Polish Fantasy on Original Theme is one of the two piano concertos composed by the Polish composer¢wIgnacy Jan Paderewski. Affected by the sectional manner of the fantasy, unique rhythm and the melody of Polish dance music, Polish Fantasy on Original Theme presented the feature of Polish dance music, the style of the fantasy and the form of single movement concerto. This research includes three chapters. In order to comprehend Paderewski¡¦s compositions, his music study, the career as a pianist, and as a statesman; the first chapter will investigate the life of Paderewski. The second chapter presents the development and the characteristic of fantasy, the advance of single movement concerto, the style and the feature of Polish dance music. The background of Polish Fantasy on Original Theme should be examined in detail in the last chapter. In the meanwhile the composition manner, the influences of the fantasy, single movement concerto and Polish dance music will also be discussed in the content.