The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of instruction with problem posing on tenth grade students&rsquo / probability achievement and attitudes towards probability. The study was conducted in Nallihan-Ankara with a total of 82 tenth grade students who were enrolled in one Public High School and one Anatolian High School. Twenty-seven of the subjects received instruction with Problem Posing (PPI), and fifty-five of the subjects received instruction with Traditional Method (TM). The following measuring instruments were used to collect data: Probability Attitude Scale (PAS), Probability Achievement Test (PAT) and Mathematics Attitude Scale (MAS). The PAS and MAS were administered as both pre and post-tests. The PAT was administered as post-test. In addition, students&rsquo / overall academic year of 2004-2005 Mathematics and Turkish course grades were collected from the school administration in order to interpret the effects of those grades on students&rsquo / probability achievement. The results of the study indicated that: There was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of students received instruction with problem posing and those received instruction with traditional method in terms of probability achievement, attitudes toward probability and mathematics in the favor of PPI.

This study focuses on the result of problem-posing teaching, covering units on number and operation on third grade elementary school students. The problem-posing teaching method incorporates: teacher formulating problem, discussion and debate, problem-solving activities, and problem-posing activities. This researcher was also the one who carried out teaching. The teachers guide was adapted from the teaching goals of textbook published by KNSH in 1993 and the researcher selected the units on number and operation from the fifth and sixth volumes. We used the teacher¡¦s math diaries, videotapes of actual teaching sessions, observation notes on teaching records, students¡¦ feedback surveys, and interviews of students. The objectives of this study are: 1. developing and integrating problem-posing into mathematics curriculum; 2. promoting students¡¦ ability in communication; and, 3. reflecting upon practice on problem-posing instruction through action research. There results are three results. First, when comparing performances of experimental class to control group, 5 out of 9 units were having statistical significance and 4 were not. Second, students¡¦ ability in communication improved after problem-posing instruction. Third, two challenges were identified when teachers implemented the problem-posing activities.

The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in problem-solving abilities and learning attitudes of two elementary second graders after integrating picture books into problem-posing instruction and administering tests on addition and subtraction word problems. The case study approach was adopted; where two second graders, having difficulty in comprehending addition and subtraction word problems, were selected from the researcher¡¦s class. Both students were given addition and subtraction word problems problem-solving pretests and were interviewed afterwards to further analyze their problem-solving abilities and attitudes so as to refer to remedial instruction. After instructional activities came to an end, addition and subtraction word problems problem-solving posttests were then given. Students were interviewed to explore the changes in problem-solving abilities and learning attitudes. Data were collected by observations, interviews and collections of related documents (including two cases¡¦ addition and subtraction word problems pretest and posttest, problem-solving worksheets, problem-posing worksheets, learning diaries, researcher¡¦s teaching introspection record table, audio-taping, video-taping, etc.). The changes in cases¡¦ problem-solving abilities and learning attitudes were analyzed and the findings indicated were four. First, picture books create problem-solving context that can raise cases¡¦ learning motives. Second, with problem-posing process of all types of addition and subtraction word problems and practice, problem-solving abilities of the cases were improved in four dimensions (Being able to locate unknown in problem targets and the known conditions from word problems; being able to select appropriate schematic drawing and to identify its relationship with the problem; being able to set up equations; and, being able to examine whether answers were reasonable.). Third, the remedial instructions designed were able to raise cases¡¦ level of confidence in problem-solving. Fourth, implementing remedial instruction by integrating picture books into problem-posing instruction enables not only transforming one case¡¦s passive learning attitudes to positive but also maintaining the other case¡¦s original positive attitudes. The above four results indicated that implementing addition and subtraction word problems remedial instruction to two second graders by integrating picture books into problem-posing instruction helped to improve children¡¦s problem-solving abilities and learning attitudes. Implications on research and practice were also given.

viii, 227 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The system of higher education in the United States suffers from deficits in several generally agreed-upon categories, including affordability, access, effectiveness of teaching and learning, and usefulness of degrees awarded. Many recommended reforms, particularly those from mainstream sources, are problematic, however. Paulo Freire's philosophy of liberatory education is a valuable source for addressing this issue. His discussion of the banking system of education provides a useful lens through which to analyze some of the problems with the current system as well as many recommended reforms, particularly calls for greater accountability for student learning. The problem-posing method of education that Freire advocates as a solution to the banking system, in turn, offers a valuable model to draw upon in the attempt to propose an effective solution to problems in higher education in the US. I apply Freire's philosophy to the 2006 report by the Commission on the Future of Higher Education. / Adviser: Scott L. Pratt

Submitted by Aline Amarante (1146629@mackenzie.br) on 2018-01-11T14:22:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 VANESSA MARIANO DE CASTRO VIEIRA.pdf: 2753495 bytes, checksum: 8be3e505e9278c82bb164f27f92ba7bf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2018-03-03T17:35:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 VANESSA MARIANO DE CASTRO VIEIRA.pdf: 2753495 bytes, checksum: 8be3e505e9278c82bb164f27f92ba7bf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-03T17:35:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 VANESSA MARIANO DE CASTRO VIEIRA.pdf: 2753495 bytes, checksum: 8be3e505e9278c82bb164f27f92ba7bf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-11 / Since sustainability demands a paradigm shift in production and consumption patterns, the transition to another rationality in the organization requires corporate education efforts toward the development of its professionals. This objective demands to promote the exercise of critical reflection in organizations through a corporate education that distances itself from a proposal focused on purely pragmatic and instrumental training, fostering reflection, that is, that questions assumptions and that stimulates new values and culture towards sustainability. Theories of critical reflection (CR) and transformative learning (TL) are adequate to think about Corporate Education for Sustainability (CEfS). This research was guided by the types of reflection of Mezirow (1991): the “problem solving”, focused on the reflection on content and process and "problem posing", that focuses on the criticism of the premises belonging to the problem. In addition, it is also discussed the TL and the competences that it can foster to respond to the assumptions of sustainability in the organization. The overall goal of the research is to describe and analyze CEfS initiatives triggered by a financial institution in the light of the concepts of Critical Reflection and Transforming Learning, in order to understand how such formative actions are fostering the assumptions of sustainability in the organization. The object of study were the initiatives of CEfS offered by a Brazilian financial institution (FI) considered worldwide of excellence. In order to carry out the dissertation, the case study was adopted as a research strategy, with data construction by examining documents and interviews, using the template for analysis. The documentary analysis of the educational architecture focused on sustainability of the FI was carried out, and two formative actions of this set were examined in greater detail. In addition, considering the public of these two formative actions, eleven in-depth interviews were conducted with educators and open questions were sent via email to the participants, with the return of 81 students who externalized their perceptions. These data made it possible to observe a process of oscillation between more reflexive and critical training proposals in substitution for others of a more pragmatic and instrumental nature, in the period between 2003 and 2017, due to changes in the organization 's strategic orientation in this field. As a consequence, there was a depletion of CR and TL ideas for sustainability, which are expressed in the participants' narratives about the experiences lived. The narratives directed to the reflection of the content and the process prevailed in relation to the discourses involving premise, which has clear implications for the realization of the desired paradigm changes. This study contributes to thinking about CR and TL focused on sustainability in organizations, at the same time it shows elements that are important to be considered in the analysis of formative experiences of this nature, such as the pragmatic and reflective dimension of the educational initiative; training format; continuity of such action over time; contextual character and its relation to the collaborator's work and organization´s support in the post-course. As a practical contribution, this research sought to present subsidies for the advancement and improvement of training actions aimed at the objectives of sustainable and human development in the organization, guided by the exercise of critical reflection and of purposes from transformative learning, which represents a trend of current research related to corporate education. / Uma vez que a sustentabilidade demanda uma mudança paradigmática nos padrões produtivos e de consumo, a transição para outra racionalidade na organização exige esforços da educação corporativa em direção ao desenvolvimento de seus profissionais. Tal objetivo demanda promover o exercício da reflexão crítica nas organizações por meio de uma educação corporativa que se distancie de uma proposta focada em treinamentos meramente pragmáticos e instrumentais, fomentando reflexão, ou seja, que questione pressupostos e que estimule novos valores e cultura em direção à sustentabilidade. As teorias de reflexão crítica (RC) e aprendizagem transformadora (AT) são adequadas para pensar a Educação Corporativa para Sustentabilidade (ECpS). Essa pesquisa se norteou pelos tipos de reflexão de Mezirow (1991): o “problem solving”, voltado para a reflexão sobre conteúdo e processo e “problem posing”, que foca na crítica das premissas pertencentes ao problema. Além disso, discute-se também a AT e as competências que ela pode fomentar para responder aos pressupostos de sustentabilidade na organização. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é descrever e analisar iniciativas de ECpS desencadeadas por uma instituição financeira à luz dos conceitos de Reflexão Crítica e Aprendizagem Transformadora, de modo a compreender como tais ações formativas estão fomentando os pressupostos de sustentabilidade na organização. O objeto de estudo foram as inciativas de ECpS ofertadas por uma instituição financeira brasileira (IF) considerada mundialmente de excelência. Para levar o estudo a efeito, adotou-se como estratégia de pesquisa o estudo de caso, com construção de dados por meio de exame de documentos e entrevistas, utilizando-se o template para análise. Foi realizada análise documental da arquitetura educacional da IF voltada à sustentabilidade, sendo que duas ações formativas desse conjunto foram examinadas com maior detalhamento. Além disso, considerando o público dessas duas ações formativas, foram realizadas 11 entrevistas em profundidade com educadores e enviados por e-mail roteiros de perguntas abertas aos participantes, com retorno de 81 educandos que externalizaram suas percepções. Tais dados possibilitaram constatar um processo de oscilação entre propostas de formação mais reflexivas e críticas em substituição por outras de natureza mais pragmáticas e instrumentais, no intervalo de 2003 a 2017, decorrentes das mudanças de orientação estratégica da organização neste campo. Como reflexo, houve um esvaziamento dos ideários de RC e AT em direção à sustentabilidade, o que reflete as narrativas dos participantes sobre as experiências que vivenciaram. Predominaram narrativas dirigidas à reflexão de conteúdo e processo e não de premissa, o que tem claras implicações para o alcance das mudanças paradigmáticas pretendidas. Esse estudo contribui para se pensar a RC e AT voltados à sustentabilidade nas organizações, ao mesmo tempo ele mostra elementos que são importantes de serem considerados na análise de experiências formativas dessa natureza, tais como a dimensão pragmática e reflexiva da iniciativa educacional; formato do treinamento; continuidade de tal ação ao longo do tempo; caráter contextual e sua relação com o trabalho do colaborador e suporte da organização pós-curso. Como contribuição prática, essa pesquisa buscou apresentar subsídios para o avanço e melhoria de ações formativas dirigidas a objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável e humano na organização, pautados pelo exercício da reflexão crítica e dos propósitos da aprendizagem transformadora, o que representa uma tendência das pesquisas atuais relacionadas à educação corporativa.

Globalization has brought increased opportunities for educators to collaborate across borders, sharing everything from curricula, teaching practices and educational standards to learning technologies, institutional structures and organizational policies. In the literature, this is often referred to as educational transfer, or the borrowing and lending between educational systems from different countries or cultures. Today, institutions that share between educational systems—whether schools, community groups, development organizations, corporations or governments—are so ubiquitous that some may think of it as a natural, inevitable and benign process. Yet as perspectives shared in this study illustrate, for many in-field practitioners, transfer can be challenging, have processes and outcomes that are not always clear or beneficial, and be fraught with many problems. This study examines the perspectives and problems of hosts when Western educators and development practitioners work within their postcolonial communities. Drawing on concepts, methods and strategies from postcolonial and critical education theory, this study examines how transfer can perpetuate historically inherited patterns of Western imperialism to answer the question, as educational borrowers and lenders, how do we know we are or aren’t neocolonial actors when transferring Western education into postcolonial countries, and what can we do to help ensure that we aren’t? Using a mix of grounded theory, narrative inquiry and action research, this study draws on data from interviews, narratives and group discussions that were collected between 2014 and 2019 from over 33 participants representing visiting and hosting volunteers and staff at three universities in Ghana and Vietnam. The results demonstrate that although their specific problems are individual and varied, hosting professionals can struggle with similar themes like Eurocentrism, developmentalism, inequality, harm and racism, requiring practitioners to use additional evaluation methods besides traditional needs assessments and outcomes-based program evaluations to decolonize their work. In addition to theorizing how practitioners might improve transfer evaluation, the study also examines how hosts and visitors might develop more critical awareness of neocolonial patterns and better support decolonial goals like participant consent, self-determination and empowerment. To this end, the study shares postcolonial perspectives, theoretical models and piloted problem reduction strategies to help future transfer practitioners develop deeper and more critical understandings of educational transfer. / Graduate / 2021-12-03

In educational research, the cognitive activity of problem posing is recognized as an important component of mathematics teaching and learning. Compared to the prevailing educational paradigm of problem solving, problem posing features less commonly in classroom instruction. During the past 20 years, numerous studies examining the use of problem posing in school mathematics instruction have documented positive outcomes in terms of students’ knowledge, problem-solving abilities, creativity, and attitudes and beliefs regarding the study of mathematics. However, despite these promising results, problem posing in mathematics instruction has rarely been studied in the population of students with learning disabilities (LDs). This study describes a problem-posing intervention that draws on existing Conceptual Model-based Problem Solving program (COMPS, Xin, 2012) and conceptual research into the problem posing task. The COMPS-based problem posing intervention is designed to teach word problem posing skills to students with LDs under structured problem posing situations. The study applies a single-subject multiple-baseline design across three participants to investigate the effects on participants’ word problem solving and problem posing skills. The results showed that all three students demonstrated increased math performance on both problem solving and problem posing tests when the COMPS-based Problem Posing intervention was used. In addition, both immediate and maintenance effects on student learning were noted.

Problemformulering är en arbetsmetod som är tätt kopplad till problemlösning, men trots att matematiker och forskare under lång tid betonat dess betydelse, har det inte fått tillräckligt med uppmärksamhet inom forskning. Användningen av problemformulering kan resultera i förbättrad förståelse av matematik, ökat självförmåga, främjande av matematisk kreativitet och en positiv inställning till ämnet, samt ökad motivation. Denna studie har granskat användningen av problemformulering i undervisningen för elever i årskurs 4-6 genom att besvara följande frågor: "Hur motiveras användningen av problemformulering i matematikundervisning för elever i årskurs 4-6?" och "Vilka aspekter av problemformulering kan enligt tidigare forskning vara utmanande för genomförandet?". Det är en systematisk litteraturstudie, vilket innebär att den bygger på tidigare forskning som samlats in metodiskt och väldokumenterat, för att sedan analyserats och diskuterats. Resultaten av studien visar att vetenskapligt stöd för användningen av problemformulering i årskurs 4-6 finns och stödjer tidigare forskning som visar att problemformulering förbättrar elevers förståelse av matematik, färdigheter, kreativitet, självförmåga, motivation och attityder gentemot ämnet. Resultaten pekar också på vissa utmaningar som lärare och elever kan ställas inför vid genomförandet, främst på grund av att arbetsmetoden avviker från den mer traditionella undervisningen samt brist på erfarenhet inom detta område / Mathematical problem posing is a method closely linked to problem-solving, but despite mathematicians and researchers emphasizing its importance for a long time, it has not received sufficient attention in research. The use of mathematical problem-posing can result in an improved understanding of mathematics, increased self-efficacy, improvement of mathematical creativity, a positive attitude towards the subject, and increased motivation. This study has examined the use of mathematical problem-posing in the education of students in grades 4-6 by addressing the following questions: "How is the use of mathematical problem-posing in mathematics education for students in grades 4-6 motivated?" and "What aspects of mathematical problem-posing can, according to previous research, be challenging for implementation?". It is a systematic literature study, meaning that it is based on previous research that has been systematically and well-documented in its collection, analysis, and discussion. The results of the study show that there is scientific support for the use of mathematical problem-posing in grades 4-6 and support previous research indicating that mathematical problem-posing improves students' understanding of mathematics, skills, creativity, self-efficacy, motivation, and attitudes towards the subject. The results also point to certain challenges that teachers and students may face in implementation, primarily due to its deviation from more traditional teaching methods and the lack of experience in this area.

This thesis presents the first Swedish empirical evidence on how teachers employ a dynamic mathematical software when teaching mathematics in upper secondary school. The study examines: a) How teachers formulate mathematical problems? b) How they use the experience the students have gained? and c) What use they make of the software’s potential? These questions are examined through classroom observations followed up by discussions with the teachers. The study comprises three teachers and shows that they have very different mathematical experiences and teaching skills. A questionnaire was sent to the teachers prior to the classroom visits to collect relevant background information; e.g., the teachers were asked to describe their teacher training, their view of mathematics and of how a dynamic software could contribute to their teaching. The results show that the teachers’ ability to pose thought-provoking openended problems is the most important factor as it significantly influences what the students learn. The way a mathematical problem is formulated could, in conjunction with a dynamic software, actually limit the students’ achievement. However, this study confirms that it could also provide an opportunity for students to discover new mathematical relations, draw conclusions, generalise and formulate hypotheses. This could in turn lead to an in formally proving a mathematical relation. A conclusion of the study is that to be successful, teachers need a good mathematical background with a firm knowledge base and an understanding of the software’s potential, but they also need the skill to formulate open-ended problems that will enable their students to work successfully with a dynamic mathematical software.

This paper combines data from two different international research studies that used problem posing in analyzing elementary teacher candidates’ understanding of rational numbers. In 2007, a mathematics educator from the United States and a mathematician from Northern Ireland collaborated to investigate their respective elementary teacher candidates’ understanding of addition and division of fractions. A year later, the same US mathematics educator collaborated with a mathematics educator from South Africa on a similar research project that focused solely on the addition of fractions. The results of both studies show that elementary teacher candidates from the three different continents share similar misconceptions regarding the addition of fractions. The misconceptions that emerged were analyzed and used in designing teaching strategies intended to improve elementary teacher candidates’ understanding of rational numbers. The research also suggests that problem posing may improve their understanding of addition of fractions.