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The Methodics of Investigation of the Sexual Crime Acts (chosen issues) Summary This submitted diploma thesis deals with procedures of investigation of crimes rape and sexual abuse, which are two most serious offences within sexual criminal acts. In this work I analyze only some of the most essential moments of investigation, because the theme as a whole exceeds the required extent of the diploma thesis. Most attention is paid to contacts of the prosecuting and adjudicating bodies with the victim and to the acts in which the victim is involved. The introductory part analyzes basic contemporary and previous legal regulation of all sexual criminal acts given in the present criminal codes. Offences of rape and sexual abuse are explicated in more detail. Then the work brings a criminalistic characteristics of these offences with basic statistical data. It points out the fixed detection rate of these crimes over the last nine years. Within the criminalistic characteristics, the thesis shows typical ways of committing these crimes, typical offenders, victims and typical traces. It points out that most offenders committing rape and sexual abuse come from the backgrounds close to the victim. The work discusses the approach to the victims of rape and sexual abuse. It analyzes the reasons that lead to secondary...

Cizojazyčné resumé The diploma thesis deals with the methods of investigation of sexual crimes. Because the topic is too broad I've decided to focus only on selected issues of methods of investigation of child sexual abuse. Investigation of child sexual abuse is very specific in comparison to other sexual crimes. During the investigation the child victim must be handled very sensitively in order to avoid secondary victimization. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the specifics of investigation of child sexual abuse and other problems connected with it. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to historical and current legal regulations of child sexual abuse. At the same time it describes occurrence of this crime in the area of the Czech Republic. The second chapter provides criminalistics characteristic of child sexual abuse. The chapter consists of three parts. The first one is dedicated to the typical ways of committing this crime with focus on cybergrooming. The second part describes different types of perpetrators and also specifics of female perpetrators. The third part deals with victims of crimes and it is focused on short-term and long-term consequences of child sexual abuse. I pay attention mostly to the issue of secondary victimization because I consider it as...

Existing studies have demonstrated that choosing a partner is strongly determined by physical and personal characteristics of a parent of the opposite sex. This influence is affected by the quality of the relationship with the parent during one's childhood. There are many studies focused on choosing a partner in relation to self-similarity. They show that many characteristics are shared between partners. The partner self-similarity has a positive impact on one's satisfaction in and stability of a relationship. Previous research also shows consistency in choosing a partner, meaning there exists a resemblance among ex-partners. The main objective of this thesis is to make a contribution to understanding the mechanisms of choosing a partner based on similarity (colour of eyes and hair) with the parent of the opposite sex and/or based on self-similarity. Next aim is to explore consistency in choosing a partner according to phenotype characteristics (eye and hair colour). The online survey involved overall 1 266 participants, 942 women and 324 men. The survey provided following results. Women choose self-similar partners in terms of eye colour; they also choose their partners depending on the eye colour of their father. Those women with hair colour similar to their partner's show higher relationship...

There are a large number of natural and synthetic environmental contaminants (ECs) known or suspected to mimic or interfere with male reproductive endocrine functions. Our current knowledge is largely addressed to ECs that induce oestrogen-induced feminization. However, there are several ECs that cause alternations in androgen production similar to oestrogenic ECs, but they do not induce vitellogenin-induced feminization. The mechanisms of action of these chemicals are still unclear due to the fact that androgen receptor (AR) functions in androgen-mediated male reproductive physiology are largely unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of vinclozolin (VZ) (100, 400 and 800 ?g/L) and di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) (1, 10 and 100 ?g/L) on male reproductive performance in goldfish following 30 days of exposure. Since both VZ and DEHP act as agonists and/or antagonists of hormonal receptors, estrogen receptor subtypes (er) and androgen receptor (ar) mRNA levels were studied. For studying their oestrogenic activity, one group of goldfish were exposed to 17?-estradiol (E2). In DEHP treated goldfish, sperm production, motility and velocity were decreased at 1, 100 and 10 ?g/L, respectively. Our previous study has shown that sperm production, motility and velocity were decreased in goldfish exposed to 800 ?g/L VZ. These suggest that DEHP and VZ are capable of interfering with spermatogenesis and sperm maturation. In E2 treated goldfish, none of the males produced sperm, indicating E2-suppressed spermatogenesis. Similar to E2 treated goldfish, 11-KT levels were decreased in goldfish exposed to ?10 and ?1 ?g/L DEHP at day 15 and 30, respectively. In VZ treated goldfish, 11-KT levels were decreased in goldfish exposed to 800 ?g/L VZ following 7 d, but increased in goldfish exposed to 100 ?g/L VZ following 30 d of exposure. E2 levels remained unchanged and increased in DEHP and E2 treated goldfish, respectively. In VZ treated goldfish, LH levels were increased at 100 ?g/L. In contrast, LH levels were decreased in DEHP and E2 treated goldfish following 15 d of exposure. There were also positive relationships between LH and 11-KT levels suggesting that inhibition or stimulation of androgen production were mediated by DEHP- or VZ-induced alternations in pituitary function. In VZ treated goldfish, gnrh3 mRNA levels were decreased following 7 d of exposure and increased at low dose following 30 d of exposure. kiss1 or kiss2 mRNA levels were also increased in VZ treated goldfish, while gpr54 mRNA remained unchanged. In DEHP treated goldfish, gnrh3, kiss1 and its receptor (gpr54) mRNA levels did not change during the period of exposure. In E2 treated goldfish, gnrh3 mRNA levels were decreased at day 7, but kiss1 and gpr54 mRNA levels were increased at day 30 of exposure. These results suggest that, in contrast to DEHP, VZ effects on pituitary and testicular functions are mediated by disruption of hypothalamus function and upstream neuroendocrine regulators. The brain ar and testicular lhr mRNA levels were changed in VZ and E2 treated goldfish depending on dose and period of treatment, however they remained unchanged in DEHP treated goldfish. These differences suggest that DEHP may act through an independent hormonal receptor pathway, while VZ acts through a receptor pathway. vtg, er and cyp19a1b remained unchanged in DEHP and VZ treated goldfish but increased in E2 treated goldfish. These indicate that neither VZ nor DEHP acts as oestrogenic compound to impair male fertility. In conclusion, DEHP and VZ reduced sperm quality in goldfish due to stimulation and inhibition of 11-KT production which were mediated by alternations in pituitary function to produce LH or by disruption of the transfer of Cholesterol to steroidogenesis. Upstream neuroendocrine regulators (gnrh3 and kiss-1/gpr54) were disrupted in VZ treated goldfish. Taken together, VZ and DEHP differentially act on brain and testis to impair fertility endpoints.

Gender differences in myocardial apoptosis of the patients after heart transplantation Background: Many functions of the cardiovascular apparatus are influenced by gender. The aim of our study was to find out the sensitivity to perioperative ischemia of the donor female and male myocardium; and determine how the organism affects the donor myocardium of the other sex after heart transplantation (detection of apoptosis), and whether the investigated biomarkers can predict primary graft dysfunction (PGD). Methods: The research was divided into three prospective studies. The Study 1 included 81 patients undergoing heart transplantation from September 2010 to January 2013. Patients were divided into two groups according to male allograft and female allograft. In order to prove myocardial necrosis the high-sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) method was used. Apoptosis was determined by immunohistochemical detection of caspase-3, Bcl-2, and by the TUNEL method. The Study 2 includeded 58 patients divided into four groups according to gender; both of the recipient and the donor. Apoptosis (caspase-3, Bcl-2, TUNEL) was analysed in these groups during the two-year follow-up. Into Study 3 64 patients were involved. We investigated the relationship in between these biomarkers and the development of PGD after...

6 Abstract Scincoidean lizards, i.e. cordylids, gerrhosaurids, skinks and xantusiids, are known for their remarkable ecological and morphological variability. It was hypothesized that, at least in skinks, sex determining systems are highly variable as well. In the other three families, evidence for presence or absence of sex chromosomes has been scarce, with two species of night lizards with ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes being the exception. In this thesis, conventional and molecular cytogenetic methods, including C-banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes for telomeric motifs and rDNA loci and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) were used to identify cytogenetically distinguishable sex chromosomes. Although most studied species showed no sex-specific differences by cytogenetic examination, some did. Tracheloptychus petersi has accumulations of rDNA loci on a pair of macrochromosomes and a pair of microchromosomes in males, while again on a pair of macrochromosomes and a single microchromosome in females. This distribution suggests a ZZ/ZW system in this species, which is the first report of sex chromosomes in any gerrhosaurid lizard. In Zonosaurus madagascariensis, CGH was able to identify the W chromosome in females, which is the second report of sex chromosomes in this family....

Evolution of sex chromosomes and karyotypes in iguanas (Squamata: Pleurodonta) PhD Thesis Marie Altmanová Abstract This PhD thesis is composed of five published articles and one manuscript, and is focused on the evolution of the sex chromosomes and karyotype of the iguanas (Pleurodonta). Based on our primary research of available data, only male heterogamety (XX/XY) with ancestral karyotype 2n = 36 chromosomes was recorded in iguanas. However, in many species sex chromosomes have not been uncovered by classical cytogenetics, probably due to their homomorphy. The partially-known X chromosome content of Anolis carolinensis allowed us to compare the relative gene doses of X-specific genes between male and female of representatives of all iguana families, and to reveal homologous and well-differentiated sex chromosomes across all iguanas, with the exception of basilisks. Thus, due to the comparable age with sex chromosomes of mammals and birds, the results put into question the importance of endothermy for the formation of stable sex chromosomes. The striking feature of the iguanas is the relatively frequent occurrence of multiple sex chromosomes in their karyotypes. Using the ancestral state analysis of the type of sex chromosomes, it has been found that these multiple sex chromosomes developed at least twelve...

In the plant kingdom, only about one tenth of the species have different sexes. Since plant sex chromosomes are in general younger (and not always distinguishable from autosomes) than animal sex chromosomes, it is interesting to analyze them. This data can then be used in agricultural research in terms of growing exlusively one type of sex or using sex-linked genes for breeding. Because of polyploidization and long-term selection of only agriculturaly advantageous features, it seems fit to find a model plant which has not been subjected to artificial selection and could be used for the study of natural genome evolution. In this study, we chose Mercurialis annua and its close relative Mercurialis huetii for comparative analysis of their genomes and sex chromosomes which seem to be undergoing the first stage of degeneration.