Three distinct families of PTPs, the conventional (cPTPs), low molecular weight (LMW PTPs), and Cdc25 PTPs, have converged upon a common catalytic mechanism and active site sequence, mainly, the phosphate-binding loop encompassing the PTP signature motif (H/V)<b>C</b>(X)₅<b>R</b>(S/T) and an essential Asp residue on a surface loop. There is little sequence similarity among the three families of phosphatases. All known LMW PTP remove phosphoryl groups esterified to the hydroxyl amino acid: tyrosine, whereas all members of the Cdc25 family are dual-specificity protein phosphatases that dephosphorylate all the hydroxyl amino acids: tyrosine, serine and threonine. The cPTP family primarily functions as tyrosine phosphatases, but it also includes dual-specific members. ORFs encoding potential cPTPs have been identified in five archaeal species: <i>Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum</i>, <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i>, <i>Thermococcus kodakaraensis</i>, <i>Pyrococcus horikoshii</i>, and <i>S. solfataricus</i>. Only one has been partially characterized, <i>Tk</i>-PTP from <i>T. kodakaraensis</i>. Hence, our current body of knowledge concerning the functional properties and physiological roles of these enzymes remains fragmented. The genome of <i>S. solfataricus</i> encodes a single conventional protein tyrosine phosphatase, SsoPTP. SsoPTP is the smallest known archaeal PTP (18.3 kDa) with a primary amino acid sequence that conforms to the cPTP protein tyrosine phosphatase paradigm, HCX₅R(S/T). Relatively little is known about its mode of action " whether it follows the conventional PTP mechanism or employs a different route for catalysis " or its physiological role. ORF <i>sso2453</i> from the genome of <i>Sulfolobus solfataricus</i>, encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase, was cloned and its recombinant protein product, SsoPTP, was expressed in <i>E. coli</i> and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. SsoPTP displayed the ability to dephosphorylate protein-bound phosphotyrosine as well as protein-bound phosphoserine/phosphothreonine. SsoPTP hydrolyzed both isomers of naphthyl phosphate, an indication of dual specificity. The four conserved residues within the presumed active site sequence: Asp⁶⁹, His⁹⁵, and Arg¹⁰², and the invariant Gln¹³⁹ residue were essential for catalysis, as it was predicted for the established members of the PTP family in both bacteria and eukaryotes. A substrate trapping protein variant, SsoPTP-C96S/D69A, was constructed to isolate possible SsoPTP substrates present in <i>S. solfataricus</i> cell lysates. Several potential substrates were isolated and identified by mass spectroscopy. / Ph. D.

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Cheung Moon-Wo. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [131]-[151]). / Acknowledgement / Abstract / List of Abbreviation / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Thyroid diseases - a background / Thyroid function tests and their significance / Cellular actions of thyroid hormones / Thyroid hormone action at the molecular hormones / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Aims of the project / Introduction / Subcellular localization of human neutrophil alkaline phosphatase / Prospect of a quantitative assay of leucocyte alkaline phosphatase / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Subjects and methods / Specimen preparation / Assay for total protein / Assay for leucocyte alkaline phosphatase activity / Other Assays / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results / Relationship between LAP score and specific activity of Leucocytic Alkaline Phosphatase(SA-LALP) / Diagnosis of hypothyroidism in relation to TSH and FT4. / "Relation between SA-LALP, TSH and FT4" / Relation between FT3 and other results / Relationship between SA-LALP and TSH / "ROC plot, distribution of SA-LALP and LAP score values" / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion / Appendix / Chapter I --- Summary of patient particulars / Chapter II --- Summary of test results of patients / Chapter III --- Consent form for participate subjects / Chapter IV --- References

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biotechnology. / Alkaline phosphatases (AP's) comprise a family of isozymes which are distributed widely in nature. Their function is unknown. There is evidence that in Xenopus tissue non-specific AP (TNAP) plays some role in differentiation and morphogenesis during embryological development. The isolation and elucidation of the primary structure of the TNAP gene is one aspect in the study of the function of TNAP in the embryo and is the primary aim of this work. ( Abbreviation abstract ) / AC2017

SHIP2 (SH2 domain-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase type 2) est un enzyme de la famille des inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases qui déphosphoryle le PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, second messager intervenant dans différentes voies de signalisation cellulaire et impliqué dans de nombreux processus biologiques. La surexpression de SHIP2 en cellule, de même que son invalidation chez la souris, ont montré un rôle de cet enzyme dans le contrôle négatif de la cascade de signalisation de l’insuline et dans la sensibilité à cette hormone. Par ailleurs, plusieurs études de polymorphismes chez l’homme ont montré une association entre ce gène et le diabète de type2. La découverte au sein de notre laboratoire de la délétion d’un motif semblable à ceux présents dans les régions déstabilisatrices de type AU-riche dans la région 3’non codante (3’UTR) du gène SHIP2 chez des patients atteints de diabète de type 2, nous a conduit à explorer le rôle de cette région dans le contrôle de l’expression de SHIP2. Dans ce but, nous avons entrepris d’identifier des protéines capables de lier ce motif AU-riche et d’entraîner l’ARN de SHIP2 vers la dégradation, et ce par deux techniques distinctes : l’une in vivo chez la levure (le triple hybride) et l’autre in vitro, par l’intermédiaire d’une sonde ARN biotinylée. Malheureusement, aucune de ces deux techniques ne nous a permis d’identifier des protéines se liant à l’ARNm de SHIP2. D’autre part, l’analyse de souris génétiquement modifiées présentant dans la région 3’UTR de SHIP2 une mutation similaire à celle observée chez les patients diabétiques n’a pas montré une augmentation significative d’expression de SHIP2 comme on aurait pu s’y attendre. Malgré les différentes techniques mises en place, nous ne sommes pas parvenus à caractériser le rôle joué par le 3’UTR de SHIP2 sur le contrôle de son expression. Dans le but de caractériser l’effet d’une surexpression de SHIP2 et de déterminer si une surexpression de ce gène pouvait mimer le phénotype de diabète de type 2 observé au sein de la population, nous avons généré des souris transgéniques d’addition par transgenèse lentivirale. Deux axes phénotypiques majeurs ont été explorés chez ces souris : le métabolisme du glucose et la prise de poids consécutive à divers régimes alimentaire. Les souris transgéniques présentent un retard dans la captation du glucose en réponse à une surcharge en glucose, s’accompagnant d’un défaut de sécrétion d’insuline. Par contre, aucune altération de la sensibilité à l’insuline n’est observée suite à une injection de cette hormone. Cette absence d’altération de la sensibilité à l’insuline est également soutenue par le fait qu’aucune altération de la captation de glucose n’est observée chez des souris surexprimant le transgène spécifiquement dans le muscle squelettique. Les analyses de prise de poids des souris transgéniques ont révélé une résistance à l’obésité des mâles transgéniques lorsqu’ils sont soumis à un régime alimentaire riche en graisse. Par contre, aucune différence n’est observée sous régime alimentaire conventionnel ou faible en graisse. La plus faible prise de poids des souris transgéniques sous régime riche en graisse s’accompagnant d’une plus faible prise de nourriture, un rôle de SHIP2 dans la régulation du comportement alimentaire et de l’appétit n’est pas à exclure. En conclusion, la surexpression de SHIP2 chez la souris provoque une intolérance au glucose induite, en tout cas en partie, par une plus faible sécrétion d’insuline, ainsi qu’une résistance à l’obésité induite par un régime riche en graisse.

Phosphohistidine phosphatase 1 (PHPT1) is a small protein, consisting of 125 amino acids, that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of histidine but does not have any activity towards other phosphorylated amino acids. PHPT1 was identified in 2002, and is so far the only mammalian histidine phosphatase known, but still little is known about its physiological role. No mammalian histidine kinases have hitherto been identified. Phosphorylation is one of the most important ways in which the structure and activity of a protein may be changed after translation. Proteins are phosphorylated on the side chain of amino acid residues. When a hydroxyl is phosphorylated the result is a phosphoester and when a nitrogen is phosphorylated the result is a phosphoamidate. Histidine may be phosphorylated on either of the two nitrogens of the imidazole ring of the side chain. The resulting phosphoamidate bond is labile and rich in energy, which makes histidine phosphorylation highly reversible and flexible. However, histidine phosphorylation is less studied than that of the phosphoesters due to the acid lability of the phosphoamidate bond. The work described in this thesis was focused on further elucidating the physiological role of PHPT1. Amino acid residues of importance for the activity of PHPT1 were identified, and mutants with decreased phosphatase activity were produced. These mutants have been used in studies on the function of PHPT1. By using immunohistochemical methodology the localization of PHPT1 in both mouse and human tissues was determined, with mainly similar results. A general finding was that expression of PHPT1 was high in epithelial cells with short turnover time, indicating that PHPT1 may have an important role in proliferating cells. We have also developed a comparatively fast and simple screening method for determination of PHPT1 activity. Since research in this field has been hampered by the lack of efficient and practical methodology, hopefully this new method will be an asset in search of inhibitors for PHPT1, which in turn may be used for detection of the elusive mammalian histidine kinases, the finding of which may give major breakthroughs in the field.

Peritrichously flagellated bacteria carry out chemotaxis by modulating the frequency of switching between smooth swimming and tumbling. The tumbling frequency is controlled by a signal transduction cascade in which transmembrane receptors modulate the activity of a histidine kinase CheA that transfers phosphate to its cognate response regulator CheY. The proteins of the chemotaxis signaling cascade are localized to clusters found primarily at the poles of cells. In this work, the localization of the CheZ protein, a phosphatase that dephosphorylates CheY~P, is examined. Using a CheZ-GFP fusion protein, we show that CheZ was localized to the polar receptor patch via interaction with the short form of CheA (CheAS). Aromatic residues of CheZ near one end of the elongated CheZ four-helix bundle were determined to be critical for localization. Aliphatic residues in CheAS were also determined to be critical for CheZ localization to the receptor patch and substitution of these residues conferred a tumble bias to swimming cells. A mechanism of CheZ localization is proposed in which the CheZ apical loop interacts with a binding site formed by dimerization of the P1 domain of CheAS. The potential role of CheZ localization as a means of coordinating the rotation state of peritrichously distributed flagella is discussed.

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