This thesis describes the shift in vegetation of broadleaf forests in eastern part of the Elbe River Basin between 1958-1968 and 2011-2013. It emphasizes the understorey vegetation. From lowland woodlands in other temperate regions in Europe and North America changes towards eutrophic and mesophytic vegetation are documented, specifically driven by changes in forest management and by atmospheric depositions; in some localities the game impact can be also important. The data were obtained by sampling 190 typological semi-permanent plots, which were precisely located - in 43% the original soil pit was found. The vegetation on study sites shifted towards nutrient-demanding, shade- adapted species, it was partly ruderalized. These changes can be seen on the level of species and communities as well as on phytosociological level. Increase of soil pH and moisture was discovered using Ellenberg indicator values. The number of seedlings and cover of shrubs also increased significantly. Homogenization of sites was significant as well although total number of species and alpha- diversity remained unchanged. These changes are probably caused by changes in forest management and by atmospheric depositions of nitrogen. On subset of plots in game-preserves the vegetation also demonstrated eutrophication but no increase in...

Long-term forest vegetation changes were studied in the Bohemian Forest and its foothills. New vegetation relevés were taken at sites of typological plots established by forest engineers between 1955 and 1980. Data from 158 semi-permanent plots were analysed using modern statistical methods. The data show significant changes and homogenization of the vegetation. Ellenberg indicator values indicate eutrofication. Repeated measurements of soil pH suggest acidification, but the interpretation of these data is complicated by methodological problems. The forests under study exhibit high spatial variability. No main prevailing trend in vegetation changes was found. The changes are considered to be related to sulphur and nitrogen deposition and forest management. The influence of increasing age of forest stands seems to be unimportant. Discussed are not only vegetation changes and their possible causes but also the possibilities and limitations of using such old forestry data in botanical and ecological studies.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-13T13:06:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marília Abrão Rezende.pdf: 15635182 bytes, checksum: dd6d5b283854e0b868ff7662c531c98a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T13:06:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marília Abrão Rezende.pdf: 15635182 bytes, checksum: dd6d5b283854e0b868ff7662c531c98a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research regards the mystery on cinema, noting and questioning its typological statute; pointing out its relationship with the following typologies: whodunit, noir, and suspense thriller; and observing the building up of mystery on screenwriting. More specifically, we pose the question: which elements, noticeable since the script, contribute to the understanding of these films as mystery films? Therefore, our corpus comprises three screenplays: Rear Window (1953), Chinatown (1973) and Memento (1999). The screenplay’s analysis is supported somewhat by the work of Jule Selbo –– researcher and screenwriter who studies genre as a tool for writing feature-films ––, and also looks for noticing (A) which situations in these scripts alludes to the mystery universe and the genres related to it; (B) which are the emotional effects provoked on the spectator by the use of genres (C) how could the genres that crosses a script be related to the film’s relevance on its time? The concept of genre adopted comes mostly from Rick Altman, who understands the generic kind in historical perspective instead of seeing it as a fixed category. Altman’s semantic-syntactic approach makes possible the observation of elements that contribute to the analysis of the screenplays mentioned above, summing up to Selbo’s approach. The bibliography also contains names as Raphaëlle Moine, Thomas Schatz, David Bordwell, Edward Buscombe, Steave Neale –– authors that explore the genres in various directions. Beyond them, we found help on a diverse range of authors and researchers, who enriched the discussion. We believe that the relevance of this research is related to the few numbers of works in Brazil regarding the mystery’s statute, as well as to the scarce academic studies related to the practice of screenwriting / Esta pesquisa volta-se para o mistério no cinema, notando e questionando seu caráter tipológico; assinalando sua imbricação com as tipologias do whodunit, do noir e do thriller de suspense; e observando a construção do mistério na etapa de roteirização. Mais especificamente, pergunta-se: quais elementos, presentes desde a etapa do roteiro, contribuem para a apreensão desses filmes enquanto filmes de mistério? Para tanto temos um corpus composto por três roteiros fílmicos: Rear Window (Janela Indiscreta, 1953), Chinatown (Chinatown, 1973) e Memento (Amnésia, 1999). A análise dos roteiros apontados se fundamenta no trabalho de Jule Selbo –– pesquisadora e roteirista que estuda o gênero enquanto ferramenta para a escrita de roteiros longa-metragem –– e busca observar (A) quais situações nesses roteiros remetem, de forma mais imediata, ao universo do mistério e dos gêneros a ele relacionados; (B) quais as relações afetivas que são despertadas no espectador a partir dos gêneros; (C) de que forma os gêneros que perpassam tais roteiros relacionam-se à pertinência dos respectivos filmes na sua contemporaneidade. O conceito de gênero aqui adotado é o de Rick Altman, que entende as categorias genéricas em plano histórico e não como formas imutáveis. A abordagem semântico-sintática do autor possibilita o apontamento de aspectos que contribuem para a observação dos roteiros em questão, complementando a abordagem de Selbo. Os referenciais teóricos da pesquisa também envolvem outros estudiosos como Raphaëlle Moine, Thomas Schatz, David Bordwell, Edward Buscombe, Steave Neale — autores que trabalham o gênero cinematográfico em suas diferentes dimensões. Além disso, encontramos respaldo em importantes nomes da história do cinema. Acreditamos que a relevância da pesquisa liga-se à escassez, na universidade brasileira, de trabalhos relacionados ao estatuto do mistério, bem como à raridade de estudos teóricos que se relacionem à prática de roteirização

<p>Abstract</p><p>In this thesis, a measurement system was set to perform comprehensive measurements on RF power amplifiers. Data obtained from the measurements is then processed mathematically to obtain three dimensional graphs of the basic parameters affected or generated by nonlinearities of the amplifier i.e. gain, efficiency and distortion. Using a class AB amplifier as the DUT, two sets of signals – both swept in power level and frequency - were generated to validate the method, a two-tone signal and a WCDMA signal. The three dimensional plot gives a thorough representation of the behavior of the amplifier in any arbitrary range of spectrum and input level. Sweet spots are consequently easy to detect and analyze. The measurement setup can also yield other three dimensional plots of variations of gain, efficiency or distortion versus frequencies and input levels. Moreover, the measurement tool can be used to plot traditional two dimensional plots such as, input versus gain, frequency versus efficiency etc, making the setup a practical tool for RF amplifiers designers.</p><p>The test signals were generated by computer then sent to a vector signal generator that generates the actual signals fed to the amplifier. The output of the amplifier is fed to a vector signal analyzer then collected by computer to be handled. MATLAB® was used throughout the entire process.</p><p>The distortion considered in the case of the two-tone signals is the third order intermodulation distortion (IM3) whereas Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) was considered in the case of WCDMA.</p>

This doctoral thesis explores the agrarian development in 20th Estonia and the role of family farming during three major agricultural transformations. It consists of four papers and an introductory chapter for which the common departure are the situation appearing in the Estonian farming landscape after the regained independence in 1991. The first three studies analyse comparative aspects on Estonia's interwar experiences with focus on land reform, agricultural co-operation, and agricultural export development. The fourth study focuses on the role of private plots during the Soviet period and the conversion of these into subsistence holdings after 1991. By merging the perspectives in these papers, the introductory chapter explores the impacts and legacies of previous transformations on the post-Soviet agricultural transformation up to 2004. The thesis specifically analyses the long-term effects of perceptions of markets and the role of agricultural production, changes in the agrarian property relations, organisation of agricultural production and co-operation. In analytical terms, this is discussed from the perspectives of continuity and discontinuity. Besides the several societal changes affecting the agrarian property relations in 20th century Estonia, the radical and decisive shifts have also affected markets, trade and economic integration. Since the end of the First World War, Estonia has been quickly thrown between different economic-political systems and legal environments. From the perspective of the small state’s dependence on trade and reliance on a few markets, the upheavals in the early 1920s, after World War II, and not least the fall of the Soviet Union, Estonia’s long-term economic development has been significantly affected. In this context the role of agriculture has changed. Most important, however, this dissertation shows how the idea of small-scale family farming survived throughout the planned economic period and became an indispensable production unit, even though it turned out to be a myth as soon as the Soviet system was dissolved and the exposure to international competition began after 1991.

Abstract In this thesis, a measurement system was set to perform comprehensive measurements on RF power amplifiers. Data obtained from the measurements is then processed mathematically to obtain three dimensional graphs of the basic parameters affected or generated by nonlinearities of the amplifier i.e. gain, efficiency and distortion. Using a class AB amplifier as the DUT, two sets of signals – both swept in power level and frequency - were generated to validate the method, a two-tone signal and a WCDMA signal. The three dimensional plot gives a thorough representation of the behavior of the amplifier in any arbitrary range of spectrum and input level. Sweet spots are consequently easy to detect and analyze. The measurement setup can also yield other three dimensional plots of variations of gain, efficiency or distortion versus frequencies and input levels. Moreover, the measurement tool can be used to plot traditional two dimensional plots such as, input versus gain, frequency versus efficiency etc, making the setup a practical tool for RF amplifiers designers. The test signals were generated by computer then sent to a vector signal generator that generates the actual signals fed to the amplifier. The output of the amplifier is fed to a vector signal analyzer then collected by computer to be handled. MATLAB® was used throughout the entire process. The distortion considered in the case of the two-tone signals is the third order intermodulation distortion (IM3) whereas Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) was considered in the case of WCDMA.

La thèse traite d'un point de vue expérimental la dynamique d'aimantation induite par laser femtoseconde de nanostructures magnétiques. En premier lieu, nous nous sommes intéressés à la dynamique de spins dans des plots ferromagnétiques individuels de CoPt3 et de permalloy (le diamètre varie de 0.25 à 30 Μm). Le montage expérimental consiste en des mesures magnéto-optique Kerr pompe sonde en géométrie confocale (la résolution spatiale est 300 nm ; la résolution temporelle est 150 fs). Nous avons montré que la dynamique d'aimantation dépend fortement de la densité d'excitation laser notamment le temps de relaxation spin-réseau et la fréquence de précession. Nous avons également étudié l'expansion spatiale de la désaimantation dans un plot individuel. De plus, nous avons développé une technique d'imagerie résolue en temps permettant d'étudier le renversement d'aimantation dans des films et plots individuels de CoPt. Nous avons exploré l'effet des différents paramètres : intensité laser, champ magnétique appliqué, et la nature cristalline du substrat (alliage, multicouches) sur le renversement d'aimantation. Enfin, nous avons étudié par microscope à force magnétique la structure des domaines magnétiques induite par laser. <br />Nous avons également étudié la dynamique cohérente d'aimantation de nanoparticules magnétiques (le diamètre moyen varie de 2 à 10 nm) excitées par des impulsions laser. L'analyse de la trajectoire d'aimantation dans les trois directions de l'espace (polaire, longitudinal, transverse) après l'excitation optique (> 120 fs) nous a permis de mettre en évidence la désaimantation ultrarapide (~ 200 fs), le mouvement gyroscopique de l'aimantation (précession et l'amortissement de l'aimantation) qui précède les fluctuations super-paramagnétiques. Nous avons exploré le rôle de l'anisotropie magnétique sur la réorientation initiale de l'aimantation et nous avons montré que le damping augmente avec la diminution de la taille de particules.

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Vegetation sampling was carried out to determine changes on the limestone quarries after 30 years. These semi-permanent plots are located in the Czech Karst Protected Landscape Area in the Czech Republic.