Thèse (M.Ed.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2002. / Bibliogr.: f. 125-134. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

La thèse décrit l’ensemble hétérogène et flou de produits et de situations de travail qu'embrasse le monde des pâtissiers en France de la fin des années 1970 au début des années 2010 à la lumière d'une question de sociologie : dans quelle mesure les marques de considération portées aux travailleurs et à leur travail participent-elles à stabiliser des formes professionnelles, qu'il s'agisse d’un groupe professionnel, de segments élitaires, de communautés de praticiens ou encore de trajectoires individuelles ? Les matériaux mobilisés dans les trois parties de la thèse sont issus d’un travail sur archives et d’une enquête ethnographique. Une base prosopographique de première main est exploitée à partir de méthodes d’analyse de séquences. Dans la première partie, les revendications de statut portées au nom du groupe des pâtissiers par plusieurs collectifs et les conventions esthétiques convoquées et explicitées dans ce cadre sont étudiées. Dans la deuxième partie, les rhétoriques d’excellence mises en œuvre sur trois arènes de définition du travail pâtissier (le système des concours pâtissiers, une association élitaire et les sélections critiques) sont comparées au regard des sanctions qu’elles sécrètent et des segments élitaires qu'elles concourent à stabiliser. La troisième partie est consacrée à la stabilisation de trajectoires individuelles sur les marchés du travail et sur les marchés boutiquiers, à l’appui notamment de ces marques de considération. Ce faisant, les modèles d’avantage cumulatif sont mis à l’épreuve. En filigrane, la conduite d’entreprise et les compétences décoratives apparaissent comme deux principes récurrents de considération du travail pâtissier. / The thesis describes the heterogenous world of pâtissiers – in terms of products and work situations – in France from the late 1970’s to the early 2010’s in the light of a sociological question : to what extent do marks of consideration sent to workers and to their work contribute to stabilize professional forms, be it professional groups, professional segments (elitarian or not) or individual trajectories ? The three parts of the thesis are based on empirical research, interweaving archive and ethnographic materials. An original prosopographical database is exploited through sequence analysis. The first part of the thesis presents an analysis of competing jurisdictional claims describing a group of pâtissiers and explicitly aesthetic choices that these claims reveal. In a second part, three arenas of definition of pâtissier work (pâtissier competitions, an elitarian association and critics) are compared with regard to rhetorics of excellence they convey and the elitarian segments they contribute to stabilize. The third part looks at individual trajectories that are partly built on these marks of consideration. In so doing, the cumulative advantage models are discussed. The thesis shows that entrepreneurship and decoration skills are recurrent principles of consideration of pâtissier work.

Ce travail de thèse concerne, principalement, les mutations des pratiques professionnelles des travailleurs dans une team d’une multinationale américaine de l’hightech, dotée de technologie numériques de l’information et de la communication. Dans le cours de la recherche, on a cherché à développer une description dynamique et pratique du quotidien des travailleurs observés dans des « environnements technologiquement denses » (Bruni 2005; Bruni & Gherardi 2007), qu’ils habitent habituellement pendant leur activité de travail. La « narration » de ces environnements de travail a favorisé la compréhension du fonctionnement de l’ «infrastructure technologique » (Gherardi 2007) de la team qui s’occupe de gérer la présence de la multinationale sur les médias sociaux. On observe, donc, que cette infrastructure technologique diffère complétement de celles observées dans les années 90 du XXème siècle d’un certain nombre de recherche (Joseph 1994; Heath e Luff 1992; Suchman 1997; 2000; Star 1999; Grosjean 2004). Cette différence se traduit presque dans une mutation anthropologique et sociale qui est mise en évidence dans la façon de travailler et dans la manière de s’autoreprésenter au travail. / This thesis concerns, firstly, change in workers professional practices of a teamwork of an American high-tech corporation, pushed by ICT. During the research, we tried to develop a dynamic and practical description of the daily life of workers observed in “technologically dense environments” (Bruni 2005; Bruni & Gherardi 2007), who live habitually during their work activities. The “narrative” of these working environments has fostered understanding the operation of the “technological infrastructure” (Gherardi 2007) of the team in charge of managing the presence of that multinational on social media. So we observed that this technological infrastructure is completely different from those observed in the 90s of XX century by many scholars (Joseph 1994; Heath e Luff 1992; Suchman 1997; 2000; Star 1999; Grosjean 2004). This difference translates almost in an anthropological and social change which is evident in the way they work and represent themselves at work.

Over the last two decades there has been heightened interest in redefining faculty scholarship in higher education (Boyer, 1990). Trends have included the development of cultural frameworks for understanding how disciplines and institutions influence faculty work and how socialization processes impact academic career development. Despite the fact that the number of occupational therapy practitioners who have pursued doctoral training in pursuit of an academic career has failed to keep up with the need for qualified faculty, academic interest in developing disciplinary scholars to build the knowledge base of professional practice has been slow to develop. Furthermore, leadership interest in guiding the development of future faculty by studying how current occupational therapy faculty members are developing as scholars has been limited (AOTA, 2003). The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for describing scholarship in occupational therapy faculty members. A theoretically grounded case study design guided the selection of two occupational therapy departments, representing both a research university and a master’s college. Narrative data from occupational therapy faculty members in these institutions provided in-depth perceptions of how faculty members in diverse institutional settings develop a professional identity. Rich understandings of how clinical and academic socialization processes converge as faculty members in academic departments integrate competing influences from the academic culture, the institutional culture, and the professional culture to prioritize faculty work roles. The study revealed that although occupational therapy departments are succeeding within their institutional contexts, personal faculty priorities as clinicianteachers and institutional missions that create an imbalance in roles that favor teaching, continue to disadvantage certain faculty sub-cultures from evolving as disciplinary scholars. The implications of the failure of occupational therapy faculty members to adapt the researcher role as part of a professional identity include barriers to the development of disciplinary knowledge to support practice, and to the development of successful faculty careers that can be advanced in any institutional environment. The study identified a critical role for program leadership to act as change agents within departmental cultures to balance the need for productive disciplinary scholars, as well as effective clinician-teachers.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Worldwide the stigma attached to psychiatric patients, psychiatric disorders, psychiatrists and the field of Psychiatry is of great concern. The stigmatising perceptions of medical practitioners and medical students towards psychiatric patients have a negative impact on effective treatment, considering the increasing burden psychiatric disorders are placing on communities and health systems. Numerous efforts were attempted and recommendations made for destigmatising medical students' perceptions towards psychiatric patients. It was found that perception usually improved after a clinical rotation in Psychiatry, but the stigmatising perceptions mostly returned a year later. The first clinical exposure to Psychiatry for medical students at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, is during the fourth or fifth year of study. This rotation was revised in 2010 and a service-learning component added. The research question which consequently developed, is: What is the influence of a service-learning approach on destigmatising students' perceptions towards psychiatric patients? The research followed a phenomenological school of thought in an interpretative paradigm with a qualitative-inductive approach. On the last day of a rotation students handed in their written reflections and an in-depth focus group interview was conducted. The focus group interviews were repeated a year later. Students' reflections and the transcribed texts were analysed. This served as the basis for conclusions from which recommendations were made. It was found that students had stigmatising perceptions towards psychiatric patients before their first clinical rotation in Psychiatry. Directly after that students' perceptions were destigmatised to a greater extend. A year later non-stigmatising perceptions of understanding, acceptance, comfortableness, compassion, respect and responsibility were still present, although a few students experienced the limited return of stigmatising perceptions. Students attributed the positive changes to their service-learning experience in combination with the clinical placement at a psychiatric hospital with a friendly atmosphere and where they were exposed to patients not suffering from complex and extreme psychiatric disorders. The non-stigmatising perceptions a year after a clinical rotation in Psychiatry demonstrates the transformative value of service-learning. Service-learning is where meaningful and relevant service is rendered with and in the community, social responsiveness is purposefully emphasised and structured reflections are done to enhance academic learning. As a result of this study medical schools worldwide can take cognisance that a service-learning approach made a significant contribution to the stained destigmatisation of medical students' perceptions towards psychiatric patients. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Stigma teenoor psigiatriese pasiënte, psigiatriese steurings, psigiaters en Psigiatrie as vakgebied is wêreldwyd ʼn groot bron van kommer. Medici en mediese studente se stigmatiserende persep-sies teenoor psigiatriese pasiënte het ʼn negatiewe impak op effektiewe behandeling, veral gesien in die lig van die groterwordende las wat die toename in psigiatriese steurings op gemeenskappe en gesondheidsisteme plaas. Heelwat pogings is aangewend en aanbevelings gemaak om mediese studente se persepsies teenoor psigiatriese pasiënte te destigmatiseer. Daar is bevind dat persepsies gewoonlik verbeter direk na ʼn kliniese rotasie in Psigiatrie, maar dat stigmatiserende persepsies meestal binne ʼn jaar terugkeer. Mediese studente aan die Fakulteit Geneeskunde en Gesondheidswetenskappe, Universiteit Stellenbosch, se eerste kliniese blootstelling aan Psigiatrie is tydens die vierde of vyfde studiejaar. In 2010 is dié rotasie hersien en ʼn diensleerkomponent bygevoeg. Die navorsingsvraag wat hieruit ontwikkel is, is: Wat is die invloed van ʼn diensleerbenadering op die destigmatisering van mediese studente se persepsies teenoor psigiatriese pasiënte? Die navorsing het ʼn fenomenologiese denkrigting gevolg in ʼn interpretatiewe paradigma met ʼn kwalitatief-induktiewe benadering. Studente het skriftelike refleksies op die laaste dag van ʼn rotasie ingehandig en ʼn in-diepte fokusgroeponderhoud is gevoer. ʼn Jaar later is die fokus-groeponderhoude herhaal. ʼn Ontleding van studente se refleksies en die getranskribeerde tekste en gedoen. Dit het gedien het as basis vir die gevolgtrekkings waaruit aanbevelings gemaak is. Daar is gevind dat studente voor hulle eerste kliniese rotasie in Psigiatrie, stigmatiserende persepsies teenoor psigiatriese pasiënte gehad het. Direk daarna was studente se persepsies grotendeels gedestigmatiseer. Na ʼn jaar was nie-stigmatiserende persepsies van begrip, aanvaar-ding, gemaklikheid, deernis, respek en verantwoordelikheid steeds teenwoordig, alhoewel stigma-tiserende persepsies tot ʼn mate by sommige teruggekeer het. Studente het die positiewe verande-ring toegeskryf aan die diensleerervaring in kombinasie met 'n kliniese plasing in die psigiatriese hospitaal waar ʼn vriendelike atmosfeer geheers het en waar daar blootstelling was aan pasiënte wat nie aan komplekse en ekstreme psigiatriese steurings gely het nie. Die nie-stigmatiserende persepsies ʼn jaar na ʼn kliniese rotasie in Psigiatrie toon die transformatiewe waarde van diensleer. Met diensleer word sinvolle en relevante diens met en in die gemeenskap gelewer, doelbewuste klem word op sosiale verantwoordbaarheid gelê en ge-struktureerde refleksie word gedoen om beter akademiese leer te laat plaasvind. Na aanleiding van hierdie studie kan mediese skole wêreldwyd kennis neem dat ʼn diensleer-benadering ʼn betekenisvolle bydrae gelewer het tot die volhoubare destigmatisering van mediese studente se persepsies teenoor psigiatriese pasiënte.

Le contexte socio-économique marqué par la division du travail favorise les fermetures de marché. La professionnalisation représente un type de fermetures par lequel un groupe occupationnel cherche à obtenir et à maintenir le contrôle de l'environnement interne et externe de son activité économique afin d'éviter que ce contrôle s'exerce exclusivement de l'extérieur. En maintenant le contrôle sur un champ de compétence ou sur une fermeture de marché, un groupe assure la maîtrise de sa survie professionnelle et socio-économique. La recherche de fermeture de marché est une explication possible des considérations sousjacentes à l'intérêt d'un groupe occupationnel pour la professionnalisation. Cette considération ne compromet pas nécessairement la mission de protection du public qui doit guider les ordres professionnels dans l'exercice de leurs pouvoirs de contrôle. En effet, le processus de légitimation favorise au contraire le respect de cette mission. Par ce processus, un groupe occupationnel maintient non seulement la reconnaissance sociale de sa compétence et de son utilité mais également l'exercice des pouvoirs de contrôle qui lui sont octroyés. La légitimité ainsi acquise permet de maintenir le degré de crédibilité nécessaire à la survie du groupe. Cette explication de l'intérêt pour la professionnalisation a été élaborée à partir des critères de trois approches sociologiques qui sont le fonctionnalisme, l'interactionnisme et le conflictualisme. Ces approches ont servi à examiner en premier lieu le Code des professions et en second lieu les stratégies et les arguments de deux acteurs sociaux qui ont un point de vue opposé sur ce phénomène social de l'intérêt pour la professionnalisation. / The social economical context characterized by the division of labour favoured the development of c1osed labour markets. The formation of professions is part of this social phenomenon. By controlling internaI and external factors of its economic activity, an occupational group avoids or at least influences in its favour the control exercised by others. It also protects its field of competence from other groups and can even extend it into other spheres. Exercising control over its activity secures professional, social and economical status. This may explain why the formation of professions is so popular. However, such considerations do not necessarily compromise public protection. On the contrary, the legitimatization of an occupational group ensures public protection. A group needs to acquire and maintain not only social recognition of its competence and usefulness but also to legitimise its control. Such legitimacy is required to maintain professional, social and economical status. This explanation to the social phenomenon of formation of professions is based on three sociological views, namely functionalism, interactionism and conflictualism. From these perspectives, the Profèssional Code is first considered. It is followed by the study of the strategies and the arguments of two social groups who hold different views on the formation of professions.

Le contexte socio-économique marqué par la division du travail favorise les fermetures de marché. La professionnalisation représente un type de fermetures par lequel un groupe occupationnel cherche à obtenir et à maintenir le contrôle de l'environnement interne et externe de son activité économique afin d'éviter que ce contrôle s'exerce exclusivement de l'extérieur. En maintenant le contrôle sur un champ de compétence ou sur une fermeture de marché, un groupe assure la maîtrise de sa survie professionnelle et socio-économique. La recherche de fermeture de marché est une explication possible des considérations sousjacentes à l'intérêt d'un groupe occupationnel pour la professionnalisation. Cette considération ne compromet pas nécessairement la mission de protection du public qui doit guider les ordres professionnels dans l'exercice de leurs pouvoirs de contrôle. En effet, le processus de légitimation favorise au contraire le respect de cette mission. Par ce processus, un groupe occupationnel maintient non seulement la reconnaissance sociale de sa compétence et de son utilité mais également l'exercice des pouvoirs de contrôle qui lui sont octroyés. La légitimité ainsi acquise permet de maintenir le degré de crédibilité nécessaire à la survie du groupe. Cette explication de l'intérêt pour la professionnalisation a été élaborée à partir des critères de trois approches sociologiques qui sont le fonctionnalisme, l'interactionnisme et le conflictualisme. Ces approches ont servi à examiner en premier lieu le Code des professions et en second lieu les stratégies et les arguments de deux acteurs sociaux qui ont un point de vue opposé sur ce phénomène social de l'intérêt pour la professionnalisation. / The social economical context characterized by the division of labour favoured the development of c1osed labour markets. The formation of professions is part of this social phenomenon. By controlling internaI and external factors of its economic activity, an occupational group avoids or at least influences in its favour the control exercised by others. It also protects its field of competence from other groups and can even extend it into other spheres. Exercising control over its activity secures professional, social and economical status. This may explain why the formation of professions is so popular. However, such considerations do not necessarily compromise public protection. On the contrary, the legitimatization of an occupational group ensures public protection. A group needs to acquire and maintain not only social recognition of its competence and usefulness but also to legitimise its control. Such legitimacy is required to maintain professional, social and economical status. This explanation to the social phenomenon of formation of professions is based on three sociological views, namely functionalism, interactionism and conflictualism. From these perspectives, the Profèssional Code is first considered. It is followed by the study of the strategies and the arguments of two social groups who hold different views on the formation of professions. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (L.L.M.)". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 10% des mémoires de la discipline. Commentaires du jury : "Contribution aux connaissances. Recherche fouillée. Approche intéressante".

Angiogenesis is essential for the growth of a tumour, as it provides tumour cells with nutrients and oxygen for their survival. As the tumour expands, neovascularisation is facilitated by the release of enzymes called proteases, which degrade extracellular matrix and facilitate the metastatic spread of cancer. TNF[alpha] and IL-1[beta] are potent cytokines that share the ability to stimulate angiogenesis, hence their possible significance in metastasis has been a focus of intense research. TNF[alpha] and IL-1[beta] have been shown to regulate the activity of proteases such as MMP's and serine protease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TNF[alpha] and IL-1[beta] on cathepsin B and DPP IV activity and their protein levels in HRT 18, HT 29 cells and HUVEC's. Further experiments were conducted to assess the viability of the cells upon treatment with the cytokines. In addition the potency of inhibitors Mu-Phe-Hph-FMK, for cathepsin B enzyme, and Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly, for DPP IV enzyme were assayed in the three cell lines studied. Addition of TNF[alpha] and IL-1[beta] resulted in the reduction of intracellular cathepsin B and DPP IV activity and an increase in its extracellular activity in HRT 18 and HT 29 cells, suggesting that the cytokines induced the release of the enzymes or may have inactivated intracellular enzyme while activating the latent extracellular enzyme. However, in HUVECs, both the cytokines led to an increase in intracellular as well as extracellular cathepsin B activity, possibly by activating the latent form of enzyme present within and outside the cell. With respect to DPP IV, there was an increased intracellular and extracellular activity with TNF[alpha], but with IL-1[beta], an increase in intracellular activity and a decrease in extracellular activity were observed, suggesting involvement of a different mechanism for the exopeptidase enzyme in HUVECs. The two Cytokines had a cytotoxic/cytostatic effect on all three cell lines, with prominent reduction in cell viability of HUVECs. In conclusion the varied response of intracellular and extracellular activity and protein levels of cathepsin B and DPP IV, in different cell lines suggests that TNF[alpha] and IL-1[beta] may act as important modulators of proteases in the process of angiogenesis in cancer and normal endothelial cells. Thus understanding the pleiotropic nature of these cytokines will further broaden the knowledge of involvement of these cytokines in cancer progression/cancer regression.

Thesis (MA (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 1964.

This study used a questionnaire designed to identify personal characteristics that successful career women have in common across career fields. Information was elicited on self-esteem, achievement motivation, self-descriptive words, ethnicity, age, income level and occupational field, among other things. Subjects were women publicly recognized as successful by their peers. Twenty three of the sample (n = 249) were randomly selected for interviews. The questionnaire responses were analyzed to identify differences in self-esteem and achievement motivation between occupational fields, age, income levels, ordinal positions and other independent variables. Collectively, the results identified a high degree of self-esteem as the strongest characteristic shared by these successful career women. Additionally, self-esteem was affected by ordinal position of the subjects and related to the level of the women's perceived success and emotional compensation satisfaction. The career women defined the major components of success as: (1) achieving one's personal goals, (2) receiving recognition from others, (3) enjoying one's work, and (4) contributing to the community, to others, etc. The career women generally described themselves as responsible, competent, and hardworking. Non-traditional career women described themselves somewhat differently, as responsible, enthusiastic and confident. There was no statistical support for a relationship to achievement motivation. This finding, combined with the career women's definition of success, shows that items used in the questionnaire did not measure achievement motivation for this group. Several conclusions were drawn from the data analysis: (1) career women who have been publicly recognized by their peers have a high level of self-esteem; (2) women have a unique pattern of career development; (3) women focused more on "contributing to society/to others" than on "earning a high salary," and (4) women defined themselves as "hardworking" rather than "achievement oriented." Hypotheses made on the basis of previous research on career women and on Individual Psychology theory were generally supported. Future research on career women would be appropriate.