Le traitement du mélanome métastatique a été révolutionné par le développement de thérapies ciblées, qui ont montré un bénéfice significatif sur la survie globale. En particulier, l'inhibition de la sérine-thréonine kinase BRAF, mutée dans 60% des mélanomes, par le Vémurafénib (PLX4032), a montré un gain de survie de 6 à 8 mois comparée à la chimiothérapie de référence, la Dacarbazine. Cependant, une très faible proportion de patients répond sur le long terme. En effet, la majorité des patients développent un échappement thérapeutique dans un délai médian de 6 mois. Des mécanismes cellulaires ont été mis en évidence dans l'apparition de cette résistance acquise, notamment l'implication de MITF, un facteur de transcription majeur des mélanocytes, ainsi que des modifications de l'expression de plusieurs membres de la famille de Bcl-2. Cependant, une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de résistance aux thérapies anti-BRAF semble essentielle, tout comme l'utilisation de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques combinées afin d'optimiser l'efficacité des traitements et la durée du bénéfice clinique. Notre groupe a récemment identifié des altérations du métabolisme du céramide et de l'un de ses dérivés, la Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), dans les cellules de mélanome humain comparé à des mélanocytes sains. En effet, nous avons montré que la S1P lyase (SPL), qui dégrade irréversiblement la S1P est sous exprimée. Au contraire, l'expression de la sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1), qui produit la S1P, est augmentée dans les cellules de mélanome, conséquence directe de la mutation BRAF. Ces perturbations ont pour effet d'augmenter les niveaux de S1P. Ce lysophospholipide favorise la survie cellulaire ainsi que la résistance vis-à-vis d'agents thérapeutiques dans diverses cellules tumorales. L'objectif de cette thèse a été d'évaluer si le métabolisme de la S1P peut moduler la résistance acquise des cellules de mélanome humain aux inhibiteurs de BRAF. Nous avons montré que la surexpression de la SPL ou l'inhibition pharmacologique de la SK1 (SKI-I) sensibilise les mélanomes métastatiques à l'apoptose induite par la thérapie ciblée. Ce phénomène est associé à une diminution de MITF et de l'une de ses cibles directes, la protéine anti-apoptotique Bcl-2. La diminution d'expression protéique de MITF peut être réversée par un traitement de S1P exogène. De plus, nous avons montré pour la première fois une augmentation de l'expression des récepteurs 1 et 3 à la S1P (S1PR1 et S1PR3), dans les cellules de mélanome présentant une résistance acquise au PLX4032. Ces modifications sont associées à l'expression accrue de MITF. La surexpression de la SPL, le traitement par le SKI-I ou par des inhibiteurs ciblant les S1PR1 et S1PR3, surmonte la résistance acquise de ces cellules au PLX4032 via la diminution d'expression des S1PRs, de MITF, et de Bcl-2. Par conséquent, en contrôlant l'expression de protéines clés de la survie et de la résistance, le métabolisme de la S1P représente une nouvelle approche thérapeutique pour améliorer l'efficacité des thérapies ciblées. / The treatment of metastatic melanoma has changed considerably in recent years with the development of targeted therapies, which have shown a significant benefit in overall survival. In particular, the inhibition of the frequently mutated serine-threonine kinase BRAF, by Vemurafenib (PLX4032) showed that survival rates increase by 6 to 8 months compared to standard chemotherapy, Dacarbazine. However, a very small proportion of patients will respond to the long term, and the majority of patients relapses in a median of 6 months. Cellular mechanisms have been identified in the appearance of this acquired resistance, including the involvement of MITF, a major transcription factor of melanocytes, as well as changes in the expression of several members of Bcl-2 family. However, a better understanding of these mechanisms seems essential, as is the use of new therapeutic strategies to optimize treatment efficacy and duration of clinical benefit. Our group recently showed some alterations of ceramide metabolism and its derivative sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) in human melanoma cells compared to healthy melanocytes. For instance, S1P lyase (SPL), which degrades S1P, is under-expressed. Conversely, sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1), which produces S1P, is over-expressed in tumor cells, as a direct result of BRAF mutation. These alterations increases the levels of S1P. This lysophospholipid promotes cell survival and the resistance to therapeutic agents in a variety of tumor cells. This PhD project aimed at defining whether S1P metabolism could modulate the resistance of human melanoma cells to PLX4032. Here, we show that SPL overexpression or pharmacological inhibition of SK1 by SKI-I sensitizes metastatic melanoma cells to PLX4032-induced apoptosis. This phenomenon is associated with a decreased expression of the master regulator of melanocyte differentiation MITF as well as its direct cellular target Bcl-2. The decrease in MITF protein can be reversed by treating cells with exogenous S1P. Interestingly, we also report for the first time an increased expression of SK1 as well as the S1P receptors, S1PR1 and S1PR3, in melanoma cells with acquired resistance to PLX4032 as compared to sensitive counterparts. These modifications are associated with high expression of MITF. Overexpression of SPL, treatment with SKI-I or antagonists of S1PR1 ans S1PR3, strongly overcomes acquired resistance to PLX4032 through a decrease in the expression of S1PR, MITF as well as Bcl-2. Thus, by controlling the expression of key proteins in melanoma cell survival and resistance, S1P metabolism could represent a new therapeutic approach to enhance the effectiveness of targeted therapies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 190502 bytes, checksum: 5752f80c9f704bcfdb2fab5cb3f0b55c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-27 / This work evaluated the behavior of phosphorus sources: Arad phosphate, Alvorada phosphorite and Triple Superphosphate in two soils a sandy and a clay 70% basis saturation in the natural acidity condition. The experimental outlining was totally randomized in a factorial scheme (2x2x3x4), being: two soils; three phosphate fertilizer sources; and four doses (0, 100, 200 and 400 Kg ha-1), with four repetitions. The results were submitted to the analysis variation, being taken the retrogression one, adjusting the equations and using as a criterion to the statistical pattern choice the significative F tests from 1 to 5%, and magnitude of determination coefficients. The phosphate fertilizers raised the calcium and the phosphorus proportions in the sand and in the sand-clay soils, both in presence and in absence of liming. The arad, applied in high doses in the acid soils, changed the pH of the sandy and the clay soils were noticed in the treatments that received an Alvorada Phosphorite application, and the highest proportions of the Triple Superphosphate and the Arad showed intermmediate proportions of available phosphorus. / Este trabalho avaliou o comportamento das fontes de fósforo: Arad, Fosforita Alvorada e Superfosfato Triplo em dois solos. - um arenoso e outro argiloso. -, na condição de acidez natural e, após a correção, atingir saturação por bases a 70%. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial (2x2x3x4), sendo: dois solos; três fontes de fertilizantes fosfatados e quatro doses (0, 100, 200 e 400 Kg há -1), com quatro repetições. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, sendo adotada a análise de regressão, ajustando-se as equações, e tendo-se como critério para escolha do modelo estatístico os testes F significativo a 1 a 5%, e (magnitude dos coeficientes de determinação). Os fertilizantes fosfatados elevaram os teores de cálcio e fósforo nos solos arenoso e argiloso na presença e ausência de calagem. O Arad, aplicado em doses elevadas nos solos ácidos, alterou o pH dos solos arenoso e argiloso. Os menores teores de fósforo disponível no solo foram observados nos tratamentos que receberam a aplicação de Fosforita Alvorada, e os maiores teores para o Superfosfato Triplo e o Arad apresentaram teores intermediários de fósforo disponível.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 190502 bytes, checksum: 5752f80c9f704bcfdb2fab5cb3f0b55c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-27 / This work evaluated the behavior of phosphorus sources: Arad phosphate, Alvorada phosphorite and Triple Superphosphate in two soils a sandy and a clay 70% basis saturation in the natural acidity condition. The experimental outlining was totally randomized in a factorial scheme (2x2x3x4), being: two soils; three phosphate fertilizer sources; and four doses (0, 100, 200 and 400 Kg ha-1), with four repetitions. The results were submitted to the analysis variation, being taken the retrogression one, adjusting the equations and using as a criterion to the statistical pattern choice the significative F tests from 1 to 5%, and magnitude of determination coefficients. The phosphate fertilizers raised the calcium and the phosphorus proportions in the sand and in the sand-clay soils, both in presence and in absence of liming. The arad, applied in high doses in the acid soils, changed the pH of the sandy and the clay soils were noticed in the treatments that received an Alvorada Phosphorite application, and the highest proportions of the Triple Superphosphate and the Arad showed intermmediate proportions of available phosphorus. / Este trabalho avaliou o comportamento das fontes de fósforo: Arad, Fosforita Alvorada e Superfosfato Triplo em dois solos. - um arenoso e outro argiloso. -, na condição de acidez natural e, após a correção, atingir saturação por bases a 70%. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial (2x2x3x4), sendo: dois solos; três fontes de fertilizantes fosfatados e quatro doses (0, 100, 200 e 400 Kg há -1), com quatro repetições. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, sendo adotada a análise de regressão, ajustando-se as equações, e tendo-se como critério para escolha do modelo estatístico os testes F significativo a 1 a 5%, e (magnitude dos coeficientes de determinação). Os fertilizantes fosfatados elevaram os teores de cálcio e fósforo nos solos arenoso e argiloso na presença e ausência de calagem. O Arad, aplicado em doses elevadas nos solos ácidos, alterou o pH dos solos arenoso e argiloso. Os menores teores de fósforo disponível no solo foram observados nos tratamentos que receberam a aplicação de Fosforita Alvorada, e os maiores teores para o Superfosfato Triplo e o Arad apresentaram teores intermediários de fósforo disponível.

Les maladies lysosomales forment un groupe hétérogène d’une cinquantaine d’affections qualifiées de « rares ». Actuellement, seulement 9 maladies lysosomales disposent d’un traitement spécifique, principalement par enzymothérapie substitutive, mais les effets bénéfiques sont souvent limités. Le manque de ciblage pour le Récepteur du Mannose 6-Phosphate (RM6P), responsable de l’internalisation dans les lysosomes, expliquerait en partie cette efficacité modérée des enzymes thérapeutiques. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé une approche de ciblage innovante basée sur des Analogues synthétiques du Mannose 6-Phosphate fonctionnalisés sur l’Aglycone (appelés AMFA) afin de répondre aux besoins non satisfaits par les traitements actuels.Les travaux de cette thèse portent principalement sur la maladie de Pompe, myopathie causée par la déficience d’une enzyme lysosomale, l’Alpha Glucosidase Acide (GAA), responsable de la conversion du glycogène en glucose. Afin d’améliorer l’adressage de l’enzyme thérapeutique aux lysosomes via le RM6P, nous avons fonctionnalisé la GAA recombinante humaine (rhGAA) avec les AMFA. Nos études sur la forme adulte de la maladie ont démontré une augmentation significative de l’internalisation et pour la première fois, chez des souris âgées modèles de la maladie, une restauration de la santé musculaire et une amélioration significative de la fonction motrice ont été observées (article 1). Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux propriétés de la rhGAA-AMFA. Nous avons démontré que l’efficacité de la rhGAA-AMFA n’était pas uniquement due à une meilleure internalisation mais également à une meilleure maturation intracellulaire de l’enzyme (article 2). En effet, nos résultats ont démontré que chez les patients atteints de la maladie de Pompe, il existe une surexpression des phosphatases acides ACP2 et ACP5. Ces phosphatases peuvent détruire le signal mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) naturellement présent sur l’enzyme, ce qui interrompt sa maturation en forme active. L’AMFA, contrairement au M6P, est insensible à cette dégradation et assure donc la stabilité de l’adressage de l’enzyme in vitro, mais également in vivo.L’ensemble de ces résultats suggèrent que le greffage des AMFA sur des enzymes recombinantes représente une nouvelle solution thérapeutique pour le traitement de la maladie de Pompe et potentiellement pour le traitement d’autres maladies lysosomales. / Lysosomal diseases form a heterogeneous group of about fifty rare diseases. At present, only 9 lysosomal diseases have a specific treatment, mainly by enzyme replacement therapy but the beneficial effects appear often limited. The lack of targeting for the Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor (M6PR), responsible for internalization into the lysosomes, would partly explain this moderate efficiency of the therapeutic enzymes. In this context, we have developed an innovative targeting approach based on Mannose 6-Phosphate Synthetic Analogues Functionalized at the Aglycone position (called AMFAs) to address the unmet needs of current treatments.The work of this thesis focuses mainly on Pompe disease which is a myopathy caused by the deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme, Acid Alpha Glucosidase (GAA), responsible for the conversion of glycogen into glucose. In order to improve the targeting of the therapeutic enzyme to lysosomes via the M6PR, we have functionalized the human recombinant GAA (rhGAA) with the AMFAs. Our studies on aged mice model of the adult form of the disease have demonstrated a significant increase of the enzyme internalization and for the first time, the restoration of muscle health and the significant improvement in motor function (article 1). We then investigated the properties of rhGAA-AMFA. We have proved that the effectiveness of rhGAA-AMFA is not only due to a better cell uptake but also to a more complete intracellular processing of the enzyme (article 2). Indeed, our results demonstrated that in myoblasts of patients affected by Pompe disease there is an overexpression of ACP2 and ACP5 acid phosphatases. These phosphatases can destroy the mannose 6-phosphate signal (M6P) naturally present on the enzyme, therefore possibly interrupting its processing into the active form. AMFA, unlike M6P, is insensitive to this degradation and thus ensures the stability of enzyme addressing in vitro, but also in vivo.All together, these results suggest that the grafting of the AMFAs on recombinant enzymes represents a new therapeutic solution for the treatment of Pompe disease and potentially for other lysosomal diseases.

The thesis is devoted to the field of properties investigation of new types of electrolytes, and assess the appropriateness of electrolytes studied in this paper for use in Li -ion batteries. It focuses specifically on electrolytes based on aprotic solvents and their mixtures with the flame retardants. The goal of the thesis is to investigate the effects of FRAs on electrolyte mixtures via changes in specific conductivity and freezing point. These objectives were fulfilled by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in combination with a cryoscopic measurement method. There were overall 16 samples examined. The samples were prepared as a combination of chemicals, specifically Ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2), triethyl phosphate (TEP) Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP). Based on the results of the experiments, the mixtures were sorted according to the observed properties in the tables listed in the last part of this paper. These values can be further used to supplement the continuing research of electrolytes and also as assistance in searching for the new electrolyte mixtures.

Trz1 chez levure est responsable du clivage endonucléolytique à l'extrémité 3 'au cours du processus de maturation des ARNt. Trz1 appartient à la famille des RNases de type b-lactamase, caractérisé par la présence d'un motif de séquence HxHxDH qui est impliqué dans la fixation des ions de zinc catalytique. La famille des RNaseZ est partagée en deux sous-familles de longueur de séquence différente: les formes courtes (300-400 acides aminés) et les formes longues (700-900 acides aminés). Les structures cristallines des enzymes RNaseZ de forme courte ont montré qu'ils sont actifs comme des homodimères. Une sous-unité englobe les ARNt substrat en utilisant un bras en saillie et l'autre fournit le site catalytique. Nous présentons ici la structure cristalline de Trz1, la première pour une RNase Z de forme longue. Trz1 est organisé en deux domaines reliés par un long peptide charnière. Chaque domaine est composé d'un repliement de type β-lactamase. Le domaine N-terminal a perdu ses résidus catalytiques au cours de l’évolution, mais il contient le bras long qui est important pour la liaison de l'ARNt; tandis que c’est l'inverse pour le domaine C-terminal. À partir des études protéomiques, on sait que Trz1 forme un complexe ternaire avec NUC1, une nucléase mitochondriale impliquée dans l'apoptose, et avec une mutarotase (codée par YMR099C). Nous avons purifié le complexe ternaire Trz1/NUC1/mutarotase caractérisé ses propriétés biochimiques. Trz1/NUC1/mutarotase forme in vitro un heterohexamère très stable en solution. A partir de nos données SAXS et MALLS nous proposons que l'homodimère NUC1 est au centre du complexe et que chaque sous-unité interagit avec une copie de Trz1 et une copie de mutarotase. / Yeast Trz1 is responsible for the endonucleolytic cleavage at the 3’-end during the maturation process of tRNAs. Trz1 belongs to the family of β-lactamase type RNases characterized by the presence of a HxHxDH sequence motif that is involved in the ligand formation of the catalytical required Zn-ions. The family consists of two subfamilies: the short forms with sequence lengths between and the long forms. A few crystal structures of short form RNase Z enzymes showed that they are active as homodimers. One subunit embraces the substrate tRNA using a protruding arm and the other provides the catalytic site. We here present the crystal structure of Trz1, the first of a long form RNase Z. Trz1 is organized in two domains connected by a large linker. Each domain is composed of a beta-lactamase type fold. The N-terminal domain has lost its catalytic residues, but contains the long arm that is important for tRNA binding; while it is the other way around of the C-terminal domain. From proteomics studies it is known that Trz1 forms a ternary complex with NUC1, a mitochondrial nuclease involved in apoptosis, and with a mutarotase (encoded by YMR099C). We purified the ternary Trz1/Nuc1/mutarotase complex and characterized its biochemical properties. Trz1/Nuc1/mutarotase forms in vitro a very stable heterohexamer in solution. From our SAXS and MALLS data we propose that the Nuc1 homodimer is at the centre of the complex and that each subunit interacts with one copy of Trz1 and mutarotase.

No description available.

付記する学位プログラム名: 充実した健康長寿社会を築く総合医療開発リーダー育成プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23789号 / 医博第4835号 / 新制||医||1057(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 渡邊 直樹, 教授 松田 道行, 教授 寺田 智祐 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Hydrogen production from abundant renewable biomass would decrease reliance on crude oils, achieve nearly zero net greenhouse gas emissions, create more jobs, and enhance national energy security. Cell-free synthetic pathway biotransformation (SyPaB) is the implementation of complicated chemical reaction by the in vitro assembly of numerous enzymes and coenzymes that microbes cannot do. One of the largest challenges is the high cost and instability of enzymes and cofactors. To overcome this obstacle, strong motivations have driven intensive efforts in discovering, engineering, and producing thermostable enzymes. In this project, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RpiB), one of the most important enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway, was cloned from a thermophile Thermotoga maritima, and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized. High-purity RpiB was obtained by heat pretreatment through its optimization in buffer choice, buffer pH, as well as temperature and duration of pretreatment. This enzyme had the maximum activity at 80°C and pH 6.5-8.0. It had a half lifetime of 71 h at 60°C, resulting in its turn-over number of more than 2 x108 mol of product per mol of enzyme. Another two thermostable enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and diaphorase (DI) and their fusion proteins G6PDH-DI and DI-G6PDH were cloned from Geobacillus stearothermophilus, heterologouely expressed in E. coli and purified through its His-tag. The individual proteins G6PDH and DI have good thermostability and reactivity. However, the presence of DI in fusion proteins drastically decreased G6DPH activity. However, a mixture of G6PDH and a fusion protein G6PDH-DI not only restored G6PDH activity through the formation of heteromultimeric network but also facilitated substrate channeling between DI and G6PDH, especially at low enzyme concentrations. My researches would provide important building blocks for the on-going projects: high-yield hydrogen production through cell-free enzymatic pathways and electrical energy production through enzymatic fuel cells. / Master of Science

Es werden neue Erkenntnisse über Borphosphat und Borophosphate der Haupt- und Nebengruppenmetalle vorgestellt. Neben Hydrothermalsynthesen und Feststoffreationen, die üblicherweise zur Synthese von Borophosphaten angewendet werden, haben insbesondere die solvothermalen Experimente mit Alkoholen bzw. Alkohol-Wasser-Mischungen zu neuen Ergebnissen geführt. Es wurden neue Borophosphate und Borat-Phosphate in den Systemen MxOy–B2O3–P2O5(–H2O) (M = K+, Rb+, Mg2+, Sc3+, Pr3+, Sm3+, In3+) dargestellt, weitere Verbindungen enthalten neben Mg2+ weitere Kationen der Haupt- und Nebengruppenmetalle (Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn). Darüberhinaus gelang die Darstellung bislang unbekannter Scandium- und Lanthanphosphate(III) sowie von sauren Alkalimetall-Scandiumphosphaten(V). Aus Synthesen in Gegenwart von Ethylendiamin und Diazabizyklooktan wurden ferner zwei neue templatierte Scandiumphosphate mit porösen Gerüststrukturen erhalten. Die Kristallstrukturen aller Verbindungem wurden rötgenographisch anhand von Einkristallaufnahmen oder Pulverdaten aufgeklärt. Die Charakterisierung der Präparate erfolgte mit Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie, EDX- und Elementaranalysen sowie durch Schwingungsspektroskopie und thermische Stabilitätsuntersuchungen. Zur Klassifizierung von (Metallo)borophosphaten wird eine Struktursystematik vorgeschlagen, welche Borophosphate und Metalloborophosphate entsprechend ihrer anionischen Teilstrukturen hierarchisch klassifiziert und in Analogie zur Terminologie der Silikate (nach Liebau) beschreibt. In Anlehnung an bestehende Konzepte für Boratminerale geht das Klassifizierungsschema dabei von einfachen Oligomeren aus. In einer struktursystematischen Übersicht wurden alle bis dato bekannten (Metallo)Borophosphate hierarchisch klassifiziert und sind in einer Übersicht vorgestellt. Beobachtete Verknüpfungsregeln und der Einfluss der Zusammensetzung B:P auf die Dimensionalität und die Verknüpfungsmuster der anionischen Teilstruktur werden diskutiert.