The overarching purpose of the current thesis was to assess the long term effects of a treatment program involving flotation-REST for the experience of pain, from the point of view of variables connected with Melzack´s neuromatrix theory, and to examine the extent of a potential attention-placebo effect in connection with flotation-REST. The first study (Paper I) aimed to investigate long-term effects of flotation-REST four months after treatment. Seventy patients participated, diagnosed as having stress-related pain. Participants were randomly assigned to either a control group or a flotation-REST group and participated in a total of twelve flotation REST or control sessions. Results indicated that pain areas, stress, anxiety and depression decreased, while sleep quality, optimism, and prolactin increased. Positive effects generally maintained four months after treatment. The second (Paper II) examined the potential effects of attention-placebo. Thirty-two patients who were diagnosed as having stress-related muscular pain were treated for a period of six weeks. Half of the patients were also given attention for a period of 12 weeks, while the remainder received attention for 6 weeks. Participants in both groups exhibited lowered blood pressure, reduced pain, anxiety, depression, stress, and negative affectivity, as well as increased optimism, energy, and positive affectivity. The third (Paper III) investigated whether or not 33 flotation sessions were more effective for stress related ailments as compared to 12 sessions. Participants were 37 patients with stress related ailments. Analyzes for subjective pain and psychological variables typically indicated that 12 sessions were enough to get considerably improvements and no further improvements were noticed after 33 sessions. Finally, the fourth study (Paper IV) aimed to examine whether and how the combination of therapy and flotation tank could be used to treat patients with severe stress problems. Two women on long-term sick-leave participated in the study, which was carried out over a period of one year. Four overarching themes were generated: the therapeutic work model, transformation of feelings, self-insight and meaning. These together constituted a “therapeutic circle” which after a while transformed in to a “therapeutic spiral” of increased meaning and enhanced wellbeing. It was therefore concluded that flotation tank therapy is an effective method for the treatment of stress-related pain.

How is the brain capable of mediating pain relief via the mind alone? Placebo analgesia is just such a case, wherein an inert substance yields relief from a number of pain inducing stimuli. Scholars typically separate several factors thought to contribute to the placebo effect into psychological and neurobiological influences. Psychological mechanisms include expectation and conditioning of analgesic effects, while neurobiological mechanisms implicate the opioidergic descending pain system. The current paper proposes an integrative model in which the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), implicated in cognitive-affective modulation, receives goal-directed input (i.e., expected pain relief) from the prefrontal cortex. As the rACC processes the cognitive difference between expected and actual pain, it recruits a critical descending pain pathway by means of modulating the periaqueductal gray area (PAG). The PAG is a key relay station that connects to other endogenous subsystems of opioidergic pain relief. Whether the rACC and its connection to the PAG are necessary for the placebo effect is a question future research will have to address.

Att det finns ett problem med att göra religionsundervisningen intressant i skolan idag kan säkert många hålla med om, och syftet med uppsatsen har varit att ta reda på hur bönen kan påverka människor, för att kunna använda den informationen på ett intressent sätt i religionsundervisningen i skolan. För att svara på uppsatsens frågor används den kvalitativa fenomenologiska metoden, den innebär att undersökaren fokuserar på hur någonting uppfattas vara och inte hur det faktiskt är. Genom intervjuer av troende kristna har jag tittat närmare på olika bönesätt, och de strukturer som finns kring bön samt vilken mening bönen har för den som ber. Att använda sig av bönkunskaper i religionsundervisningen möjliggör intressanta diskussioner, men även ge en förståelse av bönens betydelser för personer som praktisera bön och ett sätt att möjligen göra religionsundervisningen i skolan intressantare. Eftersom uppsatsen ska kunna användas i planering av religionsundervisning visa jag också ett psykologiskt och sociologiskt perspektiv för att undervisningen i skolan ska vila på vetenskapliga grunder.

<p>Att det finns ett problem med att göra religionsundervisningen intressant i skolan idag kan säkert många hålla med om, och syftet med uppsatsen har varit att ta reda på hur bönen kan påverka människor, för att kunna använda den informationen på ett intressent sätt i religionsundervisningen i skolan. För att svara på uppsatsens frågor används den kvalitativa fenomenologiska metoden, den innebär att undersökaren fokuserar på hur någonting uppfattas vara och inte hur det faktiskt är. Genom intervjuer av troende kristna har jag tittat närmare på olika bönesätt, och de strukturer som finns kring bön samt vilken mening bönen har för den som ber. Att använda sig av bönkunskaper i religionsundervisningen möjliggör intressanta diskussioner, men även ge en förståelse av bönens betydelser för personer som praktisera bön och ett sätt att möjligen göra religionsundervisningen i skolan intressantare. Eftersom uppsatsen ska kunna användas i planering av religionsundervisning visa jag också ett psykologiskt och sociologiskt perspektiv för att undervisningen i skolan ska vila på vetenskapliga grunder.</p>

Le trouble déficitaire de l'attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDA/H) atteint de 5 à 10% des enfants d'âge scolaire. Le seul traitement reconnu efficace à ce jour est la prise quotidienne de psychostimulants. Toutefois, la médication a mauvaise presse et ne convient pas à tous les enfants, ce qui conduit les parents à se tourner vers des solutions alternatives. Parmi celles-ci, le neurofeedback semble particulièrement populaire. Cette technique est basée sur le fait que les enfants souffrant de TDA/H présentent des atypies des ondes cérébrales qui pourraient être corrigées par le biais d'animations sur ordinateur qui renvoient du feedback à l'enfant en fonction de son activité ÉEG. Bien que plusieurs études démontrent des résultats prometteurs, nombre d'entre elles présentent des lacunes méthodologiques. De même, la contribution de facteurs non spécifiques, notamment au niveau psychologique, n'a pu être exclue et, conséquemment, l'hypothèse d'un effet placebo ne peut être éliminée. Afin de déterminer l'apport respectif des facteurs d'ordre affectif et neurologique dans le neurofeedback, une première étude a été menée dans le but de documenter l'effet simple du traitement en comparant un groupe entraîné (n=8) à un groupe en liste d'attente (n=7) composé d'enfants âgés de 7 à 13 ans (moyenne de 9,6 ans), sur des mesures neuropsychologiques, comportementales et neurophysiologiques (EEG). Bien que les résultats confirment la présence d'effets bénéfiques pour le groupe entraîné, ceux-ci se limitent aux questionnaires remplis par les parents, notamment les échelles Inattention et Hyperactivité de l'ADHD Rating Scale (F(1,13)=17,26, p<,001 et F(1,13)=5,76, p<,05 respectivement) ainsi qu'à l'échelle Troubles de comportements du Strenght and Difficulties Questionnaire (F(1,13)=4,36, p<,1). Cela plaide en faveur d'un effet placebo se caractérisant par le « traitement des parents » plutôt que le « traitement de l'enfant ». Par conséquent, une deuxième étude (n=31) incluant un groupe placebo bénéficiant du même cérémonial, mais sans feedback réel, a été conduite chez un groupe d'enfants (7-12 ans, moyenne 8,8 ans). Les résultats obtenus lors de la première étude n'ont pu être répliqués et aucun effet de groupe n'a été observé, les groupes entraînés se situant au même niveau en posttest que les enfants en liste d'attente. Par conséquent, bien que la généralisation des résultats soit entravée par le fait que les sujets ne sont pas parvenus à acquérir un contrôle sur l'ÉEG, ces données suggèrent à la fois l'inefficience du véritable traitement, mais également la contribution négligeable des facteurs non spécifiques, le groupe placebo n'ayant montré aucune amélioration significative. Toutefois, une analyse post-hoc des résultats semble tout de même suggérer des effets bénéfiques, du moins pour un groupe restreint de sujets. Par conséquent, des mécanismes autres que ceux mis de l'avant au départ doivent être postulés pour expliquer cet effet. ______________________________________________________________________________

How is the brain capable of mediating pain relief via the mind alone? Placebo analgesia is just such a case, wherein an inert substance yields relief from a number of pain inducing stimuli. Scholars typically separate several factors thought to contribute to the placebo effect into psychological and neurobiological influences. Psychological mechanisms include expectation and conditioning of analgesic effects, while neurobiological mechanisms implicate the opioidergic descending pain system. The current paper proposes an integrative model in which the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), implicated in cognitive-affective modulation, receives goal-directed input (i.e., expected pain relief) from the prefrontal cortex. As the rACC processes the cognitive difference between expected and actual pain, it recruits a critical descending pain pathway by means of modulating the periaqueductal gray area (PAG). The PAG is a key relay station that connects to other endogenous subsystems of opioidergic pain relief. Whether the rACC and its connection to the PAG are necessary for the placebo effect is a question future research will have to address.

The main purpose of this dissertation is to elucidate the problem of assessing and providing alternative medical technologies. The purpose is divisible into three parts: To investigate the bases of assessment for the acceptance of an alternative medical technology; 2. To investigate the professional and ethical problems connected with the practice of alternative medical technologies and find out whether the views of laymen and physicians differ with regard to the provision of treatments which are not in accordance with science and proven experience; 3. To investigate the interest physicians have shown in alternative medicine and the motives for this interest. These investigations are based partly on a study of the literature on alternative medicine dealing with the effects of the following alternative medical technologies: manipulation therapy, acupuncture, reflexio (zone) therapy, homoeopathy and magnetic therapy, and partly on empirical research into the attitudes expressed by doctors and patients towards non-scientific treatments. The results of these studies show that the acceptance of empirical data cannot be separated from the scientific paradigm within which the investigation has been planned. The documentation of the effect of alternative medical technologies is often empirically insufficient and based, in many instances, on so-called ”personal experience”. The interest shown by accredited physicians in alternative medicine is often motivated by the fact that certain complaints brought to them by their patients cannot be rectified by academic medical methods. The study also shows that physicians have professional interests which the patient is not prepared to respect in the same way as the physician is prepared to respect the right of a patient to refuse to undergo life-saving medical treatment. The main conclusion is that alternative medicine is a heterogeneous field where the interest expressed can be interpreted as a crisis phenomenon and an indication of the need for the assessment of alternative medicine as well as academic medicine. Laymen perceive the ethical and professional problems connected with the practice of alternative medicine relatively differently when compared to physicians. The possibility of scientific co-operation between practitioners of alternative medicine and academic medicine is difficult due to the fact that alternative medicine and academic medicine relate to different scientific paradigms. Clinical co-operation in the case of individual patients, on the other hand, is likely to occur. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1991, härtill 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Thesis (M. Pharm.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Thesis (M. Pharm.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens war es, die Wirksamkeit des homöopathischen Behandlungsverfahrens in Anwendung der klassischen Homöopathie im Vergleich zum chemotherapeutischen Behandlungsverfahren und zu einem Placebo bei der Behandlung akuter katarrhalischer Eutererkrankungen zu prüfen. Der Fokus wurde auf Mastitiden gelegt, die entweder unspezifisch waren oder durch umweltassoziierte Erreger hervorgerufen wurden. Es sollten die Möglichkeiten, aber auch die Grenzen des homöopathischen und des chemotherapeutischen Behandlungsverfahrens aufgezeigt und Schlussfolgerungen im Hinblick auf die homöopathische Behandlung von Eutererkrankungen abgeleitet werden.