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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Intoxicação por sal em ovinos e caprinos no estado do Pará

DUARTE, Marcos Dutra 30 June 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-05-05T11:33:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_IntoxicacaoSalOvinos.pdf: 3366899 bytes, checksum: 0586eb95d5f86bc84327cbae57a4a9cb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-09T19:51:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_IntoxicacaoSalOvinos.pdf: 3366899 bytes, checksum: 0586eb95d5f86bc84327cbae57a4a9cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-09T19:51:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_IntoxicacaoSalOvinos.pdf: 3366899 bytes, checksum: 0586eb95d5f86bc84327cbae57a4a9cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-30 / O presente trabalho relata os primeiros surtos de intoxicação por sal em pequenos ruminantes no Brasil, em uma propriedade no estado do Pará. A avaliação das instalações e do manejo indicaram, como fatores predisponentes, a ingestão excessiva de mistura mineral e a restrição hídrica. O primeiro surto ocorreu em ovinos, quando de 545 animais, oito (1,46%) adoeceram e destes, quatro (50%) morreram. O segundo e o terceiro surtos afetaram um rebanho de 191caprinos. No segundo surto, quatro (2,09%) animais adoeceram e nenhum morreu. No terceiro surto, oito caprinos (4,19%) adoeceram e dois (25%) deles morreram. Os principais sinais clínicos observados nos ovinos foram decúbito, diminuição ou ausência da sensibilidade cutânea, ausência dos reflexos de ameaça, palpebral e auricular, midríase, nistagmo, opistótono, espasticidade de membros, sonolência e estupor. Observaram-se ainda, timpanismo, diarreia, taquipneia, taquicardia, desidratação e poliúria. A evolução do quadro clínico nos ovinos que morreram variou de duas horas e meia a 48 horas. Nos caprinos, os principais sinais clínicos observados foram fraqueza muscular, alterações de postura da cabeça e do pescoço como permanência com a cabeça baixa, rotação da cabeça e do pescoço, extensão e desvio lateral do pescoço, decúbito esternal e lateral, midríase, ausência do reflexo pupilar à luz, permanência com os membros pélvicos e torácicos abduzidos ou em ampla base, aumento do reflexo flexor, micção frequente e sede intensa. Observaram-se ainda, hipomotilidade ruminal, taquicardia, diminuição do turgor cutâneo. A evolução do quadro clínico nos caprinos do segundo surto variou de quatro a 24 horas. Nos caprinos do terceiro surto a evolução foi de seis e oito horas nos que morreram e de dois a três dias nos caprinos que se recuperaram. As médias das concentrações séricas de sódio e de potássio de 31 ovinos do mesmo lote afetado pela intoxicação, em amostras colhidas durante o surto, revelaram hipernatremia (190mEq/l) e hipercalemia (8,2mEq/l), respectivamente. Nos caprinos, as médias das concentrações séricas de sódio e de potássio de 36 caprinos do mesmo lote dos animais afetados no segundo surto, em amostras colhidas dois dias antes do início dos sinais clínicos, revelaram hipernatremia (167mEq/l) e nível médio de potássio (4,7mEq/l) dentro dos valores de referência para a espécie. No entanto, as médias desses mesmos parâmetros, em amostras de caprinos do terceiro surto, com sinais clínicos da intoxicação (143,7mEq/l para o sódio e 3,9mEq/l para o potássio), estavam dentro dos valores de referência. Em apenas um dos quatro ovinos que morreram, foi observado à necropsia achatamento das circunvoluções cerebrais. Microscopicamente, neste ovino havia vacuolização moderada do neurópilo, particularmente nas lâminas intermediárias do córtex cerebral, com aumento dos espaços perineural e perivascular. Nessas áreas foram observados ainda, acentuada tumefação e edema dos astrócitos e necrose neuronal aguda. Nos caprinos não foram observadas lesões macro e microscópicas. As dosagens de sódio realizadas em amostras de encéfalo dos animais intoxicados revelou, em um ovino, valor de 3.513 ppm e em dois caprinos, valores de 3.703 e 3.675 ppm. Cinco caprinos do terceiro surto foram tratados com dexametasona e tiamina, por via intramuscular, duas vezes ao dia, durante dois dias, além da ingestão de água, em pequenas quantidades, três vezes ao dia. Todos os animais tratados estavam recuperados em três dias. O diagnóstico foi realizado com base na epidemiologia, nos sinais clínicos, nas lesões observadas, nas dosagens de sódio no soro e no encéfalo e na resposta ao tratamento. / This paper reports the first outbreaks of salt poisoning in sheep and goats in Brazil on a farm in the state of Pará. The evaluation of the facilities and the handling indicates as predisposing factors the excessive intake of mineral mixture and water restriction. The first outbreak occurred in sheep, eight animals (1,46%) were affected from a total of 545 animals and four (50%) of them died. The second and third outbreaks occurred in a herd of 191 goats. In the second outbreak, four animals (2,09) were affected and none died. In the third outbreak, eight goats (4,19%) were affected and two (25%) of them died. In sheep the main clinical signs were recumbency, decrease or absence of cutaneous sensibility, absence of auricular, palpebral and menace reflexes, mydriasis, nystagmus, opisthotonus, spasticity of limbs, somnolence and stupor. Beside this signs observed there were bloat, diarrhea, tachypnea, tachycardia, dehydration and polyuria. The clinical course of the disease in sheep that died ranged from 2 and a half hours to 48 hours. The main clinical signs in the goats were muscle weakness, abnormal posture of the head and neck such us staying with his head down, head and neck rotation, neck extension and lateral deviation of the neck, sternal and lateral recumbency, mydriasis, absence of pupillary reflex to light, stay with pelvic and thoracic limbs abduced or in broad-based, increased flexor reflex, polyuria and intense thirst were observed. They were observed also rumen hypomotility, tachycardia, decreased skin turgor. The clinical course in goats of second outbreak varied from 4 to 24 hours. In the goats of third outbreak who died the evolution ranged by six to eight hours and two to three days in the goats who have recovered. The medium of serum concentration of sodium and potassium of 31 sheep from the same group affected on samples collected during the outbreak revealed hypernatremia (190 mEq/l) and hyperkalemia (8.2 mEq/l), respectively. The mean serum concentrations of sodium and potassium of 36 goats from the same lot of animals affected in the second outbreak in samples taken two days before the onset of clinical signs revealed hypernatremia (167 mEq/l) and the average level of potassium (4.7 mEq/l) within the reference values for the species. The averages of these same parameters in samples from goats in the third outbreak with clinical signs of intoxication (143,7 mEq/l for sodium and 3.9 mEq/l for potassium) were within the reference values. However, the averages of these same parameters in samples of goats in the third outbreak, with clinical signs of intoxication (143.7 mEq/l for sodium and 3.9 mEq/l for potassium), were within the reference values. At necropsy in only one of four sheep there was flattening of the cerebral gyri. Microscopically in this sheep there was a vacuolization of the neuropil in the cerebral cortex with moderate intensity in the intermediary surface and mild on the superficial, with increased of perineural and perivascular spaces. In these areas there was still markedly swollen nucleus of astrocytes and acute neuronal necrosis. Noteworthy macroscopic or microscopic changes were not observed in the goats. The dosages of sodium showed high values in the brain of the poisoning animals, in an ovine value of 3,513 ppm and in two goats, values of 3,703 and 3,675 ppm. Five goats of the third outbreak were treated with dexamethasone and thiamine, intramuscularly, twice daily for two days, and water was offered in small amounts three times a day. All treated animals were recovered in three days. The diagnosis of salt poisoning was based on epidemiology, clinical signs, in the lesions, in the dosages of sodium in serum and brain and in the response to treatment in five goats.

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