Abstract Author: Ellinor Carlsson and Renate Höjd Title: "When you can make a difference and when you can´t" the power relation between psychiatric disability social worker and client [translated title] Supervisor: Eva Skogman Assessor: Norma Montesino One branch of the social works field of research is the relation between social worker and client. Research has shown that the power and inequality in the relation between helper and person being helped is needed for the helper to provide help. Power is often mentioned under negative circumstances such as social workers abuse of their power position, violating the person being helped. However, Michel Foucault suggests that power is something neutral that exists in every social interaction. The negative aspects of power are effects of the parties not reaching agreement. Through Michel Foucault and Max Weber we have described how the social system affects people seeking help. With a qualitative research we have studied how social workers experience the power relation between them and their clients. We have focused on the group of people with psychiatric disability and interviewed six social workers working with that target group. Our purpose was to describe and analyze how psychiatric social workers experience their power position. Our findings suggested that the social workers have their power position in mind but not in their everyday work. They recognize both positive and negative aspects of power for them and for their clients and describes situations were they don't have power to help. This because of how the system is built and because of the client's right to say no to help. With the results in mind we have argued that social workers have a great impact on their client and his/hers experience of the encounter with the social system. Therefore it's of great importance that the power relation is discussed and taken into consideration.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Author: Ellinor Carlsson and Renate Höjd</p><p>Title: "When you can make a difference and when you can´t" the power relation between psychiatric</p><p>disability social worker and client [translated title]</p><p>Supervisor: Eva Skogman</p><p>Assessor: Norma Montesino</p><p>One branch of the social works field of research is the relation between social worker and</p><p>client. Research has shown that the power and inequality in the relation between helper and</p><p>person being helped is needed for the helper to provide help. Power is often mentioned under</p><p>negative circumstances such as social workers abuse of their power position, violating the</p><p>person being helped. However, Michel Foucault suggests that power is something neutral that</p><p>exists in every social interaction. The negative aspects of power are effects of the parties not</p><p>reaching agreement. Through Michel Foucault and Max Weber we have described how the</p><p>social system affects people seeking help. With a qualitative research we have studied how</p><p>social workers experience the power relation between them and their clients. We have focused</p><p>on the group of people with psychiatric disability and interviewed six social workers working</p><p>with that target group. Our purpose was to describe and analyze how psychiatric social workers</p><p>experience their power position. Our findings suggested that the social workers have their</p><p>power position in mind but not in their everyday work. They recognize both positive and negative</p><p>aspects of power for them and for their clients and describes situations were they don't</p><p>have power to help. This because of how the system is built and because of the client's right</p><p>to say no to help. With the results in mind we have argued that social workers have a great</p><p>impact on their client and his/hers experience of the encounter with the social system. Therefore</p><p>it's of great importance that the power relation is discussed and taken into consideration.</p>

Les questions d’adaptabilité de la démocratie occidentale dans le contexte chinois ont toujours été une préoccupation importante. Cette recherche vise à étudier l’adaptabilité de la démocratie délibérative dans le contexte de la chine en termes de perspective normative. Tout d’abord, on s’est concentré sur la Théorie de discussion de droit et démocratie de Habermas, parce que c’est une des théories normatives de délibération démocratique les plus discutées en Chine aujourd’hui. Compte-tenu de la normativité et de l’idéalité de la théorie de Habermas, la théorie du discours des relations de pouvoir de Foucault est introduite pour illustrer la tension entre différentes théories de discours occidentaux. Puis, afin d’enquêter sur les adaptabilités de ces deux théories du discours dans le contexte chinois et d’équilibrer la tension entre les deux, un autre concept normatif, la rationalité confucéenne, est attirée sur des sources culturelles traditionnelles chinoises. En conséquence, trois dimensions de la théorie du discours, ainsi que les relations entre eux, sont présentés. Certaines descriptions empiriques sur les faits de la Chine historique et politique sont également nécessaires d’utilisation pour expliquer, compléter ou interroger ce cadre théorique. Deux perspectives de tension sont toujours critiques dans toute la recherche : la tension entre universalité et particularité et la tension entre les théories normatives et des faits socio-politiques. Grâce à l’approche des études de texte, ainsi que des études de conception et d’études empirique comme suppléments, la recherche est menée comme suit. Le premier chapitre traite de la tension entre la théorie du discours du droit et de la démocratie de Habermas et les faits sociaux. Le chapitre 2 analyse la tension entre la théorie du discours de Habermas et la théorie du discours de Foucault et plaide en faveur de la remise en question des problèmes de tension. Le troisième chapitre tente de rechercher les ressources dans les cultures politiques traditionnelles chinoises et de proposer une autre théorie normative de discours, la théorie du discours de la rationalité confucéenne, pour équilibrer la tension entre les deux précédentes théories normatives de discours. On fait valoir que le type idéal de rationalité confucéenne (un type normatif de rationalité de valeur) peut être utilisé comme un pont de communication entre les deux théories du discours opposées. Le chapitre 4, par des descriptions empiriques sur l’espace publique et les discussions politiques/juridiques dans la société traditionnelles chinoise, explique la théorie normative proposée au chapitre 3 et tente de réexaminer et de redéfinir les notions d’« espace publique » dans le contexte de la Chine traditionnelle. Enfin, le chapitre 5 se concentre sur les descriptions des discussions politiques et juridiques dans l’espace publique des nouveaux médias de la Chine d’aujourd’hui. C’est une réponse empirique pour toutes les études normatives antérieures, et aussi une enquête sur la tension entre les théories normatives et les expériences sociales. Je soutiens que, en raison des différentes structures cognitives et les différents modes de pensée dans les différentes cultures, il devrait y avoir différents paradigmes normatifs de la démocratie du discours dans les différents contextes culturels, et que la normativité et la réalité sont les deux faces d’une même médaille. Les théories normatives du discours sont des guides pour les pratiques de la démocratie délibérative et les pratiques de la démocratie délibératives peuvent vérifier, compléter ou améliorer les théories normatives du discours. Outre la démonstration des dimensions plurielles de théories du discours, une autre intention pratique de cette thèse est de plaider pour une approche de la démocratie délibérative, qui serait à la fois chinoise et moderne. / The adaptability issues of Western democracy in the context of China have always been an important academic concern. This research was intended to study the adaptability of deliberative democracy in the Chinese context in terms of a normative perspective. At the beginning, this research focused on Habermas‘s Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, because it is one of the most discussed normative deliberative democratic theories in China today. Taking into consideration the normativity and ideality of Habermas‘s theory, Foucault‘s discourse theory of power relations is then introduced to illustrate the tensions between different Western discourse theories. In order to investigate the adaptabilities of these two discourse theories in the Chinese context, and to balance the tension between them, another normative concept, namely the Confucian Rationality, is then drawn upon from traditional Chinese cultural sources. Accordingly, these three dimensions of discourse theory, as well as the relations between them, are presented. The employment of some empirical descriptions of certain Chinese historical-political facts is also necessary to explain, to supplement, or to question this theoretic framework. Two tension perspectives are critical throughout the research: the tension between universality and particularity, and the tension between normative theories and social-political facts.Through the approaches of textual studies, aided by conceptual and empirical studies as complements, the research is conducted as following: Chapter 1 discusses the tension between Habermas‘s normative discourse theory of law and democracy and social facts; Chapter 2 analyzes the tension between Habermas‘s discourse theory and Foucault‘s discourse theory of power relations, and proposes to rethink the tension problems. Chapter 3 tries to search for the resources in traditional Chinese political cultures, and to put forward another normative discourse theory- the discourse theory of Confucian rationality- to balance the tension between the foregoing two normative discourse theories. It is argued that an ideal type of Confucian rationality (a kind of normative value rationality) can be used as a bridge between the two opposite discourse theories. Chapter 4 further explains the normative theory that was proposed in Chapter 3, and tries to reexamine and redefine the concepts of ―Public Sphere‖ and ―Deliberative Politics in the context of traditional China through empirical descriptions on the ―Public Sphere‖ and political/legal discussions in traditional Chinese society. Finally,Chapter 5 focuses on the descriptions of the political and legal discussions in China's new media public sphere today. It is an empirical response to all the normative studies mentioned above, and at the same time an investigation on the tensions between the normative theories and the social experiences. We argue that, because of the different cognitive structures and diverse modes of thinking in specific cultures, there should be different normative paradigms of discourse democracy in corresponding cultural contexts. Normativity and reality are the two sides of the same coin. Normative discourse theories serve as the guidance for the practices of deliberative democracy, which can, in its turn, verify, supplement, improve and challenge the normative discourse theories. Apart from demonstrating of the multiple dimensions of discourse theories, another practical intent of this thesis is to promote an approach leading to discourse democracy that would combine elements of both Chinese and modern, consistent with both the fundamental predilections of Chinese civilization, and the practical needs of a modern China.

The work contained within this thesis Is made up primarily of two pieces Both address active galactic nuclei And the galaxies that live nearby The obscured fraction of the population Is the topic of one publication And the type-II fraction in the optical regime In chapter four this is the theme I research the vicinity overdensity Around radio galaxies in chapter three, you’ll see I reduce some spectra at redshift one But not all observations in the end got done With the spectra I have I do what I can As if all target observations had actually ran In the end I conclude with results and the theme of research to be done further downstream. The works contained herein addresses two major topics in extragalactic astrophysics, namely the Type-II AGN fraction and the Overdensity-Radio power relation. Quantifying the Type-II AGN fraction has been attempted by many works in many different observational regimes, finding rather contrasting results. Accretion onto supermassive black holes contributes between 5 per cent and 20 per cent of the luminosity of the Universe, and seems to be closely linked to star formation processes. The large uncertainty on this value is due to the ill-determined contribution from obscured accretion, namely the Type-II fraction. In Chapters 3 and 4 I address this issue from a theoretical standpoint in the X-ray regime and an observational standpoint in the optical regime respectively. In Chapter 3 I show how crude X-ray spectroscopy of partially obscured AGN can lead to catastrophic underestimations of the intrinsic X-ray luminosity of these sources. Acting over an entire population, these partial obscurers can produce an obscured AGN fraction which decreases as a function of observed luminosity. The results are consistent with observations in the X-ray vs. IR luminosity of AGN classes. In Chapter 4 I select a statistically significant sample of AGN from an unbiased 250μm galaxy sample. After spectroscopic classification I find the optical Type- II AGN fraction to be consistent across several decades in [OIII] luminosity, a common proxy for intrinsic AGN luminosity. I also investigate the relation of AGN activity to host galaxy mass, as well as star formation activity and star formation history. Probing the environments of protoclusters will help to constrain the models of structure formation in the Universe. Until now, no dataset has been big enough to probe the environments of high redshift radio galaxies at a statistical level; While many believe that the feedback processes of high luminosity radio jets will have a direct impact on star formation in the surrounding medium it has not been tested. In Chapter 2 I investigate this on an statistical level, finding no meaningful correlation between radio galaxy radio power and source overdensity in the vicinities of these sources. In Chapter 5 I discuss the reduction of a 24μm sample at redshift z ∼ 1 for direct comparison with a local 12μm sample. With only a fraction of the target sample being observed, no statistically significant results could be derived, but the objects are spectroscopically classified and spectroscopic redshifts are measured where possible. Correlations in the data set are investigated and the limitations of the sample selection strategy are discussed.

Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka hur anställda inom rättspsykiatrin ser på relationen mellan sig själva och vårdtagarna, samt att studera de olika aspekter som berör relationen i vårdandet, bland annat maktrelationen och vänskapsrelationen. Uppsatsen baseras på en kvalitativ studiemetod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Nio stycken anställda vårdare (undersköterskor och skötare) från en avdelning inom rättspsykiatrin i Växjö deltar i studien. Resultatet visar att relationen mellan vårdare och vårdtagare är en viktig aspekt inom vården, och att relationen är basen inom vården för att kunna erbjuda bra vård till patienten. Intervjupersonerna menar att: En bra relation mellan vårdare och vårdtagare kännetecknas av att vårdaren ska kunna skapa förtroende, tillit i relationen, samt stödja och tillfredsställa patientens behov med hjälp av relationen. Studien belyser svårigheterna inom relationen mellan vårdare och vårdtagare samt de risker som kan förekomma. Resultatet visar även att en viss synlig och osynlig makt utövas; den makten är svår att definiera, personalen är delvis omedvetna om att de själva utövar makt dagligen. / The purposes of this essay are to examine how employees in a psychiatric ward experience the relationships between them and the caretakers, and to study the different aspects of relationships between them. For instance the power relation and the friend relation. The essay is based on a qualitative method with semi structured interviews from 9 employees, whom are nurses and caregivers at a ward in Växjö psychiatric institution.  The results from this study illuminate that the relationship between caregivers and caretakers is a vital aspect of the care itself. And that this relationship is the foundation for caregiver to be able to offer necessary care. A good relationship between caregiver and caretaker is characterized by the abilities of the caregiver to create trust and confidence in their relationship to the caretaker, as well as supporting and satisfying the caretakers’ needs by help of their relationship.  This study highlights the issues in the relationship between caregivers and caretakers as well as the risk that pertain to this relationship. The results indicate that certain power exertions overt and covert are factors in some relationships. These power exertion are, however, hard to define, the caregivers also seem partly unaware of them.

Background Type 2 diabetes demands self-management over time, to maintain health and reduce the risk for diabetes complications. However, despite efforts, many persons with type 2 diabetes are not reaching the treatment targets. In diabetes, person-centred care and group education are recommended. Diabetes specialist nurses (DSNs) working in primary healthcare have an important role in supporting patients with type 2 diabetes in their self-management to adapt to the demands of the disease in everyday life. Therefore, it is important to explore the DSNs’ professional role and their experiences of practising person-centred care. The overall aim of the thesis was to explore the professional role of DSNs in primary healthcare, and to describe their experiences of person-centred diabetes care. Methods The thesis includes three studies with qualitative, and one with a quantitative, approach. Data collection consisted of focus group interviews, individual interviews, observations, and questionnaires. Qualitative content analysis and statistics were used in the analysis. In studies I and II, 29 and 31 DSNs participated, respectively. In study III, 10 DSNs and 44 persons with type 2 diabetes participated. Lastly, in study IV, 10 DSNs participated. Results The results in the thesis showed that DSNs have a complex and multifaceted professional role that entails striving to be an expert, a fosterer, a leader, an executive, and a role model, which they found challenging. The DSNs perceived high job demands, such as decision-making and learning. The thesis also showed that the interaction between DSNs and persons with type 2 diabetes shifted from empowerment to authority struggles during group support sessions based on person-centred care. The experience of person-centred care was described as enriching, but DSNs also expressed ambivalence, related to an altered professional role. Conclusion There is a desire by DSNs to be close to persons with type 2 diabetes, although they have several challenges to fulfil, which makes it difficult to uphold a relation with proximity; thus, distance is also present. Even though person-centred care is recommended in healthcare, and despite DSNs’ efforts to practise PCC, the result of this thesis shows that it also implies an altered professional role for DSNs that has to be addressed. / Diabetes intervention in Västerbotten, DIVA 2

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de explorar algumas das ambiguidades constituintes do universo religioso do candomblé, a partir da temática da mudança de status e das relações de poder. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que evidencia a história de uma mãe de santo iniciante e o processo de consolidação de seu terreiro, tendo como pano de fundo as ideias e regras gerais do candomblé. Antes de se tornar mãe de santo, Carla era equede em um terreiro angola comandado pelo seu pai biológico. A ruptura com o terreiro e a mudança de status de equede para mãe de santo geraram controvérsias, na medida em que esta mudança não poderia ocorrer sem estar remetida a algum tipo de erro iniciático. Contudo, é sabido que esse tipo de mudança não é incomum, porém depende de uma série de condições e situações que orientam as práticas religiosas no candomblé. Além disso, pretende-se também, abordar questões relativas à estruturação da família de santo e os conflitos decorrentes da interposição entre laços de sangue e de santo, bem como a relação com o universo religioso umbandista e suas implicações cosmológicas e rituais. / This study aims to explore some ambiguities of the candomblé, starting from the issue of status changes and the power relations. This is about a study case which highlights the story of a mãe de santo and the establishment process of her terreiro, in contrast with general ideas about candomblé and which supposed was the rules of religion. Before becoming mãe de santo, Carla was equede in another terreiro led by her biological father. The rupture with the terreiro and the status change from equede to mãe de santo caused controversy, because this change could not occur without being sent to some kind of initiation error. However, it is known that this kind of change is not uncommon, but depends on a number of conditions and situations that guide the religious practices in candomblé. Moreover, it is intended to also address issues relating to the structure of the família de santo and conflicts arising from the interposition between blood and saint ties, and the relationship with the umbanda religious world and their cosmological implications and rituals.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de explorar algumas das ambiguidades constituintes do universo religioso do candomblé, a partir da temática da mudança de status e das relações de poder. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que evidencia a história de uma mãe de santo iniciante e o processo de consolidação de seu terreiro, tendo como pano de fundo as ideias e regras gerais do candomblé. Antes de se tornar mãe de santo, Carla era equede em um terreiro angola comandado pelo seu pai biológico. A ruptura com o terreiro e a mudança de status de equede para mãe de santo geraram controvérsias, na medida em que esta mudança não poderia ocorrer sem estar remetida a algum tipo de erro iniciático. Contudo, é sabido que esse tipo de mudança não é incomum, porém depende de uma série de condições e situações que orientam as práticas religiosas no candomblé. Além disso, pretende-se também, abordar questões relativas à estruturação da família de santo e os conflitos decorrentes da interposição entre laços de sangue e de santo, bem como a relação com o universo religioso umbandista e suas implicações cosmológicas e rituais. / This study aims to explore some ambiguities of the candomblé, starting from the issue of status changes and the power relations. This is about a study case which highlights the story of a mãe de santo and the establishment process of her terreiro, in contrast with general ideas about candomblé and which supposed was the rules of religion. Before becoming mãe de santo, Carla was equede in another terreiro led by her biological father. The rupture with the terreiro and the status change from equede to mãe de santo caused controversy, because this change could not occur without being sent to some kind of initiation error. However, it is known that this kind of change is not uncommon, but depends on a number of conditions and situations that guide the religious practices in candomblé. Moreover, it is intended to also address issues relating to the structure of the família de santo and conflicts arising from the interposition between blood and saint ties, and the relationship with the umbanda religious world and their cosmological implications and rituals.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-04T15:22:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luanna Maria Ventura dos Santos Oliveira.pdf: 4178356 bytes, checksum: aaf7eebcacca182f5cb6a410a90e2e37 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T15:22:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luanna Maria Ventura dos Santos Oliveira.pdf: 4178356 bytes, checksum: aaf7eebcacca182f5cb6a410a90e2e37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-26 / This study aims to present the unknown history of the Customs in Pernambuco. Unknown because, when we think of Customs in the past, the only point that comes to mind is a reference to the Customs that was located in the building we now know as the Paço Alfândega Mall. The memories of the nineteenth century erased the traces of the ancient Customs of the eighteenth century, which once stood on the other side of Recife Antigo, specifically in the heart of Recife, near what we know nowadays as Marco Zero. It was the best situated townhouse in the village. It belonged to the Viceroy of India Earl of Sadomil and it was rented to the Fazenda Real. This research demonstrates how the Customs from the colonial period in Pernambuco became the cause of a conflict between local and metropolitan authorities to control the trade and consequently the taxation of the captaincy. We intend to explain how the tax apparatus was set up in the institution since the reimplementation of the tithe in the Customs in Pernambuco in 1711. This would be a 10% tax on the imported products that in 1724 was put together in a unique contract with the tithe in Paraíba. The first contract was purchased by a great trader from Praça de Lisboa, Jerome Lobo Guimarães. He never came to Pernambuco, but it was demonstrated through this research what his client networks were and how the taxes were collected. There were many conflicts involving the collection, which raised many suspicions and accusations of embezzlement and tax evasion during the processing of goods at Customs. Finally, we present the squabbles between local and metropolitan royal authorities; the religious of the Congregation of the Oratorians of St. Philip Neri and disputes regarding the location of the Customs in the town of Recife. This debate dragged on for a long time because some wanted the Customs to remain in the building of the Earl of Sadomil while others wanted it to be transferred to Forte do Matos, a place that would be today next to the Paço Alfândega Mall. However, this change came only a century later. / Neste trabalho, propomos construir uma história sobre a alfândega desconhecida de Pernambuco.1 As memórias do século XIX apagaram os rastros da antiga alfândega do século XVIII, que outrora se encontrava do outro lado do Recife Antigo, mais especificamente no coração da cidade do Recife, nas proximidades do que hoje conhecemos como Marco Zero. Era o sobrado mais bem situado da vila, pertencia ao vice-rei da Índia Conde de Sadomil e era alugado pela Fazenda Real. Com essa investigação, buscamos demonstrar como a Alfândega de Pernambuco do período colonial, tornou-se objeto de conflito entre as autoridades locais e metropolitas em relação ao controle do comércio e consequentemente da tributação da capitania. Procuramos explicar como se constituiu o aparato fiscal da instituição desde a reimplementação do imposto da dízima da alfândega de Pernambuco em 1711. Este seria um imposto de 10% sobre os produtos importados mais a junção do tributo da dízima de Pernambuco ao da Paraíba em um só contrato em 1724. O primeiro contrato foi arrematado por um grande comerciante da Praça de Lisboa, Jerônimo Lobo Guimarães. Ele nunca veio a Pernambuco, porém, demonstramos através dessa pesquisa quais eram suas redes clientelares e como viabilizavam a cobrança do imposto. Muitos foram os conflitos envolvendo a cobrança, o que levantou múltiplas suspeitas e provocou denúncias sobre descaminhos e sonegação durante o trâmite das mercadorias na alfândega. Por fim, apresentamos as querelas entre as autoridades régias locais e metropolitanas; os religiosos da congregação dos Oratorianos de São Felipe Néri e as disputas em relação à localização da alfândega na vila do Recife. Este debate arrastou-se por certo tempo, pois uns queriam que ela permanecesse no edifício do Conde de Sadomil e outros, que a alfândega fosse transferida para o Forte do Matos. No entanto, esta transferência só se deu um século depois.

In a world characterized by constant changes and increasing diversity, controversialevents unfold in society on a daily basis. Given the School's role in educating democraticcitizens, it is imperative for educational institutions to adapt and incorporate current andcontroversial topics into their curriculum. This thesis explores the perspectives of socialstudies teachers on controversial issues in the classroom. Employing a phenomenologicalapproach and conducting in-depth interviews with social studies teachers, the studyanalyzes their subjective experiences, definitions of the subject, and approaches toteaching controversial topics. Therefore, our purpose and research questions are groundedin three themes, which are also pervasive throughout the work: Teacher management,teacher experience, and teacher definition of controversial issues in education.In summary, the results from our interview study reveal that teachers acknowledge theemotional impact associated with these issues, a finding supported by prior research. Thechallenge lies in the complexity of these topics and the ability to strike a balance betweenintellectual challenge and emotional understanding. The study highlights the difficultyteachers face in maintaining objectivity while navigating through their own values, andthe intricate interplay between subject content, emotions, and the teacher's ownperspective. It is evident that a conscious effort is required to create a classroomatmosphere that fosters open dialogues and respectful confrontations to promotedemocratic values, where diverse perspectives can be included.