In quiescent yeast, the widespread reorganization of cytosolic proteins into punctate has been observed (Narayanaswamy et al. 2009). We seek to better understand and describe this reorganization, which we hypothesize to be a protein aggregation phenomenon. To test this hypothesis, we examined mutant proteins (Ade4p protein variants) in yeast with predicted non-native aggregation propensities and measured their punctate formation kinetics. Monitoring punctate formation kinetics involved the validation of an automated quantification technique using an Amnis ImageStream imaging flow cytometer. The automated punctate counts were strongly correlated with the manual punctate counts, with usual R² values of 0.99 or better, but evaluated 50-fold more cells per run. Fitness evaluations of the mutant yeast in the form of growth curves and batch competition experiments revealed the slowed growth of the Ade4-1286 strain and the functional inequality to the wild type strain of the Ade4-mtoin2034, Ade4-mtoin2105, and Ade4-2800 strains in competition experiments, especially when the mutants were forced to generate their own adenine. Subsequent structural analysis of the mutant proteins revealed destabilizing mutations for 4 of the 6 mutant proteins with 2 of the mutations classified as significantly destabilizing ([delta][delta]G >2 kcal/mol). We concluded that the reduction in protein fitness was likely due to the destabilizing effects of the mutations. Evaluation of the punctate formation kinetics revealed little difference between strains in the rate of punctate formation. Further examination revealed the wild type Ade4p and all of the mutants (with the exception of the Ade4-1286 mutant) were predicted to have similar aggregation propensities according to a secondary aggregation predicting algorithm (Zyggregator, Pawar et al. 2005). Additionally, solvent accessibility calculations estimate ~3-19% of the side chain surface area to be solvent accessible, which indicates proximity of mutations to the protein surface. However, mutating buried amino acids likely would have generated a greater disturbance (Matthews 1993, Tokuriki et al. 2007). We concluded that the mutations, although destabilizing, altered the aggregation propensity very little. Deletion of chaperone proteins (Hsp82p, Hsc82p, and Ssa1p) revealed no difference in the Ade4-GFP punctate formation kinetics, although a slight kinetic difference was detected in the chaperone (Hsp82p) knockout, Gln1-GFP strain and the wild type strain. While further workup is necessary in the chaperone knockout, Gln1-GFP work, the initial results are promising and suggest the involvement of protein folding machinery in punctate formation. / text

A fosforribosilpirofosfato sintase de cana-de-açúcar [sPRS] (EC: 2.7.6.1) é uma enzima de central importância em muitas vias metabólicas envolvida na produção do 5-fosforribosil-1-pirofostato [PRPP] a partir da ribose-5-fosfato [R5F]. O gene da sPRS, seqüenciado como parte do projeto SUCEST, codifica para uma proteína com 328 aminoácidos e massa molecular 36,6 KDa. Essa proteína, após expressa heterologamente em Escherichia coli e purificada, foi cristalizada e submetida a experimentos de difração de raios X. A partir dos métodos cristalográficos e da modelagem por homologia pôde-se construir um modelo tridimensional. Cada subunidade da unidade biológica homohexamérica da sPRS correlaciona-se simetricamente com as demais através de um eixo de ordem 2 perpendicular a outro de ordem 3, formando uma simetria pontual 32. Experimentos de atividade enzimática para a sPRS indicam independência da sua atividade catalítica ao íon fosfato. Através do estudo comparativo entre a sPRS e sua homóloga fosforribosilpirofosfato sintetase de Bacillus subtillis [bPRS] (fosfato dependente) pudemos identificar similaridades estruturais na região do sítio catalítico e significativas diferenças no sítio alostérico. Os resultados revelam que essas diferenças estruturais na região do sítio alostérico são consistentes com a diferença funcional observada, sendo um importante passo rumo a compreensão da correlação estrutura-atividade para a sPRS fosfato independente. / The sugarcane phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthase [sPRS] (EC:2.7.6.1) is an enzyme of central importance in severa1 pathways in all cells and produce the 5-phosporybosyl-1-pyrophosphate [PRPP] from the ribose-5-phosphate [R5F]. The gene of the sPRS was sequenced as part of the SUCEST project, encodes to 328 aminoacid protein with a molecular weight of 36,6 KDa. After being expressed in Escherichia coli and purified, the sPRS enzyme was crystallized and diffraction experiments were undertaken. From crystallographic methods and molecular modeling the tri-dimensional model was built. Each subunit of the sPRS homo-hexameric biological unit is symmetrically connected to the others through a 2-fold axis perpendicular to another 3-fold axis forming a 32 point symmetry. The sPRS enzyme activity assay indicates its independence of the presence of the phosphate ion. Through the comparative studies between the sPRS and the homologue from Bacillus subtillis phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase [bPRS] (phosphate dependent) we were able to identify structural similarities on the catalytic site and insightful differences on the allosteric site. These results show that structural differences in the allosteric site are consistent with functional difference observed and are an important step toward structure-activity comprehension for sPRS phosphate independent.

A fosforribosilpirofosfato sintase de cana-de-açúcar [sPRS] (EC: 2.7.6.1) é uma enzima de central importância em muitas vias metabólicas envolvida na produção do 5-fosforribosil-1-pirofostato [PRPP] a partir da ribose-5-fosfato [R5F]. O gene da sPRS, seqüenciado como parte do projeto SUCEST, codifica para uma proteína com 328 aminoácidos e massa molecular 36,6 KDa. Essa proteína, após expressa heterologamente em Escherichia coli e purificada, foi cristalizada e submetida a experimentos de difração de raios X. A partir dos métodos cristalográficos e da modelagem por homologia pôde-se construir um modelo tridimensional. Cada subunidade da unidade biológica homohexamérica da sPRS correlaciona-se simetricamente com as demais através de um eixo de ordem 2 perpendicular a outro de ordem 3, formando uma simetria pontual 32. Experimentos de atividade enzimática para a sPRS indicam independência da sua atividade catalítica ao íon fosfato. Através do estudo comparativo entre a sPRS e sua homóloga fosforribosilpirofosfato sintetase de Bacillus subtillis [bPRS] (fosfato dependente) pudemos identificar similaridades estruturais na região do sítio catalítico e significativas diferenças no sítio alostérico. Os resultados revelam que essas diferenças estruturais na região do sítio alostérico são consistentes com a diferença funcional observada, sendo um importante passo rumo a compreensão da correlação estrutura-atividade para a sPRS fosfato independente. / The sugarcane phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthase [sPRS] (EC:2.7.6.1) is an enzyme of central importance in severa1 pathways in all cells and produce the 5-phosporybosyl-1-pyrophosphate [PRPP] from the ribose-5-phosphate [R5F]. The gene of the sPRS was sequenced as part of the SUCEST project, encodes to 328 aminoacid protein with a molecular weight of 36,6 KDa. After being expressed in Escherichia coli and purified, the sPRS enzyme was crystallized and diffraction experiments were undertaken. From crystallographic methods and molecular modeling the tri-dimensional model was built. Each subunit of the sPRS homo-hexameric biological unit is symmetrically connected to the others through a 2-fold axis perpendicular to another 3-fold axis forming a 32 point symmetry. The sPRS enzyme activity assay indicates its independence of the presence of the phosphate ion. Through the comparative studies between the sPRS and the homologue from Bacillus subtillis phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase [bPRS] (phosphate dependent) we were able to identify structural similarities on the catalytic site and insightful differences on the allosteric site. These results show that structural differences in the allosteric site are consistent with functional difference observed and are an important step toward structure-activity comprehension for sPRS phosphate independent.