My dissertation addresses the debate on the impact of foreign direct investment on physical integrity rights. I evaluate competing theories from the neoliberal and historical structuralist schools of thought. According to the former, FDI generally leads to better human rights practices. The latter, in contrast, is characterized as postulating a direct link between FDI and repression. By and large, the literature seems to support the neoliberal view (and, by extension, disconfirm the historical structuralist view). Yet in spite of the scholarly consensus, I argue that it is premature to conclude the debate. Scholars appear to have misunderstood the causal mechanism that historical structuralists believe link FDI to repression of physical integrity rights. They ignore a crucial variable that, as historical structuralists imply, mediates the effects of FDI on the level of repression: domestic unrest. We should only expect repression to increase when high levels of FDI coincide with domestic unrest. In order to safeguard their investments, MNCs lend support to friendly host governments (either directly or through their home government), which paves the way for further repression. In this paper, I will attempt to redress this problem by offering a more refined version of the historical structuralist model, and by assessing – both quantitatively and qualitatively - its effects on human rights. Probit regression models will be used to test both the neoliberal and historical structuralist propositions on a sample of low- and lower-middle-income countries from the years 1981-2004. I then conduct two case studies on Algeria and Lesotho. To briefly summarize this study’s main findings, the quantitative data largely disconfirms the neoliberal theory that FDI reduces the repression of physical integrity rights over time. In contrast, there is stronger evidence for the structuralist theory that countries with large flows of FDI are more repressive in times of domestic unrest. Case study analysis largely supports these statistical findings and, in the case of Algeria, suggests ways to modify structuralism. Specifically, the Algerian case illustrates how repression is more likely in industries that are more labor-intensive and are concentrated in densely-populated regions.

The purpose of this study is to produce knowledge about when and in what way preschool teachers give children physical contact in the preschools’ daily routine and how the children react to physical contact. Physical touch in preschool is regarded as an important part of the children's human contact, sense of security and learning.  We chose to do a qualitative study which was based on observations and interviews as a method. The empirical study was guided by three research questions: How do preschool staff describe and use physical touch in teaching the children? In which ways do preschool staff affect children physically and do they pay attention to childrens integrity? In which situations do the preschool staff give children physical touch during a work day?  The pedagogues who were interviewed described in their answers about what physical touch means for them and how they use physical touch in the preschool activities. By looking at the observation materials we found a difference between how they gave the boys respectively the girls physical contact in some of the daily routines. The results that came out of the analysis showed that all pedagogues believe that physical contact is extremely important in preschool.

Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen kring hur förskollärare anser att de arbetar med barns fysiska integritet i förskolan. Studien har genomförts genom att använda oss av strukturerade intervjuer, där fem förskollärare intervjuades. Studiens teori bygger på Baderstens (2004) förståelse av vad en normativ teori är, samt den normativa beskrivning som Skolverket gjort av hur integritetsarbete i förskolan bör gå till. Det är utifrån Skolverkets normativa beskrivning, vilket vi valt att benämna Skolverkets normativa metod, som insamlad data analyserats. Resultatet i vår studie visar att för att öka barns förståelse för sin egen och andras fysiska integritet, hjälper förskollärare barn att sätta gränser. Pedagoger behöver vara närvarande och lyhörda för att se signaler samt kliva in om ett barns gräns blivit överträdd. Resultatet visar även att respondenterna menar att kommunikation är viktigt för att utveckla en förståelse kring fysisk integritet. För att kunna respektera barns fysiska integritet visar resultatet att pedagoger behöver lyssna till varje enskilt barn. Det visar även att relationer är viktiga och att barnen ska känna trygghet till den vuxne, samt att barnen behöver får vara delaktiga i beslut som rör dem själva. Slutsatser utifrån studien är att arbetet med att respektera barns fysiska integritet samt utveckla barns förståelse för sin egen och andras fysiska integritet är nära sammanbundet. Har barnet en förståelse för fysisk integritet har barnet också lättare att respektera någon annans fysiska integritet.

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do uso de enriquecimento ambiental em gaiolas convencionais de galinhas poedeiras alojadas em diferentes densidades. A parte experimental deste estudo foi dividida em três capítulos. No capítulo três foi registrada a porcentagem de produção dos ovos, de mortalidade, e monitoradas a temperatura do ar seco (°C) e a umidade relativa do ar (%), calculando-se assim a entalpia específica (kJ.kg-1 de ar seco). No quarto capítulo são exibidos os resultados da qualidade dos ovos baseados em avaliações externas e internas do produto, conforme as seguintes variáveis: Peso do ovo (g), gravidade específica (g.ml-1), unidade Haugh, índice de gema, resistência de casca, espessura de casca, porcentagem de casca, porcentagem de gema, porcentagem de albúmen, porcentagem de ovos com manchas de carne na gema e no albúmen, manchas de sangue na gema, porcentagem de ovos rachados, quebrados, sujos, pouco sujos, limpos e anormais. No quinto capítulo foi avaliado o comportamento e a performance física das aves por meio de análises da condição da plumagem, do coxim plantar, do esterno e da crista. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, ou seja, 3 tipos de enriquecimento ambiental e 3 tipos de densidades de alojamento, gerando-se assim 9 tratamentos, sendo eles: T1 (450 cm2/ave + cordas), T2 (750 cm2/ave + cordas), T3 (1125 cm2/ave + cordas), T4 (450 cm2/ave + cortinas), T5 (750 cm2/ave + cortinas), T6 (1125 cm2/ave + cortinas), T7 (450 cm2/ave + sem enriquecimento), T8 (750 cm2/ave + sem enriquecimento), T9 (1125 cm2/ave + sem enriquecimento). Os resultados evidenciaram que o uso de enriquecimento ambiental e diferentes densidades de animais/gaiola não tiveram influência significativa na mortalidade e na produção de ovos de galinhas poedeiras na tipologia da instalação estudada. Além disso, o efeito da inserção de enriquecimento ambiental na integridade física das aves variou conforme a densidade de alojamento e contribuiu positivamente na saúde dos pés e na integridade das penas. Tratamentos com alta densidade de alojamento, ou seja, com 5 aves/gaiola, causam supressão do comportamento, aumentam a agressividade e diminuem o acesso da ave aos recursos disponíveis na gaiola. Os dados evidenciaram que a utilização de enriquecimento ambiental e menores densidades de alojamento exerceram efeito positivo na qualidade externa dos ovos e diminuíram a incidência de partículas estranhas neste produto, melhorando-o visualmente e diminuindo as suas perdas. Conclui-se que a inserção de enriquecimento ambiental é uma importante ferramenta para melhorar as condições de bem-estar e a qualidade dos ovos de galinhas poedeiras e este efeito pode variar em função de diferentes densidades de alojamento. / The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the use of environmental enrichment in conventional cages for laying hens housed in different stocking densities. The experimental part of this study was divided into three sections. At third chapter was recorded the percentage of production of eggs, mortality, and monitored the temperature of the dry air (°C) and relative humidity (%), calculating thus the specific enthalpy (kJ.kg-1 air dry). In the fourth chapter are shown the results of the egg quality based on external and internal evaluation of the product, according to the following variables: egg weight (g), specific gravity (g.ml-1), Haugh unit, yolk index, shell strength, shell thickness, shell percentage, yolk percentage, albumen percentage, percentage of eggs with meat spots in the yolk and albumen, blood spots on the yolk, percentage of cracked eggs, broken eggs, dirty eggs, dirty little eggs, clean and abnormal eggs. In the fifth chapter was analyzed the bahaviour and the physical performance of birds through the plumage condition, the footpad condition, the sternum and the comb condition. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 3 x 3 (3 types of environmental enrichment and 3 types of stocking densities). It generated 9 treatments, as follows: T1 (450 cm2/bird + strings), T2 (750 cm2/bird + strings), T3 (1125 cm2/bird + strings), T4 (450 cm2/bird + curtains), T5 (750 cm2/bird + curtains), T6 (1125 cm2/bird + curtains), T7 (450 cm2/bird + without enrichment), T8 (750 cm2/bird + without enrichment), T9 (1125 cm2/bird + without enrichment). The results showed that the use of environmental enrichment and different stocking densities of animals/cage had no significant influence on mortality and production of laying hens in the typology of the studied installation. Moreover, the effect of environmental enrichment on the physical integrity of birds varied according to the stocking density and contributes positively to the health of the feet and integrity of plumage. Treatments with high density, i.e., with 5 animals/cage, causing suppression of behavior, increased aggression and decrease the bird\'s access to resources available in the cage. The data show that the types of environmental enrichment and lower stocking densities had a positive effect on the external quality of eggs and decreased the incidence of foreign particles in this product, improving it visually and reducing their losses. It is concluded that environmental enrichment insertion is an important tool to improve the welfare and egg quality of laying hens and this effect may vary according to different stocking densities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clara Angelica Goncalves Dias.pdf: 1677330 bytes, checksum: 8be5998adccd6d4ac70e717efa1bee74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper aims to demonstrate the liability of the employer from the advent of social risks such as sickness and accidents at work, or social risks affecting the health and physical integrity of employees, requiring, for both a duty accountability to the policy holder service, which, due to the activity that develops, or by reason of breach of technical regulations imposed by national or foreign, exposed to risk certain property as important to humans. To this end, we will study the concept of risk, until we get the idea what it really consists of social risks, or any uncertain future event that happens independently of human will and can cause damage, and in particular that this approach here we set out to shape, reaching the health and physical integrity of hipossuficiente of employment, ie the worker. The civil liability of the employer to do so, appears as an important ally in the screening and mandatory duties of employers and employees about protecting the health and integrity of those involved in the production process developed primarily from the Industrial Revolution, responsible for serious and harmful consequences to the workers of that period had not found support. It is on this light that we seek to gather information about the historical evolution of social protection afforded to workers, starting from the early days until we reach the present day, where the Federal Constitution and various other standards infra, as the pension laws, criminal law, the law civil and different rules rugged looking always bring in their devices, explicit rules that focus on the theme of accountability, forcing the shareholders and the means of production to adopt protective measures to preserve health and the workplace / Este trabalho tem a finalidade de demonstrar a responsabilidade civil do empregador a partir do advento dos riscos sociais como a doença e o acidente de trabalho, ou seja, riscos sociais que atingem a saúde e a integridade física dos empregados, impondo, para tanto, um dever de responsabilização ao tomador de serviço, que, em razão da atividade que desenvolve, ou em razão da inobservância de regras técnicas que são impostas pela legislação, expõem a risco determinados bens tão importantes do ser humano. Para tanto, estudamos o conceito de riscos, até chegarmos à idéia do que realmente consistem os riscos sociais, ou seja, todo acontecimento futuro e incerto, que acontece independentemente da vontade humana e que podem causar danos, e em especial, nesse enfoque que aqui nos propusemos a delinear, que atinjam à saúde e a integridade física do hipossuficiente da relação laboral, ou seja, o trabalhador. A responsabilidade civil do empregador, para tanto, aparece como uma importante aliada na averiguação e obrigatoriedade dos deveres dos empregados e empregadores em torno da proteção à saúde e integridade física daqueles envolvidos no processo de produção desenvolvido prioritariamente a partir da Revolução Industrial, responsável por graves e danosas consequências aos obreiros de então, que não encontravam amparo. É sobre esse prisma que procuramos levantar informações a respeito da evolução histórica da proteção social conferida aos obreiros, partindo dos primórdios até alcançarmos os dias atuais, onde tanto a Constituição Federal como várias outras normas infraconstitucionais, como as leis previdenciárias, a lei penal, a lei civil e as várias normas acidentárias procuram trazer nos seus dispositivos regras expressas que enfocam o tema da responsabilização, forçando os detentores do capital e dos meios de produção a adotar medidas protetivas preservando a saúde e o meio-ambiente de trabalho

Statistics show that motor vehicle driving is a risky activity when combined with other factors such as alcohol consumption, excessive speed and road conditions, what make undisputed the necessary incriminating of risky behaviors. In the same way, it could generate specific dangerous situations to pedestrians´ life or physical integrity, drivers or attendants who daily are involved in road traffic. This kind of dangerous driving is the backbone of this Thesis which aims to provide an analysis dogmatic about the recklessly driving and the concrete danger to the life or integrity of persons. Attention is focuses on the doctrinal debate generated about the legally determination and establishment of the criteria coined by forensic practice in the specification of its constitutive elements, concluding a critical view of the current regulatory framework in our Legislation. / Las cifras que arrojan los datos estadísticos demuestran que la conducción de vehículos a motor es una actividad de riesgo que cuando se combina con otros factores como el consumo de alcohol, velocidad excesiva y el estado de las vías, hace indiscutible la necesaria incriminación de comportamientos peligrosos que generan situaciones de riesgo concreto para la vida o integridad física de peatones, conductores o acompañantes que a diario intervienen en el tráfico rodado. Es precisamente esta forma de conducción peligrosa la que constituye el eje de estudio de esta tesis doctoral que tiene como objetivo ofrecer un análisis dogmático del delito de conducción con temeridad manifiesta y concreto peligro para la vida o integridad de las personas, prestando especial interés al debate doctrinal que genera la determinación del bien jurídico y la fijación de los criterios acuñados por la práctica forense en la determinación de los elementos constitutivos del mismo, para concluir con una visión crítica al actual marco normativo.

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do uso de enriquecimento ambiental em gaiolas convencionais de galinhas poedeiras alojadas em diferentes densidades. A parte experimental deste estudo foi dividida em três capítulos. No capítulo três foi registrada a porcentagem de produção dos ovos, de mortalidade, e monitoradas a temperatura do ar seco (°C) e a umidade relativa do ar (%), calculando-se assim a entalpia específica (kJ.kg-1 de ar seco). No quarto capítulo são exibidos os resultados da qualidade dos ovos baseados em avaliações externas e internas do produto, conforme as seguintes variáveis: Peso do ovo (g), gravidade específica (g.ml-1), unidade Haugh, índice de gema, resistência de casca, espessura de casca, porcentagem de casca, porcentagem de gema, porcentagem de albúmen, porcentagem de ovos com manchas de carne na gema e no albúmen, manchas de sangue na gema, porcentagem de ovos rachados, quebrados, sujos, pouco sujos, limpos e anormais. No quinto capítulo foi avaliado o comportamento e a performance física das aves por meio de análises da condição da plumagem, do coxim plantar, do esterno e da crista. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, ou seja, 3 tipos de enriquecimento ambiental e 3 tipos de densidades de alojamento, gerando-se assim 9 tratamentos, sendo eles: T1 (450 cm2/ave + cordas), T2 (750 cm2/ave + cordas), T3 (1125 cm2/ave + cordas), T4 (450 cm2/ave + cortinas), T5 (750 cm2/ave + cortinas), T6 (1125 cm2/ave + cortinas), T7 (450 cm2/ave + sem enriquecimento), T8 (750 cm2/ave + sem enriquecimento), T9 (1125 cm2/ave + sem enriquecimento). Os resultados evidenciaram que o uso de enriquecimento ambiental e diferentes densidades de animais/gaiola não tiveram influência significativa na mortalidade e na produção de ovos de galinhas poedeiras na tipologia da instalação estudada. Além disso, o efeito da inserção de enriquecimento ambiental na integridade física das aves variou conforme a densidade de alojamento e contribuiu positivamente na saúde dos pés e na integridade das penas. Tratamentos com alta densidade de alojamento, ou seja, com 5 aves/gaiola, causam supressão do comportamento, aumentam a agressividade e diminuem o acesso da ave aos recursos disponíveis na gaiola. Os dados evidenciaram que a utilização de enriquecimento ambiental e menores densidades de alojamento exerceram efeito positivo na qualidade externa dos ovos e diminuíram a incidência de partículas estranhas neste produto, melhorando-o visualmente e diminuindo as suas perdas. Conclui-se que a inserção de enriquecimento ambiental é uma importante ferramenta para melhorar as condições de bem-estar e a qualidade dos ovos de galinhas poedeiras e este efeito pode variar em função de diferentes densidades de alojamento. / The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the use of environmental enrichment in conventional cages for laying hens housed in different stocking densities. The experimental part of this study was divided into three sections. At third chapter was recorded the percentage of production of eggs, mortality, and monitored the temperature of the dry air (°C) and relative humidity (%), calculating thus the specific enthalpy (kJ.kg-1 air dry). In the fourth chapter are shown the results of the egg quality based on external and internal evaluation of the product, according to the following variables: egg weight (g), specific gravity (g.ml-1), Haugh unit, yolk index, shell strength, shell thickness, shell percentage, yolk percentage, albumen percentage, percentage of eggs with meat spots in the yolk and albumen, blood spots on the yolk, percentage of cracked eggs, broken eggs, dirty eggs, dirty little eggs, clean and abnormal eggs. In the fifth chapter was analyzed the bahaviour and the physical performance of birds through the plumage condition, the footpad condition, the sternum and the comb condition. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 3 x 3 (3 types of environmental enrichment and 3 types of stocking densities). It generated 9 treatments, as follows: T1 (450 cm2/bird + strings), T2 (750 cm2/bird + strings), T3 (1125 cm2/bird + strings), T4 (450 cm2/bird + curtains), T5 (750 cm2/bird + curtains), T6 (1125 cm2/bird + curtains), T7 (450 cm2/bird + without enrichment), T8 (750 cm2/bird + without enrichment), T9 (1125 cm2/bird + without enrichment). The results showed that the use of environmental enrichment and different stocking densities of animals/cage had no significant influence on mortality and production of laying hens in the typology of the studied installation. Moreover, the effect of environmental enrichment on the physical integrity of birds varied according to the stocking density and contributes positively to the health of the feet and integrity of plumage. Treatments with high density, i.e., with 5 animals/cage, causing suppression of behavior, increased aggression and decrease the bird\'s access to resources available in the cage. The data show that the types of environmental enrichment and lower stocking densities had a positive effect on the external quality of eggs and decreased the incidence of foreign particles in this product, improving it visually and reducing their losses. It is concluded that environmental enrichment insertion is an important tool to improve the welfare and egg quality of laying hens and this effect may vary according to different stocking densities.

No description available.

Dans ces travaux, nous proposons un système de guidage automatique pour la navigation sûre d'un robot mobile dans un monde ouvert. Le principe est de contrôler la direction et la vitesse du véhicule afin de préserver son intégrité physique et celle de son environnement. Cela se traduit par la généralisation du concept d'obstacle permettant d'estimer l'espace de vitesses admissibles par le véhicule en fonction de la surface de navigation, des capacités du véhicule et de son état. Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, le système doit pour chaque itération : 1) fournir à la tâche de perception une zone sur laquelle elle devra focaliser son attention pour la reconstruction de l'environnement ; 2) générer des trajectoires admissibles par le véhicule ; 3) estimer le profil de vitesse admissible pour chacune d'entre elles ; 4) pour finir, sélectionner la plus optimale par rapport à un critère prédéfini. Des résultats simulés et obtenus sur un démonstrateur réel permettent d'analyser les performances obtenues du système face à des scénarios divers et en démontre la pertinence. / In this work, we propose an automatic guidance system for safe navigation of a mobile robot in an open environment. The principle is to control the direction and the speed oh the vehicle in order to preserve its physical integrity and that of its environment. That results in the generalization of obstacle's concept to estimate the admissible speeds of the vehicle taking into account the surface navigation, the capabilities of the vehicle and its state. To accomplish this objective, th system has to ; 1) provide to the perception task an area on witch it can focus its attention to build the environment, 2) generate acceptable trajectories by th vehicles ; 3) estimate the admissible speed profile for each of them, 4) finally, select the most optimal with respect to a predefined criterion. Simulated and real results show the performance of the system obtained against various scenarios.

Medical interventions such as interventions in the physical integrity of the patient are some of the most important interventions in the personal rights of individuals guaranteed by constitutional laws and international conventions. The basis for criminal law investigation of physician's procedure is an issue of professionally correct procedure (procedure called lege artis). The healthcare provision - including the interventions in the physical integrity of the patient - is perceived in Czech law as a law qualified activity undertaken for the purpose approved by the legal order. As a result of the constitution of informed consent of the patient with a medical procedure this fact must be taken into account when defining a new criminal characteristics of medical intervention. The dissertation aims to provide a comprehensive legal analysis of the criminal aspects related to decisions made by physicians and to the medically indicated care provision in the context of legislative changes in healthcare, recodification of criminal law as well as civil law. Issues related to active intentional termination of life on request of the patient (euthanasia) were not subject to the processing of this matter. The dissertation analyzes in detail the individual institutes of healthcare legislation, medico-legal...