Thesis advisor: Michael G. Pratt / Evidence is mounting that recognition from others may play a critical role in shaping an individual’s experience of meaningful work; so how do workers find meaningfulness when their work is “invisible”? I examine this tension through a qualitative, inductive study of the occupation of linemen—the women and men who construct and repair power lines. By examining this invisible occupation, my research explains the conditions that foster the “recognition gap”—a disparity between the recognition linemen believe they deserve and the recognition they actually receive. This recognition gap ultimately produces meaningfulness insecurity—feelings of uncertainty or doubt about the meaningfulness of their work. Moreover, this research also explains how linemen overcome this meaningfulness insecurity through intuitive feelings of pride in beautiful completed work. Through a process motivated by a desire to avoid criticism for ugly work, linemen develop “expert schemas” that allow for intuitive—rapid, nonconscious, and affectively charged—reactions to the appearance of a completed job. When positive, these intuitive judgements foster experiences of meaningfulness. By explaining these processes, this dissertation re-casts meaningfulness from an individual accomplishment to one that is deeply dependent on social cues; and from a process requiring thoughtful reflection to one driven by intuitive judgements. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management. / Discipline: Management and Organization.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Background: Preceptorship refers to a teaching and learning approach through which a well experienced clinician is contracted to provide clinical teaching, supervision, role‐modeling of professional and clinical practice skills and assessment of students in a clinical setting. This approach often involves three groups of people, namely: faculty, students, and clinicians (preceptors). The preceptor in this study refers to a registered nurse who supervises and conducts clinical assessment of students in a clinical area, while at the same time is responsible for patient care. The focus of this study was to explore preceptors’ opinions regarding the implementation of preceptorship in the diploma in the nursing curriculum diploma in the nursing curriculum in Botswana. Emphasis was placed on seeking information on how preceptorship is implemented, the strengths and challenges regarding its implementation and suggestions as to how it should be strengthened to contribute positively towards teaching and learning of students. Methodology: A mixed cross‐sectional descriptive design, using a survey was used. . The design was adopted because of its ability to provide a broad understanding of the concept under study by allowing participants to share their experiences and opinions about a specified situation. Both the qualitative and quantitative data were collected simultaneously. A standardized self‐developed structured questionnaire using both closed ended and few open ended questions and consisting of scaled self‐report items and checklists was used to collect data from forty‐four (44) preceptors and three (3) third year level coordinators from the three (3) health training institutions. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, while the qualitative data were analyzed for frequency of common themes. Descriptive statistics in the form of frequency tables and charts, as well as measures of central tendencies, were used in the analysis of quantitative data. Results: The findings revealed that preceptorship program was not well coordinated as there were no preceptorship manuals to guide the implementation of preceptorship program. On the positive side, however, preceptors felt comfortable and competent to supervise and assess students, despite the fact that most of them had not received preceptorship training or orientation. With regard to preceptor support, it was evident that there was need for major support in regard to improved communication between preceptor and faculty, improved support by the health facility manager and the need for strengthening preceptor training and orientation. The majority of the respondents have recommended for preceptorship orientation /training targeted at addressing some of the following topics: Student and preceptor roles, curriculum requirements, clinical teaching and assessment skills, leadership skills and how to access resources from the health training institutions. A significant number of preceptors felt that it was important to receive feedback about students’ progress from faculty and to receive feedback from students regarding their experiences in the clinical internship sites. Lastly, preceptors also felt that there was need for introducing incentives into the preceptorship program Conclusion The key areas that emerged from the study indicated an uncoordinated and unstructured preceptorship program in the diploma nursing curriculum. Preceptor support is limited as evidenced by report of lack of training or orientation of preceptors to their preceptorship role. To ensure sustainability of preceptorship program there is need to improve the following areas: preceptorship training and orientation, and preceptorship support by both the health training institution and the health facility managers. Key words: Preceptors, preceptorship, orientation, socialization, student assessment, and faculty support, clinical teaching, mentor, clinical supervisor.

La pratique institutionnelle garantit un traitement spécial aux professions libérales, différent dans les secteurs de la concurrence et du marché. Cette pratique manque cependant de cohérence, dans la mesure où elle se fonde sur une approche au cas par cas et n’ayant jamais été étudiée par une approche transversale. Cette étude identifie alors les éléments qui caractérisent les « professions libérales », de sorte que la Cour de Justice et les institutions européennes puissent donner plus de cohérence à leurs actions. Par ailleurs, vue que la convergence d’intérêts publics et privés - typique de ce marché - cause des tensions entre les règles de concurrence et les droits fondamentaux, les professions libérales peuvent bien être considérées comme un paradigme du principe d'économie sociale de marché. Ce qui pourrait donner une justification théorique au traitement spécial leur étant accordé par le système juridique européen. / The EU institutional practice grants a special treatment to liberal professions in the fields of competition and internal market law. This practice, however, suffers a lack of consistency insofar as it follows a case-by-case approach and has never been studied in a systemic way.This research identifies the elements characterizing these activities and offers a proper definition of “liberal professions”, which can be useful for the European institutions to rationalize their actions. Also, since the convergence of public and private interests - which is typical of this market - produces tensions between competition rules and fundamental rights, the liberal professions may well be regarded as a paradigm of the principle of social market economy. This finding can, therefore, give a theoretical justification for the special treatment accorded to them at European level.

Cette thèse appréhende les agents sportifs comme des acteurs évoluant dans un univers professionnel dynamique, complexe et multidimensionnel. Profession, métier et activités de travail, ces trois termes, souvent interchangeables, demeurent pourtant amphibologiques étant donnée leur extrême polysémie. C’est à partir de cette ambivalence que se construit l’objet d’étude, une profession atypique au statut inachevé, entre régulation et autonomie. Dans un premier temps, sous l’angle de la sociologie des professions, cette recherche s’attache à restituer et à éclairer la terminologie utilisée. Ce faisant, elle pose les prémices d’un modèle professionnel de l’agent sportif, marqué par des interventions réglementaires émanant des sphères politiques et sportives. Puis, nous proposons de réinterroger l’organisation et la régulation de la profession d’agent sportif, telles qu’imposées par les instances présumées compétentes en la matière. Nous opérons ensuite un changement de paradigme qui entraîne une modification de point de vue sur la profession car notre regard se déplace sur la pratique quotidienne des activités de travail de l’agent sportif. C’est dans l’interaction acyclique ou continue avec les groupes et les individus qu’il cotie que l’agent sportif acquiert et intègre les compétences nécessaires à la réalisation réussie de son projet professionnel. La carrière de l’agent sportif et l’orientation professionnelle donnée à son activité dépendent de l’authenticité de ses parcours antérieurs lesquels déterminent en partie les choix et les stratégies que celui-ci développe dans la construction de sa carrière. Les analyses des trajectoires biographiques et des tâches professionnelles d’agents sportifs présentés dans cette thèse permettent de comprendre comment se développe et évolue l’identité professionnelle au cours de la carrière. La profession d’agent sportif est abordée par la manière dont les agents sportifs parlent de leur métier au quotidien et reconstituent les étapes de leur engagement dans les activités d’intermédiation. / This thesis views sports agents as actors evolving in a dynamic, complex and multi-dimensional work environment. Profession, occupation and work, these three terms, although often used interchangeably yet, remain amphibological given their extreme polysemy. The object of this research arises in light of that ambivalence as a study of an atypical profession with an uncompleted status, teetering between regulation and autonomy. The first section of the study aims to help specify and clarify the terminology being used. In doing so, using the literature from the sociology of professions, it provides a starting point for a suitable theoretical framework that could be applied to the profession of sports agent or to the (sports) agency practice, as a whole. The occupational model of sports agent is framed in such a way that the professional self-regulation is restricted by Sports governing Bodies and State regulatory interventions. Therefore we propose to re-examine the organization and regulation of the sports agents’ activities. The findings indicate significant differences between the regulations applicable to sports agents. The inefficiency of the current regulations whether they are enacted by national sports federations, international sports federation or by the State is closely related to the internal professional dynamics that these regulations disturb. The thesis examines therefore the tasks of sports agents, the individuals that carry them out, and the variable and inconstant connections that tie one to the other. In this respect, as a means of a more accurate conceptualization of its object of analysis, this research describes sports agents’ activities quantitatively and qualitatively, exploring various dimensions and aspects such as the foundations of the profession, the social role of sports agents, the different typologies of sports agents and the occupational tasks accomplished by each. It also highlights the international scope of sports agents’ activities

中國自一九七八年以來一直致力於法制現代化建設，但至今仍未能建立一個具有高度凝聚力和獨立性的法律共同體，國家與法律職業之間的關係依然緊張。職業主義並沒有隨著過去三十年的法律發展而成為改革的核心。在這種背景下，非職業化法律服務制度在中國的發展無疑值得進一步的關注與研究。 / 本文將分析國家在職業化與非職業化機制中所扮演的角色。在全面評估非職業化法律服務發展概況的基礎上，分析的焦點將放在基層法律工作者和非政府組織雇員這兩類重要的非職業化服務團體上。本文也將通過實證研究與比較研究的方法對這兩種類型的非專業人士進行深入的探討。 / 本文通過以上視角得出若干重要的啟示。第一， 非職業化法律制度的發展主要服務於國家控制的目標。第二，非職業化法律服務團體的生存與發展必須建立在滿足特定國家機構利益的前提上。第三，在本文所觀察的樣本中，非政府組織雇員比基層法律工作者更有效率。總體而言，國家在職業化和非職業化機制的形成與運作中都發揮了決定性的作用。 / Since 1978 China has been committed to modernizing its legal system, yet a cohesive and independent community of legal personnel is far from established and the tension between the state and the legal community remains high. Despite three decades of legal development, China has not truly made professionalism central to its reform agenda. Among many others, one noteworthy but understudied aspect is the widespread use of non-lawyers in the legal services system. / This dissertation aims to examine the role of the state in the making of professional and non-professional mechanisms in China. In addition to a holistic evaluation of non-professional legal services, the dissertation includes empirical studies and comparative analyses of the two most important groups of non-lawyers the government-sponsored basic-level legal workers and the non-lawyer staff of non-governmental organizations. / These perspectives reveal a number of important facts. First, the development of non-professional legal institutions mainly serves the purpose of state control. Second, non-professional groups are able to survive only by satisfying the bureaucratic interests of specific state agencies. Third, the staff of non-governmental organizations observed in this study appeared to perform more effectively than basic-level legal workers. Overall, the dissertation argues that the state dictates the formation and operation of both professional and non-professional mechanisms in China. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Pan, Xuanming. / "December 2012." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract and appendix 1 also in Chinese. / List of thesis entitled --- p.vi / List of Figures and Tables --- p.vii / INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Structure --- p.3 / Literature Review --- p.5 / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- LAWYERS, NON-LAWYERS AND THE CHINESE STATE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND --- p.16 / Chapter 1.1 --- Litigation Masters: the Legal Occupation in Imperial China --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Short-Lived Professionalization during the Republican Era --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Communist Revolution Discontinuing Professionalization --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4 --- Political Turmoil (1957 - 1977) Destroying the Whole Legal System --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5 --- Restoration of the Legal System and Renaissance of the Legal Profession --- p.33 / Chapter 1.6 --- Conclusion --- p.40 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- NON-PROFESSIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION: THE CASE OF NON-LAWYERS’ MEDIATION --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1 --- Non-lawyers’ Mediation in Imperial China --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2 --- Non-lawyers’ Mediation as a Way of Communist State Building --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3 --- Judicial Professionalization and the Decline of Mediation --- p.57 / Chapter 2.4 --- A Growing Need of Social Control and the Re-emphasis on Mediation --- p.59 / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusion --- p.64 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- NON-PROFESSIONAL LEGAL REPRESENTATION: THE CASE OF NON-LAWYER REPRESENTATIVES --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Role of Non-lawyers in Civil Justice: Comparative Perspectives --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Origins of Non-lawyer Representatives in China --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3 --- Authorizing Non-lawyer Representatives in the Civil Procedure Law --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4 --- Uneven Development, Regional Disparities and the Vagueness of Central Laws --- p.76 / Chapter 3.5 --- Regulating Non-lawyer Representatives at the Local Level --- p.85 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.91 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- GOVERNMENTAL NON-LAWYERS: THE CASE OF BASIC-LEVEL LEGAL WORKERS --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Origins and Development of the BLW System --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2 --- The BLW System as an Exceptionally Authorized Group of Non-lawyers --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Ministerial Policies vs. the Law on Lawyers --- p.103 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Growing Need of Legalization for the BLW System --- p.107 / Chapter 4.5 --- The Failure of Legalization and Continued Local Support for the BLW System --- p.111 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.115 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- NON-GOVERNMENTAL NON-LAWYERS: THE CASE OF NGO NON-LAWYERS --- p.118 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Development of Non-Governmental Organizations in China: an Overview --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2 --- Beyond the Official Perspective: Typology of Chinese NGOs --- p.122 / Chapter 5.3 --- A Case Study of Grassroots Labor NGOs in the Pearl River Delta --- p.125 / Chapter 5.4 --- A Further Examination of the Policy Environment and Survival Strategies of Labor NGOs in the Pearl River Delta --- p.133 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.141 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- REPORT UPON FINDINGS OF THE FIELDWORK CONDUCTED WITH BASIC-LEVEL LEGAL WORKERS --- p.143 / Chapter 6.1 --- Focus of the Fieldwork and Account of the Methodology --- p.143 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Affiliation with the Local Government --- p.152 / Chapter 6.3 --- Human Resources --- p.156 / Chapter 6.4 --- Finances --- p.161 / Chapter 6.5 --- Duties and Work of the Basic-level Legal Workers --- p.165 / Chapter 6.6 --- Conclusion --- p.173 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- REPORT UPON FINDINDS OF THE FIELDWORK CONDUCTED WITH NGO NON-LAWYERS --- p.175 / Chapter 7.1 --- The Role of NGO Non-lawyers in the Legal Aid System --- p.175 / Chapter 7.2 --- Focus of the Fieldwork and Account of the Methodology --- p.178 / Chapter 7.3 --- Human Resources --- p.184 / Chapter 7.4 --- Financial Resources --- p.190 / Chapter 7.5 --- Services Available from the NGO Non-lawyers --- p.193 / Chapter 7.6 --- Conclusion --- p.212 / Chapter CONCLUSION --- p.214 / Chapter APPENDIX 1 --- THE INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR BASIC-LEVEL LEGAL WORKERS (ORIGINAL VERSION) --- p.219 / Chapter APPENDIX 2 --- A NOTE ON FIELDWORK LOCATIONS AND THE DEFINITION OF A CITY IN CHINA --- p.235 / Chapter APPENDIX 3 --- A NOTE ON LEGAL RULES CITED IN THIS DISSERTATION --- p.239 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.245

Avocats, notaires et huissiers de justices ont-ils les moyens structurels de se regrouper tout en maintenant leurs spécificités ?Tel est l'enjeu d'une certaine réflexion sur les différents modes de regroupement de professions juridiques. Car ces professionnels ont des fonctions différentes mais complémentaires et des statuts certainement compatibles au vu de leur dénominateur commun qui est la réglementation de leurs professions. Le cœur de leurs métiers réside pour chacun dans le respect de règles strictes - notamment d'une déontologie - et le service aux clients.Les structures classiques que sont les groupements de personnes comme l'association, la société civile de moyens, ou le groupement d'intérêt économique, peuvent correspondre à un premier objectif de mise en commun de moyens, mais de véritables sociétés de capitaux ont été mises à la disposition des professions juridiques pour favoriser leur croissance, par la création des sociétés d'exercice libéral en 1990, puis de véritables sociétés holding que sont les sociétés de participation financière de professions libérales en 2001, et enfin de sociétés pluriprofessionnelles d'exercice en 2015.L'évolution législative en la matière a été longue et finalement hésitante tant le rôle des professions juridiques est loin du commerce.Le législateur s'est attaché depuis 1990 à préserver l'indépendance des professionnels du droit, mais peu à peu, les verrous nécessaires ont lâché pour laisser place aujourd'hui à une ouverture financière et d'exercice qui paraît inadaptée au respect de l'essence-même de ces professions.La volonté récurrente de constituer une "grande profession du droit" ou une profession unifiée n'a pas abouti, mais les outils viennent d'être donnés sans "mode d'emploi" pour parvenir insidieusement à ce que la finance encourage la naissance d'une profession unique sous couvert d'un regroupement nécessaire à la survie des structures. L'interprofessionnalité est en marche, mais à quel prix ? / Have lawyers solicitors and bailiffs the structural ways to group together while maintaining their specificities?Such is the stake in a certain reflection on the various modes of regroupement of law occupations. Because these professionals have different but complementary functions and certainly compatible statutes in view of their common denominator which is the regulations of their occupations. The heart of their jobs lives for each in the respect for strict rules - in particular of a business ethics - and the service to the customers.The classic structures that are the groupings of people as the association, the civil society of ways, or the economic interest group, can correspond to a first objective of pooling of ways, but real societies of capital were put at the disposal of law occupations to favor their growth, by the creation of the societies of liberal exercise in 1990, then the real holding companies that are the societies of financial participation of liberal professions in 2001, and finally pluriprofessionnelles societies of exercise in 2015.The legislative evolution on the subject was long and finally hesitating so much the role of law occupations is far from trade. The legislator attempted since 1990 to protect the independence of the professionals of the right, but little by little, the necessary bolts broke to give way to a financial opening and of exercise today which seems unsuitable for the respect for the gasoline of these occupations.The recurring will to constitute a " big profession of the law " or a unified profession did not succeed, but tools have just been given without "instructions for use" to reach insidiously that the finance encourages the birth of a unique profession on behalf of a grouping necessary for the survival of the structures. The interprofessionalism is underway, but at what price ?

This qualitative study investigated the role mentoring plays in the professional development of women in student affairs. The goal of this research was not to prove a theory about women's mentoring relationships, but rather to richly describe these relationships in order to understand the impact they have had, and will continue to have on womens' professional lives. The results of this study is significant because it will provide a foundation for understanding the process of women's mentoring relationships in student affairs. The researcher conducted five indepth, open-ended interviews with women in various positions in student affairs in order to gather rich, descriptive data. The researcher selected women with whom she already has at least an acquaintance relationship. These women were from the Mid-West region. Each woman was at a different point in her professional development- graduate student, new professional, midlevel, and senior administrator. Women from both private and public institutions were interviewed. Four themes emerged from the interviews that each of these women discussed. These themes were, there are common characteristics of mentoring relationships; the impact mentoring has on the early development of the professional; the importance of having a female mentor; and the scarcity of female mentors at the top of the ladder. / Department of Secondary, Higher, and Foundations of Education