CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Jatropha curcas L. is a plant native to America and belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. Currently it is gaining economical interest mainly because it is an oilseed crop with potential to produce biodiesel. However, presence of phorbol esters (a class of diterpenes) that are the major toxic constituents of the seeds, limits a better usage of the plant, by making the use of the residue, obtained after the oil extraction from the seeds, unfeasible for animal feed, due to its pro-carcinogenic activity and inflammatory action. Proteomic analysis of the plastids isolated from developing seeds of Jatropha is important because the synthesis of fatty acid as well as phorbol esters, the two most attractive compounds in the study of Jatropha curcas, occur in plastids. Proteomic analysis of this organelle is crucial to better understand and explore not only the biosynthetic pathway of these two compounds but other metabolic pathways , and addtionaly providing foundation for researchs that aimed to develope genotypes with more suitable characteristics for industrial applications. In this study, we performed a proteomic analysis of plastids isolated from the endosperm of developing Jatropha curcas seeds that were in the initial stage of deposition of protein and lipid reserves. Proteins extracted from the plastids were digested with trypsin, and the peptides were applied to an EASY-nano LC system coupled online to an ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer, and this led to the identification of 1103 proteins representing 804 protein groups, of which 923 were considered as true identifications, and this considerably expands the repertoire of J. curcas proteins identified so far. Of the identified proteins, only five are encoded in the plastid genome, and none of them are involved in photosynthesis, evidentiating the nonphotosynthetic nature of the isolated plastids. Homologues for 824 out of 923 identified proteins were present in three different plastids proteins databases i.e. PPDB, SUBA and PlProt, while homologues for 13 proteins were not found in any of these three databases but were marked as plastidial by at least one of the three prediction programs used (TargetP, ChloroP and PlantMPloc). Functional classification showed that proteins belonging to amino acids metabolism comprise the main functional class, followed by carbohydrate, energy, and lipid metabolisms. The small and large subunits of Rubisco were identified, and their presence in plastids is considered to be an adaptive feature counterbalancing for the loss of one-third of the carbon as CO2 as a result of the conversion of carbohydrate to oil through glycolysis. While several enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of several precursors of diterpenoids were identified, we were unable to identify any terpene synthase/cyclase, which suggests that the plastids isolated from the endosperm of developing seeds do not synthesize phorbol esters. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the major biosynthetic pathways and certain unique features of the plastids from the endosperm of developing seeds at the whole proteome level. / O pinhÃo manso (Jatropha curcas L.) à uma planta nativa da AmÃrica, pertencente à famÃlia Euphorbiaceae. Atualmente, ela desperta interesse econÃmico principalmente por se tratar de uma oleaginosa com potencial para a produÃÃo de biodiesel. Entretanto, a presenÃa de Ãsteres de forbol (uma classe de diterpeno), que sÃo os principais constituintes tÃxicos das sementes, limita uma melhor utilizaÃÃo dessa planta, por inviabilizar o uso do resÃduo de extraÃÃo do Ãleo das sementes na alimentaÃÃo animal, bem como, por apresentar atividade prÃ-carcinogÃnica e aÃÃo inflamatÃria. A anÃlise proteÃmica de plastÃdeos, isolados de sementes em desenvolvimento de pinhÃo manso, à uma importante vertente de estudo, pois tanto a sÃntese de Ãcidos graxos como dos Ãsteres de forbol, os dois compostos mais atrativos no estudo de Jatropha curcas, ocorrem nos plastÃdeos. O estudo proteÃmico dessa organela torna-se crucial para melhor compreender e explorar nÃo somente as vias biossintÃticas desses dois compostos, como de outras vias metabÃlicas, alÃm de proporcionar um conjunto de dados que pode ser utilizado em pesquisas voltadas para o desenvolvimento de genÃtipos com caracterÃsticas mais adequadas para aplicaÃÃes industriais. No presente trabalho, realizou-se uma anÃlise proteÃmica de plastÃdeos isolados do endosperma de sementes em desenvolvimento do pinhÃo manso, que estavam nos estÃgios iniciais de deposiÃÃo de lipÃdios e proteÃnas de reserva (25-30DAA), confirmados por meio de anÃlises histolÃgica e histoquÃmica. As proteÃnas extraÃdas dos plastÃdeos foram digeridas com tripsina e os peptÃdeos foram aplicados no sistema de nano-LC EASYII acoplado online ao espectrÃmetro de massa nano ESI LTQ-Orbitrap velos, o que resultou na identificaÃÃo 1103 proteÃnas, representando 804 grupos de proteÃnas, dos quais 923 foram consideradas identificaÃÃes verdadeiras. Isso expandiu consideravelmente o repertÃrio de proteÃnas do pinhÃo manso atà agora identificas. Dentre as proteÃnas identificadas, apenas 5 sÃo codificadas pelo genoma plastidial, e nenhuma delas està envolvida na fotossÃntese, o que evidencia a natureza nÃo fotossintÃtica dos plastÃdeos isolados. HomÃlogos de 824, dentre as 923 proteÃnas identificadas, estavam presentes nos bancos de dados PPDB, SUBA e PlProt, enquanto homÃlogos para 13 proteÃnas nÃo foram encontrados em nenhum dos trÃs bancos de dados plastidiais, mas foram detectados como plastidiais por pelo menos um dos trÃs programas de prediÃÃo de localizaÃÃo subcelular utilizados (TargetP, ChloroP, PlantMPloc). A classificaÃÃo funcional mostrou que a maioria das proteÃnas identificadas pertencia ao metabolismo dos aminoÃcidos, seguido dos metabolismos dos carboidratos, energÃtico e dos lipÃdios. As subunidades maiores e menores da Rubisco foram identificadas, e sua presenÃa nos plastÃdeos foi considerada uma caracterÃstica adaptativa para contrabalancear a perda de um terÃo do carbono na forma de CO2 como um resultado da conversÃo de carboidratos em Ãleo atravÃs da glicÃlise. Apesar de enzimas envolvidas na biossÃntese de diversos precursores dos diterpenÃides terem sido identificadas, nÃo foi detectado nenhuma terpeno sintase/ciclase, o que sugere que os plastÃdeos isolados do endosperma de sementes em desenvolvimento nÃo sintetizam Ãsteres de forbol, apesar de uma grande quantidade desse composto ser encontrada neste tecido. Como conclusÃo, o presente trabalho proporciona insights sobre as principais vias biossÃntÃticas, e sobre caracterÃsticas peculiares dos plastideos isolados do endosperma de sementes em desenvolvimento.

Les thiorédoxines (TRX) sont des protéines ubiquistes à activité d’oxydoréductase de ponts disulfure de protéines dites « cibles ». Le génome d’Arabidopsis thaliana code une vingtaine de TRX canoniques dont 10 (divisées en 5 types : f, m, x, y et z) sont localisées dans les plastes. Les TRX f sont connues depuis plus de trente ans pour être des régulateurs centraux du métabolisme photosynthétique, mais les approches expérimentales récentes (protéomique, génétique inverse.) indiquent que ces protéines interviennent dans des métabolismes non photosynthétiques variés, notamment le cycle oxydatif des pentoses phosphate (COPP). Ce travail a consisté à analyser in vitro la capacité des TRX plastidiales à réguler les déshydrogénases du COPP qui assurent la majorité de la production de pouvoir réducteur (sous forme de NADPH) dans des conditions non-photosynthétiques. Les résultats obtenus ont été validés dans un système ferrédoxine/TRX reconstitué et ont permis de proposer un modèle de régulation stricte par certaines TRX de la glucose-6-phosphate déshydrogénase chloroplastique G6PDH1 où la TRX f assure la coordination des cycles réductif (cycle de Calvin) et oxydatif des pentoses phosphate. Des approches biochimiques et biophysiques ont permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs modifications de propriétés catalytiques et structurales faisant suite à la régulation redox de G6PDH1 et d’aborder les déterminants des spécificités de régulations. Ce travail in vitro a été complété par une caractérisation in vivo (basée sur l’utilisation de mutants perte de fonction) de l’importance des TRX y dans le contrôle de l’activité G6PDH racinaire, et les processus de germination. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que, dans les graines, ce type de TRX interviendrait dans les processus de levée de dormance et de vieillissement via son interconnexion avec les mécanismes de détoxication des formes actives de l’oxygène. / Thioredoxins are ubiquitous thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases on target proteins. In Arabidopsis, many TRX isoforms are found, especially in plastids where 10 isoforms are found and subdivided into five types (f, m, x, y and z type).The f-type TRX is known for decades as a regulator of photosynthetic metabolism, but proteomics and genetics indicate that these proteins might regulate many non photosynthetic metabolic pathways, such as the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP).In this work, I have examined in vitro the redox regulation of OPPP dehydrogenases by plastidial TRX, the OPPP being a major source of reducing power (as NADPH) in non-photosynthesizing conditions. Biochemical studies were reproduced in a reconstituted ferredoxin / TRX system, allowing to propose a new function for f-type TRX isoforms co-ordinating both reductive (Calvin cycle) and oxidative pentose phosphate pathways. Biochemical and biophysical approaches revealed several modifications of catalytic and structural properties accompanying the redox regulation of G6PDH1, the first dehydrogenase of the OPPP.In vivo studies, using reverse genetics were developed, to analyse the possible role of y-type TRX in the control of root G6PDH activity and germination physiology. Seeds of y-type TRX mutants display an altered behaviour in dormancy and aging. The possible role of y-type TRX in the control of seed germination through their antioxidant function is discussed.