The growth of online learning has provided opportunities for skills otherwise taught traditionally in a face-to-face learning environment to be taught in an online learning environment. Procedural skills, which have traditionally been taught in a face-to-face environment, can also be taught in an online learning environment using various delivery modes including virtual reality, augmented reality, simulations and videos. However, producing materials using some of these delivery modes could be expensive and might require advanced skills. However, video could be cost effective and might not require advanced skills based on the video produced. This study seeks to produce guidelines for using video to teach procedural skills in an online learning environment based on Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction (Gagné, 1975). To accomplish this goal, this study employed a design and development research methodology. The guidelines produced will assist instructors and course developers intending to use video to teach procedural skills based on Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction (Gagné, 1975). A systematic literature review was used to create the initial guidelines which were distributed to expert reviewers. Expert reviewers provided feedback which was used to revise the guidelines for using video to teach procedural skills based on Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction (Gagné, 1975). / Doctor of Philosophy / Procedural knowledge is defined as the knowledge of steps needed to attain a goal (Byrnes et al., 1991). Procedural skills can be taught in an online learning environment using various delivery modes including virtual reality, augmented reality, simulations and videos. However, some of the delivery modes can be expensive and might require advanced skills to use. Videos, on the other hand, can be cost effective and might not require advanced skills to produce depending on way it is produced. This study utilized a design and development research methodology to produce guidelines for using video to teach procedural skills based on Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction (Gagné, 1975). A systematic literature review was used to create the initial guidelines which were distributed to expert reviewers. Expert reviewers from diverse backgrounds related to the study provided feedback which was used to revise the guidelines for using video to teach procedural skills based on Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction (Gagné, 1975).

<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> <p align="left">The aim of the study was to investigate the nature of biology practical work and associated discourses in two Namibian secondary schools. The purposive sample consisted of three biology teachers and 36 grade 11 students who enrolled for NSSC Higher- and Ordinary-level biology in 2004 and 2005. The study adopted a descriptive and an in-depth qualitative design involving the use of interviews and observation schedules (Video Observation Quoting Schedules-VOQS). The quality of VOQS instruments were established through a panel of independent experts who critically assessed the quality of the items and later discussed to reach consensus. Their rating of the items helped in the establishment of interrater reliability.</p> </font></font></p>

<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> <p align="left">The aim of the study was to investigate the nature of biology practical work and associated discourses in two Namibian secondary schools. The purposive sample consisted of three biology teachers and 36 grade 11 students who enrolled for NSSC Higher- and Ordinary-level biology in 2004 and 2005. The study adopted a descriptive and an in-depth qualitative design involving the use of interviews and observation schedules (Video Observation Quoting Schedules-VOQS). The quality of VOQS instruments were established through a panel of independent experts who critically assessed the quality of the items and later discussed to reach consensus. Their rating of the items helped in the establishment of interrater reliability.</p> </font></font></p>

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The aim of the study was to investigate the nature of biology practical work and associated discourses in two Namibian secondary schools. The purposive sample consisted of three biology teachers and 36 grade 11 students who enrolled for NSSC Higher- and Ordinary-level biology in 2004 and 2005. The study adopted a descriptive and an in-depth qualitative design involving the use of interviews and observation schedules (Video Observation Quoting Schedules-VOQS). The quality of VOQS instruments were established through a panel of independent experts who critically assessed the quality of the items and later discussed to reach consensus. Their rating of the items helped in the establishment of interrater reliability.

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