The state of diseases in South African domestic pigs drastically changed when Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) was introduced in the Western Cape Province during 2004 and was followed by an outbreak of Classical swine fever (CSF), primarily in the Eastern Cape, in 2005. These outbreaks occurred mostly in rural and backyard pig populations. Subsequent to an intensive culling operation, it became necessary to implement country-wide surveillance to substantiate that freedom from these two diseases had been achieved. Samples for a country-wide cross-sectional study were collected from commercial and non-commercial pig establishments in a combined effort between the South African Pig Producers Organisation (SAPPO) and the National and Provincial Departments of Agriculture, Veterinary Services. The survey targeted the high-risk sector of the pig population and included rural pig populations, pigs from “grey” herds (commercial farms with inadequate bio-security) and commercial establishments. Samples were also tested for Swine influenza (SI), Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), Aujeszky’s Disease (Aujeszky’s), Foot-and-mouth Disease (FMD) and African swine fever (ASF). The first objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of the survey design. The second objective was to evaluate the results and, thereafter, make valid inferences regarding the disease status of the domestic pig population. This also included the confidence level of the overall survey. The third objective was to qualify and quantify sample losses to enable improved future survey design and execution. The outcome of the survey indicated that the results were sufficient to conclude that the non-commercial pig population is free from CSF, PRRS and SI at the expected minimum prevalence of 1%. The calculations also indicated that the results were adequate to conclude that the commercial pig population is free from CSF, PRRS and SI at the expected minimum prevalence of 5%. The outcome of the calculations done on the second phase test results allows South Africa to conclude that the non-commercial pig sector is free from FMD, ASF, Aujeszky’s and TGE, at the expected minimum prevalence of 2%. The sample sizes for Aujeszky’s, TGE, ASF and FMD tests in the commercial sector were too small to allow for a decision to be made and, as a result, it was not possible to declare this sector free of disease. However, the non-commercial sector is much larger and the risk of disease introduction higher, therefore, if the non-commercial sector tested negative for the disease, it is highly likely that the commercial sector will be free of the disease as well. It is recommended that passive surveillance be augmented and that a national pig survey be conducted every 3 years to provide proof of disease freedom. It is important to conduct a risk analysis to qualify and quantify the risk of CSF and PRRS introduction. This could improve future surveys by providing a scientific basis for targeted surveillance. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-26T15:20:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE TATIANA.pdf: 5955717 bytes, checksum: 94052ad27404cc8cccf0da0807fffce6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T15:20:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE TATIANA.pdf: 5955717 bytes, checksum: 94052ad27404cc8cccf0da0807fffce6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / CAPES / Resumo: O estudo de perfis e fatores correlacionados ao comportamento suicida despontam como um poderoso mecanismo de prevenção, principalmente na população adolescente, grupo etário intimamente vulnerável a este evento. Objetivo:Determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados a ideação e tentativa de suicídio em adolescentes. Método: Estudo transversal, com 578 jovens de 15 a 19 anos. Para coleta foram empregados quatro instrumentos a saber: Critério de Classificação Econômica do Brasil; Self Report Questionare; Escala de Avaliação do Risco de Suicídio de Columbia e Escala de Avaliação da Adaptabilidade e Coesão Familiar. Utilizaram-se os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Exato de Fisher, e elaborado modelo de regressão logística. Resultados:A prevalência de ideação foi de 26,1% e de tentativa 5%. Os fatores associados a ideação foram: classe econômica desfavorável, sintomatologia positiva de transtornos mentais, escolaridade fundamental para o responsável, ser filho intermediário, residir com muitas pessoas e apresentar funcionamento familiar com coesão desligada, e flexibilidade caótica. Para a tentativa foi significativa a presença de sintomas de transtornos mentais, coesão desligada, e flexibilidade rígida. Na regressão a combinação das variáveis: filho caçula ou intermediário, escolaridade do responsável, classe econômica desfavorável, sintomatologia positiva para transtornos mentais e família com coesão de níveis extremos e em todos os tipos de flexibilidade amplia o percentual de ideação em 85,5%. Conclusão:Uma grande proporção de adolescentes, relataram ideação, bem como já realizaram alguma tentativa de suicídio, sendo considerados um grande número de fatores demográficos, sócio econômicos, psicológicos, comportamentais e de relações familiares como associados a estes episódios. / Abstract: Investigations into profiles and factors associated with suicidal behavior can serve as a powerful prevention mechanism, especially for the adolescent population, which is particularly vulnerable to such behavior. Objective:To determine the prevalence and factors associated with suicide ideation and attempted suicide in adolescents. Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted with 578 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. Data collection involved the administration of the Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria, SelfReporting Questionnaire, Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale. Statistical analysis involved Pearson’s chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test and the creation of a logistic regression model. Results:The prevalence of suicide ideation and attempted suicide was 26.1% and 5%, respectively. Suicide ideation was associated with an unfavorable economic status, positive symptoms of mental disorders, an elementary school level of the guardian, being a middle child, residing with many people and family functioning classified as disengaged cohesion and chaotic flexibility. Attempted suicide was significantly associated with symptoms of mental disorders, disengaged cohesion and rigid flexibility. In the multiple regression analysis, being the youngest or middle child, guardian’s schooling at the elementary level, unfavorable economic status, positive symptoms of mental disorders and extreme cases of cohesion and flexibility increased the rate of suicide ideation by up to 85.5%. Conclusion:A large portion of the adolescents reported suicide ideation and some had attempted suicide. A considerable number of demographic, socioeconomic, psychological, behavioral and familial factors were associated with such episodes.