Com base na teoria de Wallon, este trabalho tem o objetivo de compreender, a partir de narrativas produzidas por crianças entre cinco e seis anos no contexto da educação infantil várias dimensões e processos afetivos e cognitivos envolvidos na construção do conhecimento e da identidade. A narrativa é concebida como um instrumento mediador que atua no âmbito imaginativo. Foram investigados os momentos e modos com que as crianças se expressavam narrativamente na rotina escolar e criou-se um contexto de intervenção para oportunizar a construção de histórias. Participaram 14 crianças de uma turma de uma escola municipal e seus educadores. Dezoito sessões de observação participante e seis de intervenção foram realizadas e registradas em diário de campo, com filmagem transcrita parcial das primeiras e integral das segundas. Constatou-se que a eliciação de narrativas ocorria de forma restrita e esporádica na rodinha, e que muitas histórias pessoais eram contadas informalmente. Planejou-se um contexto e atividades eliciadoras de narrativas pessoais e fictícias, propostas pela pesquisadora e conduzidas com apoio da professora titular. Comparado à rodinha, este contexto produziu narrativas em maior número, extensão, sofisticação e variedade de temas e gêneros, além de propiciar a participação maior dos pares na sua construção. Foi possível identificar nas narrativas pessoais e fictícias importantes aspectos da organização do pensamento discursivo, da estabilização e ampliação do sentido de eu psicológico a partir da construção de um sujeito narrador / Based on Wallon’s theory, this study aims to understand, through narratives brought by five to six year-old children in the preschool context, a number of dimensions and affective and cognitive processes involved in the construction of knowledge and identity. Narrative is conceived as a mediator that acts in the imaginative scenario. The moments and ways children expressed themselves in narrative form were investigated and in addition an intervention context to promote children’s construction of stories was created. Participants were fourteen children enrolled in a public school and their teachers. Eighteen sessions of participant observation and six of intervention were carried out and further registered in a field diary. Partial filming transcriptions were made for the participant observations and complete for the intervention sessions. It was observed that the generation of narratives in the circle time was limited and sporadic and that a significant number of personal stories were informally told. A context and several activities aimed at generating personal and fictional narratives were designed, and was conducted by the researcher together with the teacher. This context, when compared to circle time, generated a larger number of narratives, more extension, sophistication and variety of themes and genres, as well as a greater participation of peers in narrative construction. Important aspects of the organization of the discursive thought and of the stabilization and amplification of the self sense were made possible to identify in the process of construction of a narrator subject.

Com base na teoria de Wallon, este trabalho tem o objetivo de compreender, a partir de narrativas produzidas por crianças entre cinco e seis anos no contexto da educação infantil várias dimensões e processos afetivos e cognitivos envolvidos na construção do conhecimento e da identidade. A narrativa é concebida como um instrumento mediador que atua no âmbito imaginativo. Foram investigados os momentos e modos com que as crianças se expressavam narrativamente na rotina escolar e criou-se um contexto de intervenção para oportunizar a construção de histórias. Participaram 14 crianças de uma turma de uma escola municipal e seus educadores. Dezoito sessões de observação participante e seis de intervenção foram realizadas e registradas em diário de campo, com filmagem transcrita parcial das primeiras e integral das segundas. Constatou-se que a eliciação de narrativas ocorria de forma restrita e esporádica na rodinha, e que muitas histórias pessoais eram contadas informalmente. Planejou-se um contexto e atividades eliciadoras de narrativas pessoais e fictícias, propostas pela pesquisadora e conduzidas com apoio da professora titular. Comparado à rodinha, este contexto produziu narrativas em maior número, extensão, sofisticação e variedade de temas e gêneros, além de propiciar a participação maior dos pares na sua construção. Foi possível identificar nas narrativas pessoais e fictícias importantes aspectos da organização do pensamento discursivo, da estabilização e ampliação do sentido de eu psicológico a partir da construção de um sujeito narrador / Based on Wallon’s theory, this study aims to understand, through narratives brought by five to six year-old children in the preschool context, a number of dimensions and affective and cognitive processes involved in the construction of knowledge and identity. Narrative is conceived as a mediator that acts in the imaginative scenario. The moments and ways children expressed themselves in narrative form were investigated and in addition an intervention context to promote children’s construction of stories was created. Participants were fourteen children enrolled in a public school and their teachers. Eighteen sessions of participant observation and six of intervention were carried out and further registered in a field diary. Partial filming transcriptions were made for the participant observations and complete for the intervention sessions. It was observed that the generation of narratives in the circle time was limited and sporadic and that a significant number of personal stories were informally told. A context and several activities aimed at generating personal and fictional narratives were designed, and was conducted by the researcher together with the teacher. This context, when compared to circle time, generated a larger number of narratives, more extension, sophistication and variety of themes and genres, as well as a greater participation of peers in narrative construction. Important aspects of the organization of the discursive thought and of the stabilization and amplification of the self sense were made possible to identify in the process of construction of a narrator subject.

Orientador: Orly Zucatto Mantovani de Assis / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T00:27:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magnani_ElianaMaria_D.pdf: 4275895 bytes, checksum: a6e6639da46836ca3b438ebce9862075 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa resultou de uma longa caminhada, durante a qual se identificou que muitos educadores apresentavam dificuldades no entendimento e atendimento aos interesses e necessidades lúdicas infantis. Diante disso, e da (re) implantação de brinquedotecas ocorridas, desde 2004, pela Secretaria de Educação, nos Centros Municipais Infantis (CMEIs), de uma cidade do sudoeste do Paraná, resolveu-se compreender a práxis ludo-pedagógica de professoras da pré-escola. Inicialmente, visitaram-se todos os (treze) Centros e, em seguida, ministrou-se um curso para educadores dessas instituições. Durante sua realização, identificou-se que havia entre eles três concepções referentes ao brincar: dirigido, livre e mediado. Essas informações serviram como condução para este estudo. Posteriormente, analisaram-se em quatro CMEIs (denominados de cores): a concepção e a função das professoras no tocante ao brincar e brinquedoteca; como eram selecionados e adquiridos os brinquedos que compunham o acervo desse ambiente; e com o que e como as crianças brincavam em diferentes tempos e espaços dessas instituições. Realizaram-se as ações por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, questionários, observações e filmagem da prática lúdica das professoras. Na revisão teórica, verificou-se que a função lúdica do professor tem-se desenvolvido de forma muito tímida. Entretanto, as mudanças socioeconômicas que garantiram à criança o direito de frequentar uma instituição educacional, juntamente com o surgimento da brinquedoteca e de outras ideias para entretenimento que incentiva o consumo de brinquedos industrializados e tecnológicos requerem do professor a revisão de sua práxis. Os autores apresentados apontam que o ambiente educacional precisa fornecer às crianças e aos professores diversos materiais lúdicos, mas afirmam que mais importante do que os objetos é a interação criança-criança e criança-adulto. Winnicott e Piaget sustentam essa ideia e referem que as brincadeiras são significativas para as crianças, por isso os educadores necessitam compreender como ocorre o processo de desenvolvimento integral infantil a fim de favorecê-lo. Do primeiro autor utilizou-se a noção da mãe que pelo brincar insere a criança na sociedade. Do segundo autor fez-se uso da noção de que o jogo propicia o desenvolvimento da criança, que acontece pela interação com o meio. Nos CMEIs, constatou-se que o brincar dirigido ocorria na sala e na brinquedoteca e dependia das escolhas das professoras. No tocante ao brincar livre, acontecia somente no parque, onde elas apenas cuidavam das crianças. Quanto ao brincar mediado, resumia-se a pequenos atos isolados. Após análise das atividades, considera-se que a concepção das professoras acerca do brincar e da brinquedoteca está permeada de ideias empiristas. Para alterar esta situação faz-se necessário a revisão das atitudes bem como a mudança das políticas educacionais. / Abstract: This research has been resulted of a long where has been identified that many teachers presented some difficulties in understanding and giving assistance to the child playful interest and needs. In the light of this, and from the implementation of playrooms, since 2004, by the Education Department, at the child Municipal Centers, in a City the west of Parana, it has been decided to comprehend the teachers ludopedagogical practice of elementary school. At first it has been visited, all (thirteen) CMEIs (child Municipal Centers) and, following it has been taken a course to educators of such institutions. While the course, it has been identified three different conceptions about playing: led, free and mediated. These information helped as the master line of the study. Later, it has been analyzed the educators conception about playing and playrooms; how they have selected the toys that are part of the environment collection; what is the teacher's perception abut their duties related to the child playful activities, and how and what the children play with in different moments and spaces at the schools. Everything has been accomplished through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, samplers and filming of teachers playful practices. On the theoretical review, it has been shown that the teacher entertaining functions have been developed in a very shy way. However, the social and economical changes that guarantee the child the right of attending an educational institution, along with the emergence of the playful and other ideas for leisure and entertainment which encourages the use of industrialized and technological toys and games demand from the teacher, the review of his practice. The authors indicate that the educational environment needs to provide the children and teaches several playful material, but they stand that more important than the objects is the interaction child-child-adult. Winnicott and Piaget support such idea and state that the games are very meaningful for the kids, that's why the educators need to understand how the child integral development process happen in order to help them. From the first author, it has been used the notion of the good enough mother who holds the needs of her child and through playing, is inserted in society. From the second author the use of notion that the games promote the child development, which happens through the interaction between the physical and social environment. It has been verified at the colored CMEIs (child Municipal Centers) that the led playing happened in the classroom and in the playroom and it was up the teachers choice. About the free playing, it happened only at the park, where they just take care of children without any interaction. Regarding to the mediated playing happened only in isolated moments. After analyzing the activities, it has been considered that the teachers conception about playing and the playroom is led mainly by the empiricist idea. To change the situation would be necessary a review of the attitudes, as well to change the educational government policies. / Doutorado / Psicologia Educacional / Doutora em Educação

The thesis deals with the relationship between seniors and preschool children, both within and outside the family circle. The theoretical part is focused on family, its function and historical transformation and shows the effects of today's family forms on intergenerational relationships. Further focus is on the encounter of children and seniors outside the family circle, particularly in terms of intergenerational programmes and activities. It defines the terms of age, preschool stage and specific needs connected with particular stages of life. The thesis explores other means of dealing with this issue (literature) and supports it. The aim of the study is to compare and contrast theoretical knowledge of today's family relationships with information obtained from a selected sample of families, and also to find out to what extent parents are aware of intergenerational programmes organized at their place of residence, ie in Prague 8. The practical part examines the support of the relationship between preschool children and seniors in selected kindergartens and the inclusion of this area into school educational programmes.

This final dissertation deals with a newly-established pre-school institution, called the children's group. The aim of this work is to present the children's group as one of the forms of preschool education and to describe its function and a view as an alternative to other types of preschool educational care, mostly kindergarten. The work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is aimed at the targets of preschool education, motives to an establishment of children's groups, its neediness and functioning. Moreover, it compares the children's group with other forms of educational system, mostly kindergarten, and finds its boldest differences. The practical part deals with reasons that bring parents to place the child in children's group. Moreover, it is aimed at the reasons what parents anticipate from the children's group from the viewpoint of the future progress of their children. The work deals with the same topic also with parents of children attending kindergarten. According to qualitative researches that have been realized through studies of five parents and their children from children's groups and five parents and their children from kindergarten, it has been shown that the most frequent reason for placing a child into preschool institution is a need of...

M.Ed. (Adult Education) / To address the need for early childhood education in a small rural settlement in Gauteng, South Africa, a crèche was established by external development agents with corporate donor funding. Three untrained mothers from the community volunteered as lay practitioners at the crèche. An organic process of training of these teachers and of developing a curriculum ensued. From the challenges presented by and the tensions arising from this initial process the following research questions emerged: What is the process of developing an (organic) ECD curriculum with practitioner training in a rural community? and; What are the emerging tensions in such a process and how are they managed in Participatory Action Research (PAR) mode? A review of literature included aspects of early childhood education in South Africa and elsewhere and explored issues of community development, ECD and teacher development as well. Several examples of early childhood curriculum approaches from abroad and from Africa were compared and investigated for their possible relevance to the context of rural South Africa. The study was designed as a case and, because the situation at the site involved several stakeholders such as parents, development practitioners and the community committee, involved in a rural community development project, it predisposed the investigation to PAR as research design. Participation and collaboration between the researcher and all stakeholders through recurring cycles of planning, action and reflection distinguish the process of data collection of this inquiry. The perceptions and voices of the members of the community and the teachers form an integral part of this process. In-depth interviews with teachers, parents and the community leader; participant observation by the co-researcher, and documents and artefact collection were used as data collecting strategies. An inductive process of content analysis was employed during which the different data sets were first coded separately where after provisional categories were induced from the codes. The categories for the different data sets were then integrated and refined to themes. From these themes a pattern was identified from which the main findings of the inquiry were drawn. During the actual data collection process the researcher collaborated with a co-researcher who was also the teacher trainer. This collaboration served to address possible obstacles such as a language barrier and the challenges presented by the researcher‟s position as development practitioner. The participatory nature of this inquiry is further reiterated by the data sources that were selected. These include perceptions of different role players in the intervention, such as the teachers, parents, teacher-trainer, the development practitioners and community leader were elicited by means of some existing and some purposefully designed data sources. Because it was one of the main units of analysis for this study, the experiences of the teachers were explored in-depth over time and by means of data from several different data sources. Data from different sources were also integrated and the articulation of these different sources contributed to the validity of the study.

Submitted by Jakeline Ortega (jakortega@unoeste.br) on 2017-06-03T13:09:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Juliana Aparecida Zago.pdf: 3629734 bytes, checksum: f02db95585b84a1de3c04b6eb53d2660 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-03T13:09:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Juliana Aparecida Zago.pdf: 3629734 bytes, checksum: f02db95585b84a1de3c04b6eb53d2660 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-01 / In accordance with the research theme, "Educational Institution: organization and management", of the Master of Education Program of the University of West São Paulo, the purpose of this research paper is to study how pedagogical practices are developed with regard to gender relations in a preschool. Our specific objectives are: to understand the perception preschool teachers have of gender relations and how these perceptions permeate pedagogical planning; to determine whether the proposed pedagogical activities for children contribute to the construction of social gender differences between boys and girls; and to identify possible gender transgressions presented by the children themselves. With the support of poststructuralist gender studies, we conducted an ethnographic case study. Through participant observation, a research journal, group conversations with the children, photographic records and semi-structured interviews with teachers and administrators, we identified the relationships between the teachers’ knowledge, gender and power. These relationships permeate the organization of pedagogical practices within preschool education. We elaborated our analysis from three points of interest: 1) understanding gender and its relationships from the educators’ perspective; 2) gender and the organization of schoolwork, as well as the use of the physical learning environment; 3) resistance and transgressions: expanding the meaning of masculinity and femininity. Pedagogical practices, if they remain unchecked, promote an education which in general separates male and female spheres. This separation begins with culturally formulated discourses which are sexist and institute ways to classify subjects. The absence of teacher training with regard to gender impacts the current education scenario. This professional unpreparedness can cause conceptual conflicts and lead teachers to incorporate personal values in their pedagogical practices. However, we noticed that even in a normalizing environment, children subvert the rules and create innovative ways to establish relationships with the world and with others. / Vinculada à linha de pesquisa “Instituição educacional: organização e gestão” do Programa de Mestrado em Educação da Universidade do Oeste Paulista, a presente pesquisa propõe averiguar como é desenvolvido o trabalho pedagógico em uma instituição de educação infantil no que se refere às relações de gênero. Como objetivos específicos buscamos: compreender qual a percepção dos professores de educação infantil sobre as relações de gênero e como elas perpassam o planejamento pedagógico; identificar se as atividades pedagógicas propostas para as crianças contribuem para a construção das diferenças sociais de gêneros entre meninos e meninas; e observar quais as possíveis formas de transgressão no binário de gênero elaboradas pelas próprias crianças. Com o aporte dos estudos de gênero de inclinação pós-estruturalista, realizamos um estudo de caso de aproximações etnográficas. Através da observação participante, diário de campo, rodas de conversas com as crianças, registros fotográficos e entrevistas semiestruturadas com docentes e gestora, problematizamos as relações entre saberes docentes, gênero e poder que perpassam a organização do trabalho pedagógico na educação infantil. As análises foram elaboradas a partir de três eixos problematizadores: 1) a compreensão de gênero e suas relações na perspectiva dos educadores; 2)gênero e organização do trabalho escolar e ocupação dos espaços físicos da escola; 3) resistências e transgressões: ampliando a significação de masculinidade e feminilidade. A prática pedagógica, quando não problematizada, promove uma educação voltada para a separação do universo feminino e masculino, sobretudo, a partir de discursos sexistas culturalmente formulados que instituem formas de classificar os sujeitos. A falta de formação relacionada às questões de gênero impacta no cenário atual da educação, no qual este despreparo profissional pode gerar conflitos sobre conceitos, levando as docentes a agregarem valores pessoais na prática pedagógica. Todavia, percebemos que mesmo em um ambiente normalizador, as crianças subvertem as normas e criam formas inovadoras de estabelecer relações com o mundo e com os outros.

Enhancing and facilitating a strength-based intervention model presents a challenge for practitioners and those involved in program design and policy. This study examined a shift away from a deficit-based approach and toward strength-based assessment of family functioning within current early childhood practices. The initial effectiveness of the Family Functioning Style Scale in facilitating the re-framing of family functioning was assessed and patterns of reported family strengths were analyzed and compared. A random sample of 64 parents, equally representing four different early childhood program models, were asked to complete the scale, participate in informal discussion, complete a follow-up questionnaire, and answer follow-up questions individually three months later. The sample of parents reflected equal distribution among Head Start, Day Care, Early Intervention and Pre-School Special Education programs as well as represented equal distribution with respect to ages served (0-3, 3-5) and special education program and regular education models. The study also included a sample of 13 professionals, representing the four programs, who completed the scale based upon their knowledge of 13 of the families in the parent sample. While inter-class correlation coefficients indicated that there was no significant evidence to show that there was a difference in the rating of family strengths between parents and professionals, professionals expressed a need to gain further familiarity with the strengths of families they served. When asked if completing the scale helped them to identify family strengths, 77.6% of the respondents to this question indicated that they felt the scale had been effective. The area of strength most frequently reported by the total sample was in cohesion. The area of strength least frequently reported by this sample was in communication. Income was significantly correlated with the full scale score (FFSS) and the strength dimensions of competence and cohesion. Risk factors, such as low income and social isolation, were felt to impact the reporting of strengths within each sub-group. Several significant differences between the four sub-groups were reported with respect to the full scale mean scores as well as within several of the strength dimensions. This study supported further investigation of the use and effectiveness of scales as well as the option of interviews in order to assess family strengths and facilitate a strength-based model for intervention. In addition, the researcher emphasized the importance of staff training and policy formation in order to support program models in their effort to create environments which will maximize the recognition of family strengths and nurture the empowerment of families.

The effects of prenatal substance exposure on newborn behavior and subsequent attachment quality was investigated in a sample of 29 drug-exposed infants. Participants in this study were part of a larger sample of high-risk women and their infants enrolled in a longitudinal study. Data regarding prenatal substance use, 4 weeks prior to delivery, was available for 17 infants. Prenatal substance use data were obtained from substance use histories, obstetrical and neonatal medical chart reviews and case manager notes. Frequency of substance use was reported as either $>$1 time per day, 1 time per day, 3-6 times per week, 1-2 times per week, 1-3 times per month and unknown. Qualitative substance-use data were converted to quantitative data and were correlated with newborn behavior (NBAS Lester clusters and Als dimensions). At 1 month, maternal report of prenatal substance exposure 4 weeks prior to delivery was significantly associated with the reflex cluster of the NBAS. Increased amounts of drug-exposure was related to an infant displaying an increased number of abnormal reflexes at the 1-month NBAS assessment. NBAS individual items; inanimate auditory stimuli and self-quieting were found to be positively related to attachment security, suggesting that infants with these abilities may appear more attractive to their caregivers, thus helping to create a more positive "goodness-of-fit" between infant and caregiver. Prenatal substance use throughout pregnancy (n = 13) was found to be positively associated with security of attachment (p =.03). Other factors undetected within this study (i.e. social support), may have influenced interactions between infant and caregiver and subsequently increased the potential for secure attachment. Finally, an infant's ability to attend to stimuli was found to be positively related to the attachment subcategories A1-B2 in the Strange Situation, lending further support to the idea that infant temperamental characteristics may influence whether infants are more likely to be classified as "avoidant" or "resistant", but not secure vs. insecure. Findings from this study suggest that infants exposed to drugs prenatally continue to show physiological abnormalities through the first month of life. The results were discussed in terms of implications for child development and future research.

Over the centuries, human infants have been fed with their mothers' breast milk. The development of alternatives, i.e., animal milk and artificial formula, have given contemporary mothers a second choice. Although both methods of infant feeding are capable of sustaining the human infant at this early stage of development, most scholars maintain that human milk is the most nutritious and best first-food for human infants. Most experts in infant nutrition generally recommend the mother's milk as her infant's first food, especially for healthy mothers and infants. Specifically, this study surveyed infant feeding choice and practice among samples of expectant mothers in three states in the United States. A total of 180 mothers from various clinics and agencies in three states were surveyed. These subjects completed a pre-delivery questionnaire on infant feeding choice and a post-delivery questionnaire on infant feeding practice. Chi-square tests and correlation analysis were used for data analysis. Results of the study highlight significant factors that influenced the subjects' choice of infant feeding methods before delivery and infant feeding practice after delivery. The subjects' demography, education, income, marital status, consultation with a nutritionist, childbirth education classes, and family infant feeding history were all found to be statistically significant factors that influenced pre-delivery choice and practice of infant feeding methods. The subjects' age, occupation and parity were not influential factors in choice of infant feeding methods. However, mothers' age, occupation and availability of support to mothers significantly influenced infant feeding practice. Post-delivery data analysis showed that the availability of after-delivery support system for mothers, type of feeding initiated immediately after delivery, latching, and feeding schedule were all statistically significant factors that influenced the subjects' post-delivery infant feeding practice. Other factors that influenced subjects' choice and practice of infant feeding methods includes influences of the media, hospital staff practices, peers/friends, spouse, and the baby's grandparents. The key findings and other general findings discussed later in this study are of significant importance to parents, child care service providers, early childhood educators, child developmentalists, doctors, nurses, and pediatricians.