulmonaire après la CEC lorsque comparée à la nébulisation standard à simple jet. Le traitement préventif des patients atteints d’HTP avec la combinaison de milrinone et d’époprosténol inhalés avant la CEC est associé avec une diminution importante des besoins de support vasoactif aux soins intensifs dans les 24 premières heures après la chirurgie. / Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) triggers a systemic inflammatory response, an ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury and endothelial dysfunction in the pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a consequence of this insult. The latter increases right ventricle work and may cause difficult separation from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and increased vasoactive requirements after cardiac surgery. Administration of inhaled milrinone or epoprostenol has been shown to reduce endothelial dysfunction in the pulmonary artery. The aim of this work is to evaluate different nebulisators for the administration of milrinone and to evaluate the effect of pre-emptive treatment with inhaled milrinone and epoprostenol on postoperative outcome in cardiac surgery. Two different studies were done. In the first, three groups of swine were compared: (1) ultrasonic nebulisator inhaled milrinone group; CPB and reperfusion preceded by 2.5 mg inhaled milrinone, (2) simple jet nebulisator inhaled milrinone group; CPB and reperfusion preceded by 2.5 mg inhaled milrinone, and (3) control group; CBP 90 minutes followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion without treatment. During the procedure, hemodynamic, biochemical and hematologic parameters were measured. After sacrifice, pulmonary arterial endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine and bradykinin were studied in organ chamber experiments. There was a greater improvement in endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin and acetylcholine in the ultrasonic nebuliser inhaled milrinone group compared with the control group and the simple jet nebulisator inhaled milrinone group. In the second study, a retrospective analysis of 60 high-risk surgical patients with PH operated at the Montreal Heart Institute was conducted. Two groups were compared: (1) 40 patients received both inhaled milrinone and inhaled epoprostenol before CPB (treatment group); (2) 20 patients with equivalent preoperative data did not receive any inhaled medication before CPB during the same period (control group). Post-operative vasoactive requirement was reduced at 12 hours and 24 hours post-operatively in the treatment group. Use of ultrasonic nebulisation has a favourable impact on the pulmonary endothelial dysfunction induced by CPB when compared to the simple jet nebulisation traditionally used. Pre-emptive treatment of PH with a combination of inhaled milrinone and epoprostenol prior to CPB was associated with a significant reduction in vasoactive support in the intensive care unit during the first 24 hours after cardiac surgery.

Il est connu qu’une équation différentielle linéaire, x^(k+1)Y' = A(x)Y, au voisinage d’un point singulier irrégulier non-résonant est uniquement déterminée (à isomorphisme analytique près) par : (1) sa forme normale formelle, (2) sa collection de matrices de Stokes. La définition des matrices de Stokes fait appel à un ordre sur les parties réelles des valeurs propres du système, ordre qui peut être perturbé par une rotation en x. Dans ce mémoire, nous avons établi le caractère intrinsèque de cette relation : nous avons donc établi comment la nouvelle collection de matrices de Stokes obtenue après une rotation en x qui change l’ordre des parties réelles des valeurs propres dépend de la collection initiale. Pour ce faire, nous donnons un chapitre de préliminaires généraux sur la forme normale des équations différentielles ordinaires puis un chapitre sur le phénomène de Stokes pour les équations différentielles linéaires. Le troisième chapitre contient nos résultats. / It is well known that a linear differential equation, x^(k+1)Y' = A(x)Y, near a non-resonant irregular singular point is uniquely determined (up to analytic isomorphism) by : (1) its formal normal form, (2) the collection of its Stokes matrices. By definition, the Stokes matrices depend on an order defined on the real parts of the eigenvalues of the system which can be perturbed by a rotation in the x coordinate. In this paper, we have established the intrinsic character of the dependency : we have described how the new Stokes collection is obtained from the first collection after a rotation in x which changes the order on the real parts of the eigenvalues. The first chapter contains preliminaries concerning the normal form of an ordinary differential equation and a chapter on the Stokes phenomenon for linear differential equations. The third chapter contains our results.

Cette thèse apporte des éléments sur la compréhension de la gestion de l'eau et de ses effets sur les performances électriques d'une PEMFC au moyen de modélisations multi-échelle des transferts. Une analyse du transport couplé de charges et de matière dans les pores de la membrane est proposée. La présence d'eau liquide est prise en compte dans les GDL (écoulements diphasiques) et les couches actives (noyage). Le couplage de ces modèles à une description des transferts de matière le long des canaux d’alimentation permet de mettre en évidence une répartition non-uniforme des concentrations en eau, des flux et donc de la densité de courant. Les résultats numériques sont comparés à des données expérimentales (coefficient de partage de l'eau et performance électrique locale) obtenues au laboratoire sur deux piles. Ceci permet de valider les modèles de fonctionnement du cœur de pile et d'alimenter la réflexion sur la connaissance et la modélisation des transferts d'eau dans le cœur de pile / This works contributes to the understanding of water management of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell and of its links with the electrical performances. More specifically, the manuscript deals with the multi-scale modelling of transport phenomena. An analysis of coupled mass and charge transfer in the pores of a polymer membrane is presented. The presence of liquid water is considered in the GDL (two-phase flow) and in the active layers (flooding). The description of these phenomena is associated with that of gas depletion along the bipolar plate channels. This allows to emphasize the non-uniformity of water concentration, of the fluxes and as a consequence, of current density. The numerical results are compared with experimental data (water transport coefficient, local electrical performances) measured on two different fuel cells. This comparison validates at least partially the numerical models and provides further information for the analysis of water management within PEMFC

The philosophy of early Deleuze is the main subject of this dissertation. Concretely, it will be treated with regard to distinctive and singular individuation of a man: this essay tries to present his relationship to the ultimate horizon of Being in Deleuze's work. The first chapter constitutes a starting point which can be determined in criticism of the image of thought, closely related with Deleuze's transcendental empiricism. The second chapter is devoted to its culmination, to the metaphysical description of the virtual field of Ideas, of transcendental conditions of our experience. The next chapter shows how Ideas condition, that Ideas actualise themselves insofar as something develops itself within its intensive field of individuation. The fourth chapter takes us back to our starting point: it concerns a phenomenon, this time sufficiently explained, and we are again obliged to confront us with the image of thought which covers this explanation. This is the reason why our interpretation has to continue. The description of distinctive and singular individuation of a man wants to explain the way by which the image of thought, based on common sense, is established. Even though our experience is constructed on this image, there are still some "small islands" of difference, places where the virtual...

My thesis attends tp issue of advertising and action at children. For this time being, when advertising is looking for new ways how to address the potential customers, when the sale of the products is one of the main power at current society and when the pressure is gworing so, that causes the genesis of social-pathologic effects, it is necessary to know as much as we can about different forms of advertising actions, used technologies and potential impacts. My thesis is divided into two main parts - theoretical and applied. Theoretical part describes the meaning of the advertising, look about the history of advertising, mention basic principles of communication in advertising and offer one of the aspect of its purpose at current society of presperity. Also my attention has been paid to current trends in advertising psychology. The thesis deals with effects of perception, attention, memory and forgetting on advertising effectiveness. Applied section is trying to find by using quantitative research the response to basic question (what is the effect of advertising on children), how this effect is changing according to the age group. The results of the marketing research are analyzed in this section as well.

[pt] Guiada pelo duplo propósito de esclarecer o significado dos conceitos de númeno, objeto transcendental e coisa em si mesma e de encontrar uma interpretação satisfatória para o problema da afecção transcendental, esta tese se desdobra em três partes. A primeira investiga a origem do conceito de númeno na Dissertação inaugural e analisa seus desdobramentos nas duas edições da Crítica da razão pura. Observaremos que o númeno pensado em seu sentido positivo passa a ser descrito como um conceito problemático, enquanto pensado em seu sentido negativo se revela imprescindível para a doutrina da sensibilidade. A segunda parte trata da definição kantiana de objeto transcendental e de suas relações com a coisa em si mesma e com a apercepção transcendental. Veremos que apesar de Kant associar o conceito de objeto transcendental à apercepção transcendental, ele não identifica o objeto em si mesmo com a apercepção. A terceira parte examina extensivamente o papel da coisa em si mesma em momentos cruciais da Crítica. A partir dessa perspectiva mais abrangente, notaremos que a noção de coisa em si mesma se relaciona com a razão e com entendimento de modos específicos, orientando e delimitando o conhecimento. A chave da interpretação erguida ao longo desse percurso é encontrada na conclusão da tese. Poderemos então finalmente mostrar que os conceitos de númeno, objeto transcendental e coisa em si mesma têm, cada um, uma função crítica sob a perspectiva da reflexão transcendental e, além disso, que a afecção pode ser considerada, assim como os objetos, tanto do ponto de vista empírico como do transcendental. / [en] Guided by the dual purpose of clarifying the meanings of the concepts of noumenon, transcendental object and the thing in itself and finding a satisfactory interpretation of the problem of transcendental affection, this thesis unfolds itself in three parts. The first researches the origin of the concept of noumenon in the Inaugural Dissertation and analyzes its development in both editions of the Critique of Pure Reason. We shall observe that noumenon thought in its positive sense turns out to be described as a problematic concept, while thought in its negative sense reveals to be essential to the doctrine of sensibility. The second part deals with the Kantian definition of the transcendental object and its connections with the thing in itself and with transcendental apperception. We shall see that although Kant associates the concept of the transcendental object with the transcendental apperception, he does not identify the object in itself with the apperception. The third part examines thoroughly the role of the thing in itself in crucial moments of the Critique. From this broader perspective, we shall notice that the notion of thing in itself relates to reason and understanding in specific ways, guiding and delimiting knowledge. The key to the interpretation built throughout this course is found in the conclusion of the thesis. We shall finally be able to show that the concepts of noumenon, transcendental object and thing in itself have, each, a critical function from the perspective of the transcendental reflection and, furthermore, that the affection can be considered, as well as the objects, either from the empirical or from the transcendental point of view.

Phänomenbasierter Physikunterricht (PbPU) als alternative Vorgehensweise bei der Vermittlung von Physik wird seit 20 Jahren in der fachdidaktischen Forschung verstärkt beachtet und hat sich zunehmend an den Schulen etabliert. Er lässt sich anhand seiner Merkmalaspekte Subjektivität, Mediation, Affektivität, Modellfreiheit/Modellkompetenz und Exploration charakterisieren und abgrenzen. Die Merkmale PbPUs sind mit einer konstruktivistischen Lerntheorie vereinbar und liefern die Voraussetzungen für erfolgreiches Lernen gemäß dem INVO-Modell. Bisher existieren jedoch keine empirischen Belege für den Einfluss PbPUs auf die Interessen- und Leistungsentwicklung oder anderer motivationaler Konstrukte wie Stereotypen und das fachbezogene Selbstkonzept. Für den wertenden Vergleich mit anderen Konzeptionen von Physikunterricht ist es jedoch wichtig, PbPU hinsichtlich seiner Wirkung auf das Lernen von Physik einschätzen zu können. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit soll diesem Desiderat begegnet werden. In einer quasiexperimentellen Feldstudie im Versuchs-/Kontrollgruppendesign (N=300) wurden die Vor- und Nachtestergebnisse der Versuchsbedingungen verglichen. Das Treatment in der Versuchsgruppe war eine achtwöchige Unterrichtssequenz der phänomenbasierten Anfangsoptik. Als abhängige Konstrukte wurden das Image von Physik, das fachbezogene Selbstkonzept, Interesse und Fachwissen untersucht. Image und Selbstkonzept wurden im Kontext der Balanced Identity Theory operationalisiert und mithilfe impliziter Assoziationstests (IATs) erhoben. Die varianzanalytischen Verfahren zeigten keine Effekte, die auf einen von der Testzeit abhängigen Unterschied zwischen der Versuchs- und Kontrollgruppe hindeuten. Die Ausprägungen der impliziten Assoziationen und des Interesses entwickelten sich in beiden Gruppen identisch, mit einer für das Lernen von Physik ungünstigen Tendenz. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie liefern somit keine Belege für die Wirksamkeit PbPUs auf die untersuchten Konstrukte. / Since 20 years are "phenomenon-based science classes" (PbPU) as alternative method for imparting physics increasingly observed by subject-didactic research and they have established for use in schools. PbPU can be characterized and defined by the specific aspects subjectivity, mediation, affectivity, model-competency and exploration. Defining characters of PbPU are compatible with constructivist theory of learning and provide conditions for effective learning in accordance to INVO-model. Until today there are no empirical demonstrations to state the effect of development of PbPU in interests and performance nor other motivational constructs as stereotypes and physics self-concept. It is important for evaluative comparison with different concepts of science classes to be able to value PbPU concerning effect on learning of physics. The work in hand shall respond to this desideratum. Pre- and posttest data of two experimental conditions were compared in nonrandomized field study with control group design ($N=300$). Treatment of test group was an eight weeks'' teaching sequence of phenomenon-based optics (7th grade). The dependent constructs were image of physics, physics self-concept, interests and knowledge in optics. Image and self-concept were operationalized within theoretical framework of Balanced Identity and measured with implicit association tests (IATs). ANOVAs and ANCOVAs revealed no effects of interaction between time and experimental group. Implicit associations and interests developed in each group identically with negative tendency for learning of physics. Therefore, results of this study provide no evidence for the impact of PBPU on investigated constructs.

Les avions du futur auront une topologie tout électrique. Pour cela, les constructeurs augmentent la puissance et la tension d'utilisation du réseau d'énergie embarqué. Cependant, le défaut d'arc électrique est un risque qui est souvent la cause d'incidents d'exploitation voire de crash. La contribution de cette thèse porte sur la problématique de l'identification et la détection de défauts électriques sur un réseau de distribution d'énergie de type HVDC ±270VDC destiné à l'aéronautique. Dans ce manuscrit, le premier axe suivi est exploratoire. Il porte sur l'observation du comportement et de la phénoménologie d'arc dans le milieu proche de l'aéronautique (notamment par l'émulation de l'altitude par la pression). Le second axe de recherche porte sur l'analyse, la mise au point et le développement de méthode de détection fiable d'un défaut d'arc électrique par un coeur de distribution d'énergie (SSPC) sur charges résistive et légèrement inductive. Cinq méthodes ont été développées au cours de ce travail de thèse. Elles sont basées sur l'analyse des caractéristiques temporelles, fréquentielles et temps-fréquence du courant de ligne. À l'issue de chaque méthode est produit un indicateur qui est ensuite utilisé par une logique de discrimination dépendant de chaque critère. Le comportement non-déterministe des arcs notamment aux conditions d'expérimentation (courant, tension, matériaux des électrodes, longueur de l'arc, etc.) rendent la détection difficile par un simple seuil sur le résultat des critères. Dans ces travaux, une approche proportionnelle au défaut est proposée pour la discrimination à l'aide de seuils variables selon le courant, la variation de charge ou le bruit électrique du système. Le résultat combiné des méthodes aboutit à une décision de mise en protection. Pour valider expérimentalement les algorithmes proposés, une vaste base de données a été constituée comprenant aussi bien des signaux de nature résistive que selfique avec à la fois des arcs et des variations de charges sans arcs afin de vérifier qu'aucune détection n'opère à tort. Le fruit de ces travaux a été en partie implémenté dans un prototype d'analyse en temps réel de la ligne de distribution / Tomorrow’s aircraft will have an all-electric topology. This mean, manufacturers boost power and voltage of the embedded energy network. Nevertheless, the lack of an electric arc is a risk that is often the cause of the crash or operated occurrences. This thesis contributions concerns identification issue and electric arc fault detection on an energy distribution smart grid of HVDC network dedicated to avionic. The first line of this manuscript is exploratory. It covers behavioural observation and arc phenomenology in the grounded sphere of aeronautic (in particular emulated altitude by pressure). The second line of research deals with analysis, clarification and development of reliable approach of electric arc default detection through a central energy distribution on resistive charges. Five methods have been initiated throughout this thesis paper. They are based on several characteristic (time, frequency and time-frequency) of the line current. An indicator is produced at the end of each method. Subsequently, the indicator is used by a logic of discrimination according to each criterion. The non-deterministic behaviour of arc notably testing conditions (current, voltage, electrode materials, etc. makes detection difficult by a simple threshold on result of criteria. In this work, a new approach of arc fault discrimination is proposed. This used a proportional and variable threshold according to the current, load or noise variations from the system. The combined outcome of method results to a decision providing protection. To confirm experimentally proposed algorithms, a wide range database has been established. That included equally resistive and inductive signals with both arcs and load variations without arc fault so as to ensure that any detection is not mistakenly occurring. The upshot of this research work has been implemented in real time protection device prototype for HVDC +-270V smart-grid