Finding the alternate biofuel feedstock(s) in addition to and/or replacement of traditional soybean feedstock is necessary to meet the future demand of biofuels. Two field studies were conducted in diverse environments in Texas during 2007-2011 to evaluate the yield, adaptation, and oil content of 4 cool-season crop species (rapeseed, safflower, flax, and camelina). In addition to the evaluation of yield and adaptation in these cool-season crops, two more studies were conducted during 2009-2011 to study flax yield components (field study) and the effect of vernalization and photoperiod on flowering of flax (growth chamber study). Out of two field studies conducted in Texas, the evaluation of four cool-season crops was designed as a randomized complete block with fifty-one genotypes (four species) and three replications in nine locations across the Texas. In addition to the evaluation of cool-season crops, an exclusive replicated study was conducted in flax to evaluate 20 genotypes for the yield, adaptation, and association between yield and its components in three locations in South Texas. Additionally, a growth chamber study was setup as a split-split plot design with twenty genotypes, two vernalized treatments (vernalized and unvernalized), and two photoperiods (10 hours and 14 hours). Spring rapeseed (canola) and safflower were the highest yielding crops with a maximum yield of 1372 kg ha-1 and 1240 kg ha-1, respectively. In South and Central Texas, fall - seeded flax yield averaged 1075 kg ha^-1 with a mean oil content of 38.3%. The flax genotype evaluation in Southeast Texas suggested that all genotypes developed in Texas showed relative cold tolerance compared to genotypes developed in other locations. A cross between Caldwell / Dillman (Texas genotype) was highly adapted to the environments of southeast Texas. Nekoma and York (genotypes developed in North Dakota) yielded well in non-cold years (> -2 degrees C) in College Station. Overall, flax is well adapted to growth in the area surrounding College Station, TX. The results of association of yield and its components in flax suggest that tiller number was the most significant contributing factor (p<0.05) affecting yield of flax in all three locations. However, the effect of tiller number was almost negated by the effect of pods per tiller (compensatory) in two out of three locations. The effect of vernalization and photoperiod on flowering of 20 genotypes of flax suggested that Texas genotypes delayed anthesis for 7 days or more in non-vernalized seedlings. These genotypes also delayed anthesis for 12 days or more in vernalized and short day conditions compared to vernalized and long day conditions. In summary, the spring rapeseed in diverse environments of Texas and fall-planted flax in South Texas showed promising yield and adaptation. Selection for more productive tiller number and intrinsic earliness of flowering to reduce the time of maturation would benefit the flax yields in Southeast Texas. Safflower was widely adapted to Texas and with increased oil content could have potential to the biofuel industry in Texas.

Thesis (Ph.D)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Sciences, 1991? / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-195).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 198-229).

Marked shifts in the life history traits of fish have been reported in many exploited fish stocks, with a particular trend towards decreasing size and age at maturity. Though other environmental and behavioural factors have been implicated, the key driver of these changes links to fishing pressure, through both the direct selective effects of fishing itself, and indirectly through the manipulation of important biological and environmental factors. Although reproduction itself has been well described in teleosts, the mechanisms of environmental and endogenous entrainment of maturation remain unclear and it was the principal aim of this thesis to improve current understanding of these systems in gadoids. Photoperiod has been identified as the strongest environmental cue for entraining seasonal behaviours, including seasonal reproduction. Over the last decade, several of the key drivers involved in the photoneuroendocrine cascade have been elucidated in mammals and birds, with the Eya3 pathway merging as an important mechanism for entraining maturation. However, little is yet known of their influence on maturation in fish. In the first study, the photoperiodic regulation of the Eya3-Tshβ-Dio2 cascade was analysed in Atlantic cod exposed to either continuous light (reproductive inhibition) or simulated natural photoperiod (reproductive stimulation) from July to December. Monthly expression was measured through QPCR, demonstrating a strong activation of pituitary Eya3 under declining photoperiod. As this coincided with the onset of secondary gametogenesis, these results suggest that Eya3 may play a stimulatory role in the photoneuroendocrine cascade of Atlantic cod. Although photoperiod represents the most reliable and noise free proximate signal to entrain the reproductive process, it is clear that a minimum growth and energetic state must be reached for maturation to progress. This directed the second line of study – a series of diet restriction trials on haddock and cod designed to investigate the influence of naturally occurring lipid levels in the diet on growth and reproduction, define the “critical window” in which fish assess their energetic state and how this is analysed before commencing secondary gametogenesis, and to assess whether Eya3 is regulated by the growth axis in cod. The results of these experiments indicate that overall size around the autumn equinox is the most accurate indicator of maturation commitment in cod. Additionally, Eya3 expression was elevated in maturing fish indicating a role for this marker in linking the energetic signal with entrainment of the reproductive axis. Finally, an analysis of the physiological and genetic stock structure of cod from the North Sea IVa stock region and westward into VIa was performed. The results of this analysis support previous genetic studies, indicating further fine-scale structuring of these stocks, reflective of the structure indicate by the differences in maturation strategies of the component populations. The results identified both environmental and harvest related pressures which may be driving the current stock structure. The results of these studies greatly improves our understanding of the key drivers and mechanisms regulating maturation in cod, highlighting new avenues for future research.

xvi, 112 p. : ill. (some col.) / In seasonal environments, the ability to take advantage of the favorable seasons and avoid or mitigate the effects of the unfavorable ones is essential for organismal fitness. Many polar and temperate organisms use photoperiod (length of day) to time seasonal life history events because photoperiod's regular annual cycle makes it a very reliable indicator of seasonality. This reliability allows organisms to anticipate and properly prepare for seasonal change. Although photoperiodism is widespread in polar and temperate vertebrates, little is known relative to invertebrates regarding how its use varies with environment and this method's underlying genetic and physiological basis. This dissertation is focused on demonstrating the proper methodology for the study of photoperiodism and establishing the threespine stickleback as a model of vertebrate photoperiodism. Chapter I is an introduction to photoperiodism, how it is influenced by environment, the physiological basis of its output, and a summary of the chapters that follow. Chapter II explains an analytical method to test for causality and applies this method to data that have been interpreted as evidence that the circadian clock is causally involved in photoperiodism. Chapter III describes the photoperiodic response of threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus populations from two latitudes. These results are used to inform an empirical examination of the previously described assertion that the circadian clock is causally involved in photoperiodism. Chapter IV examines the physiological basis of early photoperiodic response using the threespine stickleback as a model teleost fish. Chapter V summarizes the previous chapters, describes their significance, and suggests future research directions. This dissertation includes both previously published and co-authored material. Supplementary Excel files demonstrating the analyses used in Chapter III are also included in this dissertation. / Committee in charge: Eric Johnson, Chairperson; William Cresko, Advisor; William Bradshaw, Member; Judith Eisen, Member; Patricia McDowell, Outside Member

No description available.

Responses of day-neutral (DN) strawberries (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) to photoperiod and temperature under controlled environment conditions were studied and compared to those of Junebearers (JB) and everbearers (EB). At a constant 21°C, DN cultivars flowered under 9 hour days (SD), night interrupted SD (NI) and 16 hour days (LD). Runner production occurred under NI and LD but not SD. Net photosynthesis (Pn) expressed on a leaf area basis, tended to be higher for DN than JB or EB. Pn on a whole plant basis, was greater under NI than SD due to increased leaf area under NI. Pn under LD was not considered. Under fluctuating temperatures (18°/14°, 22°/18°, 26°/22° or 30°/26° C day/night combinations), responses to SD and NI varied. At 18/14, DN cultivars flowered under either NI or SD. At 22/18 and 26/22, flowering was greater under NI than SD. At 30/26, flowering did not occur. At 18/14, 22/18, or 30/26, runner production was unaffected by photoperiod and occurred under NI and SD. At 26/22, runner production was enhanced by NI compared to SD. Data for the Junebearers and everbearers is also presented and discussed. / Master of Science

Para poder compreender e descrever o crescimento das plantas forrageiras é necessário ter conhecimento acerca de seus aspectos agronômicos e morfofisiológicos e suas respostas aos fatores edafoclimáticos. O desenvolvimento de ferramentas que viabilizem a racionalização dessas inter-relações é de grande importância para a comunidade científica, ao facilitar a explicação da dinâmica do crescimento, e para o pecuarista dando opções de planejamento e auxílio à tomada de decisão na propriedade pecuária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas agronômicas e morfofisiológicas de cinco genótipos de Brachiaria spp. e gerar modelos de crescimento baseados em soma térmica e fotoperíodo além de adaptar o modelo CROPGROForragem, visando explorar esses recursos computacionais para estabelecer uma base racional de manejo desses capins. Foram estudados quatro genótipos de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf (Marandu, Xaraés, Arapoty e Capiporã) e uma de B. decumbens Stapf (cv. Basilisk) colhidos a 15 e 7,5 cm durante onze ciclos distribuídos em um ano. As unidades experimentais (parcelas de 9 x 4 m) foram irrigadas e adubadas com o equivalente a 220 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N e K2O. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. Foi calculada a produção total e estacional de forragem. Foram monitoradas uma rebrotação de verão e de inverno, descrevendo-se a massa do resíduo, o fluxo de tecidos, padrão de acúmulo de forragem e as taxas de fotossíntese foliar dos capins, que foram utilizadas para a simulação da taxa de fotossíntese do dossel. Os capins Capiporã e Xaraés foram mais produtivos durante o verão. No inverno não houve diferença na produção dos genótipos. A altura de corte de 7,5 cm proporcionou maior acúmulo de forragem acima do resíduo para todos os genótipos, sendo que nesse regime de corte as plantas apresentaram as maiores taxas de crescimento em nível de perfilho, expressas pela maior taxa de alongamento e aparecimento de folhas. Além disso, houve maior renovação de perfilhos sob essas condições. Apesar dos capins terem produções diferentes, suas taxas de fotossíntese de dossel, foram semelhantes nas duas alturas de corte dentro de cada estação, sugerindo um mecanismo de compensação entre a área foliar e fotossíntese de folhas individuais. Os modelos de acúmulo de forragem baseados em graus dia (GD) e unidades fototérmicas (UF) se ajustaram bem à produção. O uso da UF mostrou-se efetivo na predição de características produtivas dos capins estudados. O resultado da adaptação do modelo CROPGRO-Forragem sugere que essa é uma ferramenta eficiente para integrar aspectos fisiológicos de B. brizantha e pode ser usado para simular o crescimento com boa exatidão. / In order to understand and describe forage growth knowledge is needed on their agronomical and physiological aspects as well as their responses to soil and climate. Developing tools that enable the rationalization of these relationships is important both under an academic (e.g., in studies of growth dynamics) and a practical (management and decision making in productions systems) standpoints. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic, morphological and physiological responses of five genotypes of Brachiaria spp. and to develop growth models based on thermal sum (growing degree-days, GDD) and daylength (photothermal unit, PU) as well as to adapt the CROPGRO-Forage model, aiming at evaluating the potential of this resources in forage research and production. Four genotypes of Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf (Marandu, Xaraés, Arapoty, and Capiporã) and one of B. decumbens Stapf (Basilisk) were harvested at 15 and 7.5 cm over 11 cycles in one year. The experimental units (9 x 4 m plots) were irrigated and fertilized with the equivalent to 220 kg ha-1 yr-1 of N and K2O. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in split-plot with four replications. Total annual and seasonal forage yields were calculated. One mid-summer and one mid-winter regrowths were monitored weekly to describe stubble mass, tissue flow, forage accumulation rate and the rates of leaf photosynthesis, which were used to simulate canopy photosynthesis. Capiporã and Xaraés were more productive during the summer, but in winter there was no difference among genotypes in yield. Clipping at 7.5 cm yielded more forage for all genotypes and under this management, plants showed the highest growth rates at the tiller level, expressed as higher leaf appearance and elongation rates. There was also higher tiller turnover under these conditions. Despite the differences in forage yield among grasses rates of canopy photosynthesis were similar within the two clipping heights within each season, suggesting the operational of a compensatory mechanism between leaf area and photosynthesis per unit of leaf area. The accumulation models based on GDD and PU showed good fit to observed forage production. The PU model was effective in predicting the productivity of Brachiaria grasses. The adaptation of the CROPGRO-Forage model suggests it is an efficient tool to integrate physiological aspects of B. brizantha and can be used to simulate yield with good accuracy.

Para poder compreender e descrever o crescimento das plantas forrageiras é necessário ter conhecimento acerca de seus aspectos agronômicos e morfofisiológicos e suas respostas aos fatores edafoclimáticos. O desenvolvimento de ferramentas que viabilizem a racionalização dessas inter-relações é de grande importância para a comunidade científica, ao facilitar a explicação da dinâmica do crescimento, e para o pecuarista dando opções de planejamento e auxílio à tomada de decisão na propriedade pecuária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas agronômicas e morfofisiológicas de cinco genótipos de Brachiaria spp. e gerar modelos de crescimento baseados em soma térmica e fotoperíodo além de adaptar o modelo CROPGROForragem, visando explorar esses recursos computacionais para estabelecer uma base racional de manejo desses capins. Foram estudados quatro genótipos de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf (Marandu, Xaraés, Arapoty e Capiporã) e uma de B. decumbens Stapf (cv. Basilisk) colhidos a 15 e 7,5 cm durante onze ciclos distribuídos em um ano. As unidades experimentais (parcelas de 9 x 4 m) foram irrigadas e adubadas com o equivalente a 220 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N e K2O. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. Foi calculada a produção total e estacional de forragem. Foram monitoradas uma rebrotação de verão e de inverno, descrevendo-se a massa do resíduo, o fluxo de tecidos, padrão de acúmulo de forragem e as taxas de fotossíntese foliar dos capins, que foram utilizadas para a simulação da taxa de fotossíntese do dossel. Os capins Capiporã e Xaraés foram mais produtivos durante o verão. No inverno não houve diferença na produção dos genótipos. A altura de corte de 7,5 cm proporcionou maior acúmulo de forragem acima do resíduo para todos os genótipos, sendo que nesse regime de corte as plantas apresentaram as maiores taxas de crescimento em nível de perfilho, expressas pela maior taxa de alongamento e aparecimento de folhas. Além disso, houve maior renovação de perfilhos sob essas condições. Apesar dos capins terem produções diferentes, suas taxas de fotossíntese de dossel, foram semelhantes nas duas alturas de corte dentro de cada estação, sugerindo um mecanismo de compensação entre a área foliar e fotossíntese de folhas individuais. Os modelos de acúmulo de forragem baseados em graus dia (GD) e unidades fototérmicas (UF) se ajustaram bem à produção. O uso da UF mostrou-se efetivo na predição de características produtivas dos capins estudados. O resultado da adaptação do modelo CROPGRO-Forragem sugere que essa é uma ferramenta eficiente para integrar aspectos fisiológicos de B. brizantha e pode ser usado para simular o crescimento com boa exatidão. / In order to understand and describe forage growth knowledge is needed on their agronomical and physiological aspects as well as their responses to soil and climate. Developing tools that enable the rationalization of these relationships is important both under an academic (e.g., in studies of growth dynamics) and a practical (management and decision making in productions systems) standpoints. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic, morphological and physiological responses of five genotypes of Brachiaria spp. and to develop growth models based on thermal sum (growing degree-days, GDD) and daylength (photothermal unit, PU) as well as to adapt the CROPGRO-Forage model, aiming at evaluating the potential of this resources in forage research and production. Four genotypes of Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf (Marandu, Xaraés, Arapoty, and Capiporã) and one of B. decumbens Stapf (Basilisk) were harvested at 15 and 7.5 cm over 11 cycles in one year. The experimental units (9 x 4 m plots) were irrigated and fertilized with the equivalent to 220 kg ha-1 yr-1 of N and K2O. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in split-plot with four replications. Total annual and seasonal forage yields were calculated. One mid-summer and one mid-winter regrowths were monitored weekly to describe stubble mass, tissue flow, forage accumulation rate and the rates of leaf photosynthesis, which were used to simulate canopy photosynthesis. Capiporã and Xaraés were more productive during the summer, but in winter there was no difference among genotypes in yield. Clipping at 7.5 cm yielded more forage for all genotypes and under this management, plants showed the highest growth rates at the tiller level, expressed as higher leaf appearance and elongation rates. There was also higher tiller turnover under these conditions. Despite the differences in forage yield among grasses rates of canopy photosynthesis were similar within the two clipping heights within each season, suggesting the operational of a compensatory mechanism between leaf area and photosynthesis per unit of leaf area. The accumulation models based on GDD and PU showed good fit to observed forage production. The PU model was effective in predicting the productivity of Brachiaria grasses. The adaptation of the CROPGRO-Forage model suggests it is an efficient tool to integrate physiological aspects of B. brizantha and can be used to simulate yield with good accuracy.

Development of sustainable practices is an important goal in agriculture. One possibility involves the development of perennial cereal crops, but the mechanisms of perenniality first need to be understood. While in annual cereals flowering structures die following seed production, in perennial grasses, perenniality is achieved by maintaining at least one shoot in a vegetative state. There are two views on perennating tiller origin in perennial grasses: some authors suggest that all over-wintering tillers flower in spring and summer, leaving spring-initiated tillers to perennate, while others indicate that spring-initiated tillers are too immature to survive summer conditions, thereby implying that flowering must be prevented in some over-wintering tillers. An understanding of perenniality will therefore require an understanding of flowering control in these species. Temperate perennial grasses have dual induction requirements for flowering, where plants become competent to perceive inductive signals following vernalisation, and flowering is initiated by inductive photoperiods. Two hypotheses were formulated to test these models. The ‘environmental control hypothesis’ stated that all adequately vernalised perennial ryegrass tillers would flower on sufficient exposure to inductive photoperiods. Alternatively, the ‘spatial control hypothesis’ stated that in addition to the environmental mechanisms, a spatial control mechanism acts to regulate flowering. Two experiments were conducted to test these hypotheses. Perennial ryegrass and Italian (annual) ryegrass were induced to flower and differences between the annual and perennial habits at flowering time were observed. However neither hypothesis was proven. In the second experiment, flowering was studied in detail in individual tillers of perennial ryegrass. The eldest tiller flowered in all flowering plants. The second eldest tiller did not flower in 72% of plants with more than one reproductive tiller, while the third eldest tiller flowered in 94% of these plants. These data favour the spatial control hypothesis which suggests that a spatial regulatory mechanism might act to repress flowering in some competent perennial ryegrass tillers. These results were supported by studies of meristem morphology and by a preliminary gene expression study. Maintenance of older, established tillers in a vegetative state might allow the perennial plant a greater chance of survival during summer.