The diploma thesis deals with the implementation of multiproject management in terms of international business organization and its IT department. The aim of this thesis is to describe the current state of project management in the IT department using methodology for measuring the maturity of processes. Define the management requirements for project portfolio tool, establish criteria for the selection and also tools comparison. After choosing the tool which satisfies all the requirements and criteria, proposal for implementation of this tool will follow. The conclusion is devoted to a summary of the results and proposals for change, to encourage improvement in the level of maturity of the project management process and project portfolio.

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<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The main purpose of this study is to study the 45 funds, divided into three differentdivisions, then the result will provide a greater understanding of how returns change with ahigher risk.</p><p><strong>Methodology:</strong> The study is based on a quantitative approach. The survey was conducted bygathering raw data from databases and secondary data from literature, printed and electronicsources.</p><p><strong>Theoretical perspectives:</strong> The study is based on the theory: the efficient markethypothesis, which argues that future returns can not be calculated as the market is fullyinformed. The study is therefore studying historical yields.</p><p><strong>Empirical foundation:</strong> Empirical data are acquired from www.morningstar.se, andtherefore also treated on this page. The material is then divided into documents and time axes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The study has shown that high-risk funds give a higher percentage returns thanmedium-and low-risk funds. However, does not imply a higher risk automatically earn ahigher return when the low-risk funds have shown a higher yield than medium-risk funds. Animportant factor to study when you are looking for the fund which generated the highest ROIis the Sharpe ratio. Although this study demonstrates that high-risk funds have a higherSharpe ratio than competing risk groups.</p>

Sammanfattning Introduktion: Sverige har en lång tradition av olika pensions system, så tidigt som 1914 blev det första sy-stemet implementerat. Systemet har blivit förändrat åtskilliga gånger och 1998 infördes Premie Pensions (PPM) systemet. PPM är en blandning av ett distributionsbaserat system och ett fondbaserat system. 16 procent av en individs inkomst är bundet till det distribu-tionsbaserade systemet för att kunna finansiera dagens pensioner. 2,5 procent av en indi-vids inkomst är låst till det fondbaserade systemet och kan investeras av individen i olika fonder. PPM systemet har blivit utsatt för mycket kritik eftersom tidigare studier påvisat att flertalet svenskar inte gör aktiva fondval samt att de har otillräcklig kunskap. Diversifiering förklaras bäst genom talesättet; att inte placera alla ägg i samma korg. Diver-sifiering är ett mått på hur väl en investerare lyckats sprida risken i sin portfölj genom att fördela tillgångarna i olika sorters värdepapper. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera huruvida svenskens pensionsportfölj inom PPM är diversifierad. Detta syfte valdes för att ingen tidigare studie med ett likadant syfte genomförts samt där-för att risken med att inneha en dåligt diversifierad portfölj kan vara stor. Metodval: En kvantitativ ansats har använts i denna uppsats då syftet med den är att dra slutsatser ba-serat på en stor urvalsgrupp. Andrahandsdata emottaget från PPM har uteslutande använts för att genomföra den empiriska studien. För att underlätta studien har en viss begränsning av information gjorts. I studien har ett urval av 100 individer samt 50 fonder använts. En avgränsning är att endast fonddata för de tre senaste åren använts. Trots dessa tillkorta-kommanden hävdar författarna att en hög validitet och reliabilitet har uppnåtts i uppsatsen. Slutsats: Efter att ha jämfört individernas portföljer mot efficient frontier, har åtskilliga resultat uppdagats som påvisar samma slutsats; att svenskens pensionsportfölj inom PPM är dåligt diversifie-rad. Handlingsplan för ansvariga: Att genomföra vidare studier med syfte att få mer kunskap om varför portföljerna är dåligt diversifierade samt implementera dessa resultat av studien i praktiken. / Introduction: Sweden has a long tradition of pension systems, as early as 1914 was the first system implemented. The system has been changed a number of times and in 1998 was the Premium pension authority (PPM) system introduced. PPM is a mixture of a distribution-based system and fund-based system. 16 per cent of an individual’s income is devoted to the distribution-based system for financing today’s pensions. 2.5 per cent of an individual’s income is looked in the fund-based system and can be invested by the individual in different funds. The PPM system has been a target for much criticism since earlier studies has shown that the Swedes do not make an active choice nor have the demanded knowledge. Diversification is best explained through the saying; not to place all your eggs in the same basket. Diversification is a measure of how well an investor has succeeded to spread the risk of the portfolio by allocating assets in different securities. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study whether the Swedish inhabitant’s pension portfolios within the PPM system are diversified. This purpose has been chosen because no studies have been made with an identical aim and also that the risk with holding a poorly diversified portfolio is grave. Methodology: A quantitative approach has been chosen since the aim of the thesis is to draw conclusions based on large sample numbers. Solitary secondary data, received from PPM, has been used to conduct the empirical study. To simplify the study limitations of information have been made; in the study samples of 100 individuals and 50 funds have been used. A Delimitation of the study is that only fund data for the last three years has been used. Despite the scarcities of the thesis the authors claim that the thesis has high validity and reliability. Conclusions: When benchmarking the individual portfolios against the efficient frontier a number of results were revealed and they all ended up in the same conclusion that the Swede’s pension portfolio within the PPM system is insufficient diversified. Implication for management of the PPM system To conduct further studies with the aim to get knowledge; why the investments are poorly diversified and find ways to transform the suggestions of the study into practice.

Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka om AP7 uppfyller sitt mål att ge sina sparare minst lika bra pension som övriga premiepensionssparare Metod: Uppsatsen baseras på en kvantitativ metod. Avkastningar riskjusteras med hjälp av Treynorkvot, Sharpekvot och Jensens Alfa för att kunna jämföras mot varandra. Slutsatser:AP7:s riskjusterade avkastning ligger något under Sveriges övriga premiepensionsfonder sett till både PPM-index och genomsnittet för de nio mest valda PPM-fonderna år 2013. AP7 har presterat en sämre riskjusterad avkastning än SIXRX och en bättre riskjusterad avkastning än en svensk statsobligation sett till undersökningsperioden.

<p>Sammanfattning Introduktion: Sverige har en lång tradition av olika pensions system, så tidigt som 1914 blev det första sy-stemet implementerat. Systemet har blivit förändrat åtskilliga gånger och 1998 infördes Premie Pensions (PPM) systemet. PPM är en blandning av ett distributionsbaserat system och ett fondbaserat system. 16 procent av en individs inkomst är bundet till det distribu-tionsbaserade systemet för att kunna finansiera dagens pensioner. 2,5 procent av en indi-vids inkomst är låst till det fondbaserade systemet och kan investeras av individen i olika fonder. PPM systemet har blivit utsatt för mycket kritik eftersom tidigare studier påvisat att flertalet svenskar inte gör aktiva fondval samt att de har otillräcklig kunskap. Diversifiering förklaras bäst genom talesättet; att inte placera alla ägg i samma korg. Diver-sifiering är ett mått på hur väl en investerare lyckats sprida risken i sin portfölj genom att fördela tillgångarna i olika sorters värdepapper. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera huruvida svenskens pensionsportfölj inom PPM är diversifierad. Detta syfte valdes för att ingen tidigare studie med ett likadant syfte genomförts samt där-för att risken med att inneha en dåligt diversifierad portfölj kan vara stor. Metodval: En kvantitativ ansats har använts i denna uppsats då syftet med den är att dra slutsatser ba-serat på en stor urvalsgrupp. Andrahandsdata emottaget från PPM har uteslutande använts för att genomföra den empiriska studien. För att underlätta studien har en viss begränsning av information gjorts. I studien har ett urval av 100 individer samt 50 fonder använts. En avgränsning är att endast fonddata för de tre senaste åren använts. Trots dessa tillkorta-kommanden hävdar författarna att en hög validitet och reliabilitet har uppnåtts i uppsatsen. Slutsats: Efter att ha jämfört individernas portföljer mot efficient frontier, har åtskilliga resultat uppdagats som påvisar samma slutsats; att svenskens pensionsportfölj inom PPM är dåligt diversifie-rad. Handlingsplan för ansvariga: Att genomföra vidare studier med syfte att få mer kunskap om varför portföljerna är dåligt diversifierade samt implementera dessa resultat av studien i praktiken.</p> / <p>Introduction: Sweden has a long tradition of pension systems, as early as 1914 was the first system implemented. The system has been changed a number of times and in 1998 was the Premium pension authority (PPM) system introduced. PPM is a mixture of a distribution-based system and fund-based system. 16 per cent of an individual’s income is devoted to the distribution-based system for financing today’s pensions. 2.5 per cent of an individual’s income is looked in the fund-based system and can be invested by the individual in different funds. The PPM system has been a target for much criticism since earlier studies has shown that the Swedes do not make an active choice nor have the demanded knowledge. Diversification is best explained through the saying; not to place all your eggs in the same basket. Diversification is a measure of how well an investor has succeeded to spread the risk of the portfolio by allocating assets in different securities. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study whether the Swedish inhabitant’s pension portfolios within the PPM system are diversified. This purpose has been chosen because no studies have been made with an identical aim and also that the risk with holding a poorly diversified portfolio is grave. Methodology: A quantitative approach has been chosen since the aim of the thesis is to draw conclusions based on large sample numbers. Solitary secondary data, received from PPM, has been used to conduct the empirical study. To simplify the study limitations of information have been made; in the study samples of 100 individuals and 50 funds have been used. A Delimitation of the study is that only fund data for the last three years has been used. Despite the scarcities of the thesis the authors claim that the thesis has high validity and reliability. Conclusions: When benchmarking the individual portfolios against the efficient frontier a number of results were revealed and they all ended up in the same conclusion that the Swede’s pension portfolio within the PPM system is insufficient diversified. Implication for management of the PPM system To conduct further studies with the aim to get knowledge; why the investments are poorly diversified and find ways to transform the suggestions of the study into practice.</p>

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to study the 45 funds, divided into three differentdivisions, then the result will provide a greater understanding of how returns change with ahigher risk. Methodology: The study is based on a quantitative approach. The survey was conducted bygathering raw data from databases and secondary data from literature, printed and electronicsources. Theoretical perspectives: The study is based on the theory: the efficient markethypothesis, which argues that future returns can not be calculated as the market is fullyinformed. The study is therefore studying historical yields. Empirical foundation: Empirical data are acquired from www.morningstar.se, andtherefore also treated on this page. The material is then divided into documents and time axes. Conclusions: The study has shown that high-risk funds give a higher percentage returns thanmedium-and low-risk funds. However, does not imply a higher risk automatically earn ahigher return when the low-risk funds have shown a higher yield than medium-risk funds. Animportant factor to study when you are looking for the fund which generated the highest ROIis the Sharpe ratio. Although this study demonstrates that high-risk funds have a higherSharpe ratio than competing risk groups.

Σε αυτή την εργασία, αφού παρουσιαστεί αναλυτικά η τεχνολογία UWB, μελετούνται από τη βιβλιογραφία τρόποι για την εκτίμηση του ασύρματου καναλιού με χρήση δεδομένων εκπαίδευσης. Στη συνέχεια, υπάρχει μια ανάλυση της προσομοίωσης που έγινε με τη βοήθεια του λογισμικού MATLΑB η οποία υλοποιεί τον πομπό, το κανάλι και το δέκτη με εκτιμητή καναλιού και στο τέλος μελετάται η απόδοση του συστήματος. / This report presents the UWB impulse radio technology and contains a relevant study of channel estimation techniques. In next chapters there is a MATLAB simulation for the full system and the channel estimator subsystem and conclusions are made.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:36:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2211681 bytes, checksum: 5cb4f2453e87ef8068c16be0d0553351 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The development of Information Theory allowed various forms of data processing that are relevant to any area of science today. Among them, we have the characterization of the self-information, where we have the possibility to determine the information given in favor of a future analysis, and, from this point, the probability of an element in a given context is to be evaluated under the entropy analysis. By this concept, various models of compressors were developed based on prediction, and the Prediction by Partial Matching algorithm (PPM) has results closest to the maximum entropy of a given input with context dependence. The PPM performs prediction by partial correlation between the elements, allowing for pattern recognition and is used in several areas. The aim of this work is the efficiency evaluation of the use of PPM in symbolic audio files in order to be used in pattern recognition over the melodic and rhythmic patterns of melodies. The tests were conducted using melodies on MIDI files, creating models from the melodic and rhythmic parts, evaluating the efficiency of the models through cross-validation. The results obtained with the first tests carried out on works for solo violin have been meant as possibility ways to use. There was an average hit rate of 80%, even without considering all the important concepts of Music Theory. With these results, we carried out a test of similarity of melodies, 30 melodies were sought through a bank of 5223 files with great significant results. The analysis of melodies with certain concepts using the PPM confirms the PPM as a versatile algorithm for pattern recognition in melodic sequences, considering the modeling of valid input data used in this work. / O desenvolvimento da Teoria da Informação possibilitou formas diversas de tratamento de dados que são relevantes para qualquer área científica atualmente. Dentre elas, temos a caracterização da auto-informação, onde temos a possibilidade de determinar a informação contida em um dado em prol de futuras análises e, a partir deste ponto, a probabilidade de ocorrência de um elemento num determinado contexto tem como ser avaliada em virtude da análise da entropia. Em consequência disso, modelos de compressores foram desenvolvidos baseando-se em predição, e o algoritmo de Predição por Correspondência Parcial (Prediction by Partial Matching - PPM) foi o que mais se destacou por se aproximar ao máximo da entropia de uma entrada qualquer com dependência de contextos. O PPM realiza predição por correspondência parcial entre elementos em um determinando contexto, permitindo o reconhecimento de padrões e é utilizado em diversas áreas. Neste trabalho, a problemática vem da avaliação da eficiência da utilização do PPM em arquivos de áudio com o intuito de utilizá-lo no reconhecimento de padrões melódicos e rítmicos em melodias. Os testes foram realizados utilizando melodias no formato MIDI, criando os modelos a partir das articulações melódicas e rítmicas separadamente, modelando os dados a partir da variação entre as alturas das notas das melodias e também considerando as proporções entre as durações das notas. A avaliação da eficiência dos modelos foi realizada através de Validação Cruzada a fim de verificar as melhores características da modelagem. Os resultados obtidos com os primeiros testes realizados com obras para violino solo serviram para se ter um domínio das possíveis maneiras de utilização. Houve uma taxa de acerto médio de 80%, mesmo sem considerar todos os conceitos importantes da Teoria Musical. Com estes resultados, realizou-se um teste de similaridade de melodias, buscando 30 melodias num banco de 5223 arquivos obtendo ótimos resultados. A análise de melodias com o PPM utilizando os conceitos determinados confirma o PPM como um algoritmo versátil para reconhecimento de padrões em sequências melódicas, considerando válida a modelagem dos dados de entrada utilizada neste trabalho.

No description available.