Thesis (Ph.D.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2004. / Bibliography: leaves 337-351.

The marketing of infant feeding products is almost impossible as the infant nutrition industry is highly regulated. Despite operating under strict regulations, the infant formula manufacturing companies still generate high revenues on an annual basis. The infant formula manufacturing industry operates under a value chain which can be broken down into six sequential steps. These steps are: (1) Translational science; (2) Product development; (3) Clinical research; (4) Product notification; (5) Reimbursement granting and (6) Product marketing. Medical nutrition companies aspire to understand product requirements of healthcare professionals and medical representatives. This is to enable direct investment to acquire market share without wasting resources. The medical nutrition industry currently makes use of medical representatives to execute product marketing. Manufacturing companies invest a lot of money into developing their products, employing and training medical representatives and trust that this will be enough to persuade healthcare professionals to recommend their products to parents. This study analyses the main contributing factors that enhance prescription of specialised infant formula by healthcare professionals. This study was conducted in a positivistic paradigm by making use of a quantitative approach. Healthcare professionals from Port Elizabeth, working with paediatric patients were included in this study. The healthcare professionals were chosen by a convenience sampling method and were then interviewed. The empirical interview results were substantiated with the interpretive findings which were in the form of verbatim statements extracted directly from the research questionnaire. Linkage between the dependable variable (prescription) and independent variables (manufacturing company; product composition; cost of product; medical representative and peers) were established and analysed. The research revealed that prescription behaviour is an important construct which can be measured in medical practices. Prescription behaviour is correlated with positive business and medical outcomes and manufacturing companies are able to exert influence over it through the identified variables. Of these variables, efficacy of vii a product, trusted manufacturing company and the medical representatives were found to have direct and significant effects. Healthcare professionals tend to prescribe a specialised infant formula if they have seen results and trust the outcome of the product. It is advisable for manufacturing companies to exert great effort before appointing a medical representative, to make sure that the right candidate represents the face of the company.

In the United States, prescription opioids have been a major problem that contributed to the opioid crisis in the country. As dentists prescribe analgesics routinely for dental pain management, further investigation into opioid and non-opioid prescription patterns by dentists on a national level is needed. This research project aimed to examine 1) the trends in opioid and non-opioid analgesic prescriptions by dentists in the US,2) to examine the racial-ethnic disparities in receiving an opioid and non-opioid prescription from a dental professional, 3) the effect of federal Rescheduling of hydrocodone combination on opioid prescription patterns by dentists in a school setting. Data on analgesic prescriptions by dentists were obtained using medical panel survey MEPS (1996- 2015), and Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine clinical repository (2010 -2019). On average about 31,206 individuals of all ages were interviewed for MEPS each year. The trend in analgesics prescription was reported weighted numbers and proportions of total and dental analgesics prescriptions were reported. Kendall tau correlation test was used to examine trends in the rate of opioid prescriptions per 100 persons over survey years. Racial differences were examined using MEPS data (2002-2015) on dental analgesic prescriptions, dental care utilization, patients’ race, and other demographic information. The outcome was analgesic prescription received. The main independent variable was the patients’ race/ethnicity. Covariates included in the analysis were gender, age, marital status, income, geographical region, and survey year. Using BUSDM data (2010-2019) we examined 12,807 patients who received an opioid prescription from a dentist. The primary outcome variables were opioid prescriptions and opioid morphine milligram equivalent (MME). The primary predictor used is the date of opioid prescription (Time before and after the intervention). To assess the effect of hydrocodone medication reclassification on the outcome variables we used an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis with a segmented regression model. Our results showed a decrease in the proportion of dental opioids out of total opioids from 9.76% in 1996 to 4.5% in 2015. Kendall tau correlation indicated an increase in prescribing rate over the years in total opioids but not in dental opioids. Racial differences were found in opioid prescriptions by dentists with whites having a lower risk of receiving an opioid analgesic compared to other racial minorities. The effect of federal rescheduling of hydrocodone combination on opioid prescription patterns by dentists showed specifically a reduction in non-hydrocodone opioids prescribing rate by morphine milligram equivalent (MME). In conclusion dentists’ contribution to the increase in prescription opioids in the United States seem to be limited compared to other health care professionals. Nevertheless, racial differences were found in whites when compared to other racial minorities. Efforts to curb the use of opioids should be encouraged even more so with evidence supporting the effectiveness of non-opioids analgesics in control of dental pain. / 2022-12-09T00:00:00Z

Medical praescriptions in the Czech Republic Author: Petra Pečivová Tutor: RNDr. Jana Kotlářová, Ph.D. Department of social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Aim of diploma thesis: Was detailed analyze of the medical prescriptions in the Czech Republic, their requirements, and manipulation with that. Prescriptions for medicines (LP) were analyzed in detail, their elements and handling were also described in detail, e-prescription, and current issues were discussed, eg. forgery of prescriptions or cross- border patient pharmaceutical care. Methods: Legislation of the Czech Republic were the starting basis as at 31 5th 2014 legislation were obtained from the website of the official institutions. From there comes the economic data, augmented by specific examples of smaller public pharmacies. Publications and magazines for pharmacists and health professionals were part of the sources, as well as similar websites. Knowledge at work, including discussion is also based on the author's own experience working in a pharmacy. Results: Medical prescriptions for medicines were distributed to recipes and order forms, vouchers and orders for medical devices were described only a bit. Each of the prescriptions were explained in detail....

D'après la littérature, la prescription empirique des antibiotiques en soins dentaires est quasi-systématique bien que leur indication soit restreinte à des diagnostics spécifiques de certaines infections. En effet, le traitement d'une infection dentaire sans expression systémique, ni signe de gravité nécessite rarement la mise en place d'une antibiothérapie. Ainsi, son instauration doit être réfléchie et envisagée seulement en tenant compte du rapport bénéfice/risque apporté au patient. Car, au-delà du risque d’un mésusage relatif à un mauvais choix de la molécule ou à une inadéquation de dose, il est aussi important de considérer avec force le risque d'émergence de souches résistantes souvent à l'origine de complications majeures et parfois fatales. Très souvent les soins dentaires sont prodigués sans véritable considération de l'état général du patient et l’attitude des praticiens dentistes est assez volontariste quant à l’antibiothérapie.Ainsi, le but de cette étude est d'optimiser la pertinence des attitudes thérapeutiques des praticiens dentistes face un abcès dentaire aigu ou chronique.Prospective et multicentrique, l'étude s'est déroulée à la clinique dentaire de l'université libanaise ainsi qu’auprès de 24 cabinets dentaires situés à la ville de Beyrouth.Les résultats obtenus montrent que 48,2% des praticiens dentistes avaient une attitude inadéquate en termes de prescription d’antibiotiques. L’intérêt de notre étude est de favoriser la mise en place d’une nouvelle approche d’antibiothérapie moins basée sur l'empirisme. / Although, antibiotics prescription is restricted to specific diagnosis of some infections, in dental care; it is empirical and almost systematic. Indeed, the treatment of a dental infection without a systemic expression or severity signs rarely requires an antibiotic prescription. Furthermore, this latter must only be well thought-out and planned taking into account the benefit / risk for the patient. For, beyond the risk of misuse of antibiotherapy relative to the bad choice of molecules or inadequation in dosage, it is important to consider with strength the risk of resistant strains emergence manifestation often at the origin of major complications and sometimes fatal. Hence, very often dental care is provided without real consideration of the patient's general state. Thus, the aim of this study is to optimize the relevance of therapeutic attitudes dentists regarding acute or chronic abscess.Prospective and multicenter, the study took place at the dental clinic of the Lebanese University and in 24 private dental clinics.The results showed that 48.2% of the dentist’s practitioners had an inadequate therapeutic attitude concerning antibiotherapy prescriptions.These works could help set up a new therapeutic approach less based on empiricism.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Dentistry / Master / Master of Philosophy

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the Masters of Science in Medicine in Psychiatry, Johannesburg, 2014 / In the past ten years, there has been an increased awareness about the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders in childhood. As a consequence, there has been a concomitant increase in the prescription of psychiatric medication for children. Off-label and concomitant medication are particular issues of concern in child psychiatry. In South Africa, there is limited data on paediatric prescribing trends. It is important to know the demographic trends and clinical reasons for medication use in order to assess, plan, improve and budget for children’s mental health care services. The results of this study will give insights into the current prescribing patterns at Tara’s Outpatient Child Clinic (TOCC)

No description available.

An informational source where teachers and teacher-candidates could gain a functional knowledge of contingency management techniques had not been developed. A programed text was written to provide this source. Five teachers and teacher-candidates were exposed to the text for a period of three days. As a result of this exposure, learning gains, significant at the 0.01 level, were found in the students' abilities (a) to write behavioral prescriptions and (b) to write the principles of contingency management when presented with open-ended questions pertaining to these principles.

<p>Läkemedelshanteringen är ett av sjuksköterskans ansvarsområden inom hälso- och sjukvården. Utifrån kunskap och lagar skall den bedrivas på ett patientsäkert sätt men trots det sker läkemedelshanteringsfel vilket innebär risker i patientsäkerheten.</p><p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva faktorer som påverkar säkerheten i samband med sjuksköterskans läkemedelshantering. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie. Resultatet visade att vanliga läkemedelshanteringsfel är utebliven dos, fel administreringstid, fel dos, fel administreringssätt, fel läkemedel och läkemedel till fel patient. Faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans läkemedelshantering är felaktiga och dåligt skrivna läkemedelsordinationer, distraktion under läkemedelshanteringen, bristande rutiner samt införande av ny teknologi. Sjuksköterskor upplever mer problem kring läkemedelsordinationer än läkarna. Annan vårdpersonal stod för den största orsaken till sjuksköterskans distraktion men vid införande av ett säkerhetssystem från flygindustrin reducerades distraktionen. Att följa rätt patient, rätt läkemedel, rätt dos, rätt administreringssätt och rätt tid (5 R) är en bra rutin för att läkemedelshanteringen kan bli säkrare. För att göra läkemedelshanteringen säkrare införs ny teknologi som datoriserade läkemedelsordinationer och då är rätt utbildning viktig för att det ska bli ett säkert hjälpmedel. Vidare forskning och utveckling bör bedrivas på sjukhusen i Sverige samt inom den teknologiska industrin med hjälp av sjuksköterskan för att utveckla säkrare läkemedelshantering och hjälpmedel till dem.</p><p>A central part of nursing is the drug administration. This administration is to be carried out in a manner which is conducive to patient safety. This science is the product both of knowledge and of legal provisions, yet errors still occur within the drug administration that create considerable risk for patient safety. </p><p>The purpose of this literary study has been to indicate factors that affect the safety of nurses’ drug administration. The results indicate that common errors in medicines administration are the result of the following: missed dosage, dosage at wrong time, wrong dosage, wrong method of administration, wrong medicine and giving medicine to the wrong patient. Factors contributing to these errors include erroneous or poorly written ordination, distraction during drug administration, poor routines as well as the introduction of new technology. Nurses’ consider the problems relating to ordination as being greater than doctors generally perceive them to be. Other healthcare personnel are seen to contribute to nurses’ distraction and this was greatly reduced in cases where security routines were adapted from the airline industry. The routine of right patient, right drug, right dosage, right administration and right time (5 R) is effective in creating greater safety in the drug administration. New technology is used to this end, computers being used, for example, for writing ordinations. In order for these methods truly to contribute to safety it is important that appropriate training is provided. In order to develop safer drug administration together with necessary tools and facilities it is recommended that more research is carried out, with the assistance of nurses, in hospitals here in Sweden as well as within the technology industries.</p>