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Quantum and classical aspects of hydrogen bond dynamicsIkram, Abarrul January 1996 (has links)
No description available.
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Ferroelectricity in empty tetragonal tungsten bronzesGardner, Jonathan January 2017 (has links)
In this work, in-depth structural and electrical characterisation is used to study a family of “empty” tetragonal tungsten bronzes (TTBs), A2₄A1₂B1₂B2₈O₃₀. An initial investigation into the effect of the A1-cation size on the properties of empty Ba₄R₀.₆₇◻₁.₃₃Nb₁₀O₃₀ TTBs (where R is the A1-cation and R = La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy and Y; ◻ = vacancy) was performed. These were determined to be metrically tetragonal by powder x-ray diffraction, with decreasing R cation size inducing increased crystal anisotropy. This tetragonal structural distortion, driven by contraction in the ab-plane, is shown to stabilise c-axis ferroelectricity; a direct correlation between tetragonality and the ferroelectric Curie temperature, T[sub]C, is demonstrated. Further examination of the relaxor ferroelectric (RFE) to ferroelectric (FE) crossover in Ba₄(La₁₋ₓNdₓ)₀.₆₇◻₁.₃₃Nb₁₀O₃₀ TTBs using detailed structural studies employing variable temperature, high resolution neutron, synchrotron X-ray and electron diffraction revealed a common superstructure with 2√2 × √2 × 2 cell with respect to the basic tetragonal aristotype cell. However, they display different degrees of order/disorder which can disrupt polar order (ferroelectricity). La-rich analogues exhibit a disordered regime between the low and high temperature ferroelectric and non-polar phases. Although polar, this disordered regime is non-ferroelectric, however, large polarisation may be established with an applied electric field, but relaxes back to the disordered phase upon removal of the field. Substitution of Nd for La at the A1-site leads to destabilisation of the disordered phase and reintroduces “normal” ferroelectric behaviour. Finally, isovalent substitution of Sr²⁺∙ for Ba²⁺ is shown to lead to the development of relaxor behaviour at higher dopant concentrations in Ba₄₋ₓSrₓDy₀.₆₇◻₁.₃₃Nb₁₀O₃₀, (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3; ◻ = vacancy). With increasing x the unit cell contracts in both the ab- plane and c-axis coinciding with a decrease in T[sub]C and development of relaxor behaviour for x ≥ 2. This observation is rationalised by differing cation occupancies: for x ≤ 1, Sr²⁺ principally occupies the A2-site while for x ≥ 2 significant Sr²⁺ occupation of the A1-site leads to the observed RFE characteristics. The FE to RFE crossover is discussed in the context of a previously proposed TTB crystal chemical framework with the A1-site tolerance factor identified as the dominant influence on relaxor behaviour.
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Rare Earth Heteroanionic Hydrides with Secondary O2--, F--, and N3--Ions Related to the CaF2- and K2NiF4-Structure TypesZapp, Nicolas 17 March 2022 (has links)
Von der Verbindungsklasse der heteroanionischen Hydride sind nur relativ wenige Vertreter bekannt, dabei zeigen sie großes Potential für Funktionsmaterialien. In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene heteroanionische Hydride der seltenenen Erden in Kombination mit O2– -, F– - und N3– -Anionen untersucht. Die ternären Verbindungen REHO dienen dabei als Ausgangspunkt und der Fokus liegt auf der Kristallstrukturanalyse per Pulverneutronenbeugung. Verschiedene Synthesestrategien werden mit Unterstützung durch thermodynamische Rechnung auf Grundlage quantenchemischer Studien angewandt. Zwei neue REHO-Modifikationen werden identifiziert: der orthorhombische Anti-LiMgN-Typ mit Raumgruppe Pnma f¨ur RE =Y und Lu, sowie der kubische Halb-Heusler LiAlSi-Typ mit Raumgruppe F¯43m f¨ur RE =Dy–Er und vermutlich Lu. Der Anti-LiMgN-Typ zeigt ein für Seltenerdverbindungen untypisches Verhalten, da seine Ausbildung scheinbar nicht mit den Kationenradien korreliert ist. Die Berechnung von Zustandsdichten und Bader-Analysen unterstützen das Bild eines vornehmlich ionischen Bindungstyps. Eine Neutronenbeugungsuntersuchung an SmHO zeigt Überstrukturreflexe, die vermutlich aus einer langreichweitigen Ordnung von Anionen auf der Oktaederl¨ucke stammen.
Ihre Stabilität an Luft wird durch in situ Pulverröntgenbeugung und Differentialthermoanalyse sowie ex situ Pulverröntgenbeugung untersucht. YHO ist bis 500 K, HoHO bis 540K stabil an Luft. Bei höheren Temperaturen zersetzt sich HoHO unter Bildung von
Ho2O3 und HoH3 über ein Intermediat, das vermutlich Ho2O3–xH2x ist; YHO verhält sich scheinbar analog. An Luft werden sie langsam durch Luftfeuchtigkeit hydrolysiert, wobei der Grad mit dem Kationenradius im Vergleich verschiedener REHO abnimmt.
Zwei Gestaltungskonzepte dienen der Entdeckung neuer heteroanionischer Hydride. Durch H/F-Metathese an SmOF wird die neue Verbindung SmHxOF1–x erhalten. Sie kristallisiert in einer Auff¨ullungsvariante des Bixbyit- bzw. im Anti-Li3ScN2-Typen mit Raumgruppe Ia¯3 und weist zwei Anionenlagen auf, von der auf einer H– , O2– und F– mischen. Durch eine formale aliovalente Anionensubstitution werden das erste Seltenerd-Nitridhydrid LiLa2N1.5H2.5 und das erste Seltenerd-Nitridhydridoxid LiLa2NH2O entdeckt. Gemeinsam mit dem Hydridionenleiter LiLa2HO3 stellen sie eine aliovalente Substitutionsreihe dar. Beide kristallisieren im tetragonalen K2NiF4-Typ mit gemischten N3–/H– - bzw. N3–/O2– -Lagen. / Heteroanionic hydrides are a compound class with relatively few members but simultaneous great potential for use in functional materials. In this work, several rare earth heteroanionic hydrides containing O2– -, F– -, or N3– -anions are studied starting from the ternary REHO compounds with focus on the crystal structure analysis by powder neutron diffraction. Different synthesis routes are examined and accompanied by thermodynamic calculations based on quantum chemical studies. Two new REHO polymorphs are identified: the orthorhombic anti-LiMgN-structure type with space group Pnma for RE =Y and Lu, and the cubic half-Heusler LiAlSi-type with space group F¯43m, that is adopted by RE =Dy–Er and probably also Lu. Density of states calculations and Bader charge analyses support the picture of a predominant ionic bonding type. The Anti-LiMgN-Type shows a rare-earth unusual behavior, as its adaption is apparently not correlated to the cationic radii. SmHO shows super structure reflections in the powder neutron diffraction experiments, which probably result from a long-range ordering of anions on the octahedral interstice.
The air-resistivity is investigated by in situ powder X-ray diffraction and differential
scanning calorimetry as well as ex situ powder X-ray diffraction. YHO is stable up to
500K and HoHO up to 540K in air. HoHO decomposes at higher temperatures to Ho2O3 and HoH3 via an intermediate, which is probably Ho2O3–xH2x ; YHO apparently behaves analogously. A degradation upon storage in air could be attributed to hydrolysis by air humidity and its degree declines along with the cationic radii among different REHO compounds.
Two design concepts are employed to discover new heteroanionic hydrides: The H/Fmetathesis on SmOF lead to the discovery of SmHxOF1–x , samarium hydride oxide fluoride, which crystallizes in a filled bixbyite- or anti-Li3ScN2-type with space group Ia¯3 and exhibits two anion sites with one shared by H– , O2– , and F– . By a formal aliovalent anion substitution, the first rare earth nitride hydride LiLa2N1.5H2.5 and the first nitride hydride oxide LiLa2NH2O were discovered, which represent an aliovalent substitution series with the hydride ion conductor LiLa2HO3. Both crystallize in the tetragonal K2NiF4-type with mixed N3–/H– resp. N3–/O2– sites.
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