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The gastrointestinal microbiota of livestock is a complex and diverse ecosystem, which strongly depends and correlates with animals health. One of the many ways, how to improve the composition of this microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract, is application of probiotics, prebiotics or an appropriate combination called as synbiotics. Using subtle interventions can be achieved health benefits, increase of some indicators livestock performance and improving the economic situation of farming. The aim of the thesis was to find out the effect of prebiotics on the currently applied probiotics and the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Three groups of calves were studied. In the first one the mixture of five strains of rifampicin resistant variants of Bifidobacterium (RRBif): Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. animalis (2 strains), B. choerinum, B. thermophilum and B. longum ssp. suis was fed to 2 days old calves in a form of fermented milk. In the second group probiotics were adminestered together with prebiotics mixture contains fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides everyday. The third group without synbiotic treatment was used as a control. The numerous of main bacterial groups in gastrointestinal tract were determined by cultivation. Our results showed that applied bacteria were able to survive the passage through the gastrointestinal tract of calves. Administered bacteria persist in counts more than 107 CFU/g in the group of calves, that were fed only by probiotics and in numbers 108 CFU/g in the group of calves, that were treated by synbiotics. Furthermore a slow decrease of bifidobacterial numbers to 104 CFU / g was observed in both groups. Significant difference (p = 0.05) between the count of RRBif in probiotic and synbiotic group were determined only two days after administration of that additive. Administration of probiotics and synbiotics to calves increased the count of naturally occurring bifidobacteria, but these differences were not significant.

Diploma thesis is bearing title Options of production of selected beverages with increased fiber content. Firstly the thesis is processing characteristics of dietary fiber, it also describes individual components of fiber, its effects on human health and its potential utilization in the food industry all is included in the literary research section. Secondly the thesis continues with the experimental part which comprises possibilities of production of fermented and non-fermented beverages with higher content of fiber. Single samples of beverages were analyzed and the total and insoluble fiber content was determined followed up with calculating the soluble fiber content. Then determination of nutrients was supplemented by determinating the sugar using HPLC method. Finally, the produced beverages were subjected to sensory analysis. According to sensor analysis the overall best-rated beverages were those made of oat caramel malt and oat flakes contrary to beverages made of chia seeds and linseeds, which were evaluated as the worst. Furthermore oat-based beverages contains the highest amount of total fiber in comparison with oat beer and rice beverage in which the lowest content of fiber was determined. Complete overview of results of individual determination of fiber in beverages, nutritional parameters and sensory analyzes including ilustrations are presented in practical part of the thesis.

Bakgrund: Tidigare studier har visat att tarmfloran har stor betydelse för hälsa och att kosten påverkar tarmfloran. Syfte: Att undersöka ett urval av Uppsalastudenters inställning till och kunskap om livsmedel som främjar tarmfloran och hur ofta de tar hänsyn till denna aspekt vid livsmedelsval. Metod: En webbenkät skickades till alla administratörer vid Uppsala Universitet. Vissa institutioner publicerade denna på sin studentportal. Enkäten lades även ut i studentgrupper på facebook. Svarsinsamligen skedde under 12 dagar. Svaren analyserades i SPSS och flera Chi två-tester utfördes för att se om signifikanta samband förekom. Resultat: 727 personer deltog. En signifikant majoritet höll helt eller delvis med att tarmfloran har en stor betydelse för människors hälsa (92%), samt att val av livsmedel till stor del kan påverka tarmfloran (89%). 12% av deltagarna hade dagligen ätit/druckit något med hänsyn till tarmfloran och 32% hade gjort det minst en gång per månad. Temat magproblem framkom efter tolkning av anledningarna till varför/varför inte livsmedel valts med hänsyn till tarmfloran. Den generella kunskapsnivån gällande prebiotika och probiotika tolkades som låg. Slutsats: Grupper som signifikant skiljde sig gällande om de valt livsmedel för dess effekt på tarmfloran var kvinnor, personer äldre än 30 år och studenter som läst kostvetenskap på universitetsnivå. De grupper med signifikant större kunskap var de studenter som läst kostvetenskap på universitetsnivå och de som haft vetenskapliga artiklar som huvudsaklig kunskapskälla. Fler undersökningar inom området tarmflora och konsumenter behövs.

The basis for a successful cattle production is the proper care taking of pregnant cows as well as a sufficient care taking of the new-born calves. During the last years, a big attention has been given to this area because the higher farming quality the higher economic benefits and the lower losses in meat and milk yield will be respectively. For this reason, an influence of different feed supplements (Lactovita, Biopolym, Homeopathics) on haematological and biochemical parameters as well as an effect on weight gain and amounts of microorganisms in new-born calves has been studied. The specific aim of this thesis is to evaluate an influence of these supplements on incidences of diarrhea, microbial activity and to assess its effect on selected haematological and biochemical blood parameters. Three experimental and one control group (ten calves per each) were set up in the chosen company. The experimental groups had a modified feeding ratio between the first and the fourth week of life the calves received either colostrum + 5ml "PVB" homeopathic or colostrum + 5 ml "Biopolym" prebiotics or colostrum + 1 pill of "Lactovita", while the control group received colostrum without supplement. The first day after birth, a blood sample and a microbial smear sample were taken. Second sample collection was carried out in the fourth week of life. The calves were weighed every week. Obtained data were processed graphically and in tables and were statistically evaluated. The influence of mentioned feed additives on weight gain and diarrhea occurrence was evaluated from the obtained results. The most of haematological and biochemical parameters have approximately the same values compared to those found by other authors. There were no significant differences in monitored parameters in the experimental groups compared to the control group. Furthermore, no influence was found on blood parameters. Only in case of zinc a significant difference was found between treated groups and control (p=0,0012). Changes between the treated groups (independently on control) were observed in haematocrit, total protein content, cholesterol, zinc and copper. Non-significant differences between the tested groups and control were found in haemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, glycaemia, urea, LF, GMT, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. No impact of tested supplements was found on microbial composition. A positive effect of Lactovita, Biopolym and Homeopathic compared to the control group was found in case of weight gain. The obtained results show some positive trends which should be a subject for further research, where total amount of calves per groups is increased to reduce variability.

Healthy and well fed calves are the main prerequisite for high performances. The aim is to evaluate the concept of nutrition of calves and assess the dynamics of selected haematological and biochemical parameters of blood in the sample of agricultural holdings, depending on the influence of selected dietary supplements. The experiment was conducted in the agricultural cooperative Krásna hora nad Vltavou a.s. on the farm Perovice, where they breed Holstein cattle. There were three groups of calves - one control and two experimental. The test groups received dietary supplements to promote active immunity by the instruction. In the first group Lactovita dietary supplements, the latter group food supplement called Biopolym. The first blood sampling was performed from ages 5 to 7 days and a second collection has been made 3 weeks later. Findings and data analysis were summarized and evaluated. The experiment was conducted from August to November 2013.

The occurrence of coccidiosis is an enormous problem of pheasant farming. The aim of this study is to show, that this disease can be cured by unconventional dietary supplements. Dietary supplements which were used in this study were as follows: prebiotics (Ascophyllum nodosum), probiotics (Lactobacillus fermentum), homeopathics, Sulfacox and scrap from the seed by Vitis vinifera. The experiment took place in the Ranč Daniela farm in the town Hůrka (close to the Horní Planá Town) from 26.7.2014 to 5.10.2014. Six groups of pheasants were made - three experimental groups and one control group. All groups were consisted of 15 individuals. The pheasant Phasianus colchicus was used in this experiment. Dietary supplements were served for two weeks, than the serving stopped for two weeks and continued again. The samples of excrements were tested all the study long using the floatation method in Sheather's sugar solution. The results were marked and evaluated. The favourable effect of Ascophyllum nodosum, homeopatics and Lactobacillus fermentum on the intestinal tract of pheasant was significant.

Introduction: Physiological microflora is characterised by wide diversity. The microbial community is mostly composed of bacteria, but also includes fungi, archaea and viruses. Anaerobic commensal bacteria (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) dominate 90% of the colon. The composition and products of the gut microbiota have a significant effect on an individual's immune system, and their interactions may ultimately promote immune tolerance or inflammatory immune response. Blood cell transplantation (HSCT) and its associated standard procedures of conditioning, antibiotic exposure and dietary prophylaxis represent modification and disruption of the gut microbiota leading to the development of some serious post-transplant complications affecting the OS (overall survival) and TRM (treatment related mortality) of patients. Objectives: The aim of this work was to investigate the representation of individual bacterial strains in patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT, as well as the effect of transplantation on the composition and diversity of their gut microbiota. Methods: Stool samples were obtained from 52 patients who underwent an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant at the Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion in Prague. A cut-off date for the first sample was set for the start of...

Nutrition of children of each age has its particular aspects. For the new born and infantile age it is mainly breast-feeding that is very significant. Nutrition with breast milk is ideally balanced, ensures the intake of high-quality nutrition that is well tolerated by the young organism and ensures the optimal growth and psychological development of the child. Thanks to its composition, breast milk increases the protective impact on the child with respect to infections and creates a natural bond between the mother and the child. In the Thesis, I was trying to look up decisive moments in the infantile nutrition concept both in this country and worldwide and to map the issue of breast feeding and formula feeding since the end of the Second World War up to the present. Also, I wanted to emphasize the irreplaceability of breast milk as wel as supplementing of artificial milks with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and their importance in the nutrition of children. Objective No. 1 of the Thesis has been to look up the key points in the infantile nutrition concept in the world since the beginning of the nineteenth century and since 1945 until this day in the Czech Republic. Objective No. 2 has been to prove that infantile formula nutrition has been focusing also on the immunological aspect apart from the nutritional ones. Objective No. 3 has been to create and aducational program proposal, which can serve as a practical guide for the application of theoretical data in clinical practice. Data necessary to achieve the determined objectives have been acquired by studing, analyses and comparison of available written documents relating to the natural and formula nutrition of infants. Most of these documents have been intended for the educational purposes at secondary school and universities in the Czech Republic. Also, data heve been taken from publications for parents and broad public published since 1945 until this day. By way of illustration, certain charts containing schemes of artificial nutrition corresponding to the time of creation have been used. On these schemes I wanted to show the chages in the concepts brought about by the development not only in the knowledge and thinking of people dealing with the nutrition of infants but also in the new possibilities and technology of the food processing industry.