The first case of field evolved acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicide resistance in the model plant, mouse-ear cress, was reported in winter wheat fields in Westmoreland County, Virginia. A putative resistant (R) mouse-ear population was assessed for ALS resistance relative to a putative susceptible (S) and a susceptible lab population Columbia (C). Results indicated that the R population needed 23 to >2400 fold rate of thifensulfuron relative to S or C population, and it has evolved cross-resistance to sulfonylureas (SU), triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilides (TP), and sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinones (SCT). Further studies sequenced the whole genome for four field populations, representing two locations and two resistance levels (high and low) per location, to characterize the genetic mechanism of ALS resistance. The results revealed that all populations contained mutations in the ALS gene at the Pro197 site, although the Pro was substituted by Phe in one location and Thr in the other. Also, both high- and low-level resistant plants at one location had additional mutations (Trp574Leu or Asp376Glu) known to confer resistance to ALS inhibiting herbicides. Patterns of herbicide cross-resistance also varied among the populations. Additionally, research was conducted to assess preemergent (PRE) and postemergent (POST) alternative herbicide options for control of ALS resistant mouse-ear cress and its interference with winter wheat. Results indicate flumioxazin, pyroxasulfone, and metribuzin can be used for effective PRE control whereas 2,4-D, dicamba, and metribuzin can be effective post control options. No mouse-ear cress interference with winter wheat was observed at density of more than 300 plants m-2. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / The first case of field evolved acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicide resistance in mouse-ear cress, was reported in winter wheat fields in Westmoreland County, Virginia. A putative resistant (R) mouse-ear population was assessed for ALS resistance relative to a putative susceptible (S) and a susceptible lab population Columbia (C). The ALS resistance was confirmed in greenhouse and the R population exhibited cross-resistance to three ALS herbicide chemical families. Further studies sequenced the whole genome for four field populations collected from Essex and Westmoreland Counties, Virginia to characterize the genetic mechanism of ALS resistance. The results revealed that all populations contained target site mutations. All populations had a mutation at a commonly implicated point within ALS gene; however, substitutions varied by location. Populations from one location had multiple target site mutation contrary to populations from second location which had only one mutation. Patterns of ALS cross-resistance also varied among the populations. Additionally, research was conducted to assess preemergent (PRE) and postemergent (POST) alternative herbicide options for control of ALS resistant mouse-ear cress, and its interference with winter wheat. Results indicate flumioxazin, pyroxasulfone, and metribuzin can be used for effective PRE control whereas 2,4-D, dicamba, and metribuzin can be effective post control options. No wheat yield loss was observed from mouse-ear cress interference at a density of more than 300 plants m⁻².

Administrative rules have played a central role in Ethiopian public administration since 1994 when the current constitution was adopted. However, if the formulation and implementation of the rules are not politically controlled, and proper accountability is not applied, these same rules could become threats instead of assurances of the rule of law and order. This case study explored what strategic controls and accountability measures are in place to regulate the rulemaking process. To inform the study, the political control of bureaucracy framework in general and the principal-agency model, in particular, were used. The central research question focused on strategies that ensure the political control and accountability of rulemaking in Ethiopia. Purposive sampling methods were employed, with interviews of five legislators and five appointed officials, as well as supportive legislative documents providing the data. The data were coded and thematically analyzed using a coding framework and a continuous iterative process. The results revealed that in Ethiopia there is a constitutional framework of control and accountability, but there is no political control mechanism in place, and no accountability measures have been taken. The study findings may indicate that there is a need for further studies on administrative and judicial review mechanisms and federated states' control mechanisms to fully understand the situation. The implication for social change includes awareness and attitudinal change of lawmakers and administrative authorities towards the importance of controlling and limiting the power to make rules. Positive social change is nearly impossible where unlimited and uncontrolled power is exercised.

Les États semblent ériger les Cours constitutionnelles en meilleur garant de la protection des droits fondamentaux. Cette étude propose une délimitation des compétences, voire des responsabilités constitutionnelles. Elle démontre que si l'inneffectivité de la protection des droits a été mise en évidence en dépit de l'existence des mécanismes de justice constitutionnelle et des ratifications massives des conventions internationales, c'est la recherche des défaillances de la protection constitutionnelle qui s'impose. La confrontation « des engagements internationaux aux défaillances de la protection des droits fondamentaux » pose la question du contrôle qui est censé être exercé par le juge constitutionnel. Au regard des expériences française et internationale, le Niger offre un exemple parfait des paradoxes de ces mécanismes de contrôle tant a priori qu'a posteriori. Ces défaillances apparaissent à travers les limites constitutionnelles de l'intervention du juge constitutionnel, voire du juge international. Cette étude à la fois micro et macrocomparative, révèle le décalage entre la justice constitutionnelle nigérienne et française. Bien plus, elle illustre le déficit de la protection constitutionnelle, y compris de la France, par rapport aux véritables exigences internationales de la protection. Au-delà, cette thèse propose des pistes d'une protection conventionnelle efficace, voire effective des droits fondamentaux conventionnels. / States seem to assign a more important role to Constitutional courts to protect fundamental rights. This study proposes a delimitation of powers and constitutional responsibilities. It shows that if the ineffectiveness of human rights has been highlighted despite the fact that there are mechanisms of constitutional justice and massive ratifications of international conventions, research focusing on constitutional protection deficiencies remains crucial. Comparing “international commitments and deficiencies in the protection of fundamental rights” raises the issue of control which is supposed to be exercised by the Constitutional court. In the light of the French and international experiences, Niger provides a perfect example of paradoxes of the pre-control and post-control mechanisms. Such deficiencies appear through constitutional limits of the intervention of the Constitutional judge and the international judge. This micro and macro comparative study reveals the difference between the Nigeren and the French constitutional justice. It also illustrates the shortfall of the constitutional protection including France in the face of the real international requirements of the protection. Furthermore, this doctoral thesis proposes courses of action for effective and efficient protection under the convention.

The aim of this thesis is to familiarize readers with the terms and conditions relating to Intrastat and Ex Post Control of Data. The first part deals with obligations under the data collection. There are defined terms such as Intrastat, information provider, reference period, obligation to information provider and competence of government.The text is supplemented by examples that help better understand the topic. This section ends with an example that shows the overall procedure for reporting and transmission of data Intrastat. In the second part of the thesis I deal with Ex Post Control of Data which are carried out by the Customs Administration of the Czech republic. Both parts are supplemented by a number of interesting facts as information provider, number of reported data or inspections. In conclusion I am trying to identify errors and deficiencies in data collection and Ex Post Control of Data and to propose some measures that will lead to improvements in processes relating to Intrastat.

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This thesis deals with public procurement within Operational Programme Education for Competitiveness during the period 2007 2013. The introductory part of the thesis contains a brief description of Operational Programme Education for Competitiveness and its implementation into targets of regional politics. The following parts are dedicated to the public procurement in general and then in a specific envoronment of Operational Programme Education for Competitiveness. The fundamental part of the thesis illustrates process of supervision of the public contracts (ex-ante and ex-post), results of the checks and most frequent mistakes revealed during checks with a brief analysis of their causes and suggested steps to eliminate them in future. Next part of this thesis is aimed at ineligible expenditures caused by mistakes in public procurements. The final part contains a closer look at area of public procurement in the frame of current programming period 2014 and 2020.