Bubbly flows around ships have been studied for years, mostly in relation with ship acoustic signatures. Bubbles are generated at the bow and shoulder breaking waves, at the hull/free surface contact line, the propeller and the highly turbulent stern flow. These bubbles are further transported downstream by the flow forming a two-phase mixture in the wake that can be kilometers long. The presence of bubbles in the wake of a ship significantly affects the acoustic response of the medium and can be detected by measuring acoustic attenuation and backscattering making a ship vulnerable to detection. Additionally, the bubbly wake shows at the surface as a characteristic signature of white water, and given the length of the bubbly wake, it makes a ship visible from satellites. Therefore, the bubbly wake can be used to detect and identify surface ships. Bubbly flows do not scale to model scale experiments, and experiments on full scale ships are scarce mostly due to difficult access areas and the high speeds involved. It is therefore of interest to simulate the bubbly flow around ships to provide information difficult, if not impossible, to obtain with experiments. This work presents the development of a code for the simulation of polydispersed bubbly flows with a focus on ship hydrodynamics. The mathematical model implemented is based on a two-fluid formulation coupled with a Boltzmann-like transport equation describing the bubbly phase. The tool developed attempts to include most of the relevant physics of the problem to represent better the conditions of real scenarios. The resulting code allows the simulation of polydispersed bubbly flows in situations including free surface and air entrainment, high void fraction levels and moving control surfaces and propulsors. The code is two-way coupled, with a strong coupling between the two phases and between the bubble sizes. The complexity of the problems tackled in this research required the development of novel numerical methods solving issues never identified before or simply neglected. These methods play an essential role in the accuracy, robustness and efficiency of the code and include: a two-phase projection method that not only couples pressure and velocity but also implicitly couples void fraction, a time splitting marching scheme to solve separately coupling in space and in bubble sizes, and a stable numerical method to integrate the strong coupling introduced by collision forces. The implemented code is applied to the simulation of the bubbly flow around a full scale ship using the latest available models and computational techniques. A study is performed on the influence of several mechanisms on the predicted bubbly wake and comparisons with available experimental data are presented. The influence of breakup in the boundary layer is analyzed in detail as well. In addition, this work identifies several modeling and implementations issues and attempts to provide a path for future studies. To illustrate the flexibility and robustness of the code, a final demonstration case is presented that includes rotating propellers. The computation is performed at full scale, with the fully appended geometry of the vessel and includes incoming waves, oceanic background and rectified diffusion models. Many of these features are unique to this computation and make it the first of its kind.

Orientador: Sandra Cristina dos Santos Rocha, Antonio Carlos Luz Lisboa / Tese (doutorado) - Univesidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T19:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloFilho_Mario_D.pdf: 4803738 bytes, checksum: 0079b98433d1680a5b3cb2dc8fb7f398 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Resumo: A técnica do leito de jorro apresenta larga utilização nos processos de recobrimento de partículas sólidas, para se obter produtos com propriedades superficiais modificadas, em setores industriais como o agrícola, farmacêutico e de alimentos. Neste trabalho, utilizou-se modelagem matemática e simulação numérica em processo de recobrimento por batelada, aplicando-se as equações do balanço populacional. Posteriormente, o sistema de equações diferenciais obtido foi resolvido pelo método numérico de Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg, utilizando-se software Maple '8 POT. Marca registrada¿. Para a verificação dos resultados da simulação foram obtidos dados experimentais, em escala de laboratório, em um equipamento que consiste em um leito cone-cilíndrico, com um bico atomizador conectado, acoplado a um conjunto soprador e aquecedor de ar. Uma carga de partículas tipo esfera de vidro polidispersas, preparadas a partir da mistura de lotes de partículas de diversos tamanhos, foi colocada no leito de jorro, onde um bico atomizador pulveriza uma suspensão aquosa à base de hidroxietilcelulose. Um planejamento experimental, totalizando 11 experimentos, foi definido variando-se a temperatura do ar de jorro, vazão da suspensão de recobrimento e pressão do ar de atomização. Como variáveis de resposta, foram obtidas as taxas de crescimento das partículas e a eficiência do processo. Foram consideradas variáveis significativas do processo a vazão de suspensão e a temperatura do ar... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: Abstract: Spouted beds present large utilization in solid particles coating, to obtain products with modified superficial properties, in fields agricultural, pharmaceutical and food industry. In this work a mathematical model and its numerical simulation were developed to simulate batch coating processes, applying population balance equations. The system of differential equations obtained was solved by Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method using Maple '8 POT. Marca registrada¿ software. In order to verify the simulation results, a series of experimental data was carried out, at a lab scale, using a rig that consisted of a cylindrical bed with an atomizer nozzle; attached to the system there were a blower and an air heater. A batch of polydispersed glass beads was introduced into the bed, where the atomizer nozzle pulverized a hydroxiethilcelullose based aqueous suspension. An experimental planning, totaling 11 experimental runs, was designed to vary the spouted air temperature, coating suspension flow rate and atomization air pressure. The growth rate and process efficiency were chosen as dependent variables. Air temperature, suspension mass flux and atomization air pressure were considered as significant variables. The values of growth rate obtained experimentally were compared to the simulated results. A good agreement was verified with small deviations between the experimental and simulated data... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Doutorado / Engenharia de Processos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

A novel higher-order moment-closure method is applied for the Eulerian treatment of gas-particle multiphase flows characterized by a dilute polydisperse and polythermal particle phase. Based upon the polydisperse Gaussian-moment model (PGM) framework, the proposed model is derived by applying an entropy-maximization moment-closure formulation to the transport equation of the particle-number density function, which is equivalent to the Williams-Boltzmann equation for droplet sprays. The resulting set of first-order robustly-hyperbolic balance laws include a direct treatment for local higher-order statistics such as co-variances between particle distinguishable properties (i.e., diameter and temperature) and particle velocity. Leveraging the additional distinguishing variables, classical hydrodynamic droplet evaporation theory is considered to describe unsteady droplet vaporization. Further, studying turbulent multiphase flow theory, a first-order hyperbolicity maintaining approximation to turbulent flow diffusion-inertia effects is proposed. Investigations into the predictive capabilities of the model are evaluated relative to Lagrangian-based solutions for a range of flows, including aerosol dispersion and fuel-sprays. Further, the model is implemented in a massively parallel discontinuous-Galerkin framework. Validation of the proposed turbulence coupling model is subsequently performed against experimental data, and a qualitative analysis of the model is given for a qualitative liquid fuel-spray problem.