[ES] El auge de la lengua española en muchos países es indudable y esto impulsa la investigación de su enseñanza y aprendizaje. Son múltiples los estudios realizados (Fernández Saavedra y Gómez, 2010; Fondo y Gago, 2022; Manzanares, 2020; Merziq, 2022; Rabadán y Orgambídez, 2018; Rodríguez García, 2022) en diferentes contextos educativos y sus aportaciones y relevancia son de suma importancia para la didáctica de las lenguas. Ante el cambio constante y acelerado en el mundo, principalmente en los ámbitos económico, social y tecnológico, mejorar la actuación docente supone muchos beneficios para la sociedad. Permite formar al estudiantado para su futuro laboral, así como promover el uso de tendencias pedagógicas actuales y plantear nuevas propuestas adaptadas a las demandas de la sociedad. La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo general investigar la situación actual de la enseñanza-aprendizaje del español como lengua extranjera en Rumanía a nivel de secundaria y de universidad para detectar necesidades y carencias y ofrecer propuestas pedago-didácticas innovadoras, aplicables al aula. Para conseguirlo, primero se hace una incursión teórica en los métodos de enseñanza-aprendizaje y en la evolución del español en Rumanía. Después, la metodología de investigación adopta un enfoque mixto de recogida de datos basado en técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas. Se recolecta información acerca de las características, creencias, necesidades y dificultades del profesorado y alumnado rumano de secundaria superior y universitario. Se trabaja con una muestra de 60 docentes y 470 estudiantes de diferentes centros educativos del país. Los datos se analizan estadística y manualmente. En base a ello se diseñan dos propuestas de mejora: una guía de buenas prácticas basada en las tendencias pedagógicas actuales y un proyecto formativo para el profesorado de Español Lengua Extranjera (ELE). Su implementación en la realidad educativa rumana se lleva a la práctica utilizando dos vías: la guía se aplica a un grupo clase de 23 estudiantes universitarios de la Universidad Babe¿-Bolyai de Cluj-Napoca y el proyecto formativo se da a conocer entre los docentes del país y se difunde bajo la forma de Encuentros virtuales a nivel nacional e internacional. Los resultados obtenidos revelan la necesidad de un cambio en el sistema educativo y en la metodología docente para adaptarse a los intereses de los actuales aprendientes. Asimismo, ponen de manifiesto el requisito del profesorado de formarse en las tendencias actuales de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Las propuestas responden a los deseos expresados y consiguen motivar al estudiantado y entusiasmar a los docentes. Las conclusiones evidencian los beneficios que reporta la presente tesis doctoral a la comunidad educativa y científica, transferibles a contextos educativos similares. / [CA] L'auge de la llengua espanyola en molts països és indubtable i això impulsa la investigació del seu ensenyament i aprenentatge. Són múltiples els estudis realitzats (Fernández Saavedra i Gómez, 2010; Fons i Gago, 2022; Manzanares, 2020; Merziq, 2022; Rabadán i Orgambídez, 2018; Rodríguez García, 2022) en diferents contextos educatius i les seues aportacions i rellevància són de summa importància per a la didàctica de les llengües. Davant el canvi constant i accelerat en el món, principalment en els àmbits econòmic, social i tecnològic, millorar l'actuació docent suposa molts beneficis per a la societat. Permet formar a l'estudiantat per al seu futur laboral, així com promoure l'ús de tendències pedagògiques actuals i plantejar noves propostes adaptades a les demandes de la societat. La present tesi doctoral té com a objectiu general investigar la situació actual de l'ensenyament-aprenentatge de l'espanyol com a llengua estrangera a Romania a nivell de secundària i d'universitat per a detectar necessitats i mancances i oferir propostes pedago- didàctiques innovadores, aplicables a l'aula. Per a aconseguir-ho, primer es fa una incursió teòrica en els mètodes d'ensenyament-aprenentatge i en l'evolució de l'espanyol a Romania. Després, la metodologia d'investigació adopta un enfocament mixt de recollida de dades basat en tècniques quantitatives i qualitatives. Es recol·lecta informació sobre les característiques, creences, necessitats i dificultats del professorat i alumnat romanés de secundària superior i universitari. Es treballa amb una mostra de 60 docents i 470 estudiants de diferents centres educatius del país. Les dades s'analitzen estadística i manualment. Sobre la base d'això es dissenyen dues propostes de millora: una guia de bones pràctiques basada en les tendències pedagògiques actuals i un projecte formatiu per al professorat d'Espanyol Llengua Estrangera (ELA). La seua implementació en la realitat educativa romanesa s'emporta a la pràctica utilitzant dues vies: la guia s'aplica a un grup classe de 23 estudiants universitaris de la Universitat Babe¿-Bolyai de Cluj-Napoca i el projecte formatiu es dona a conéixer entre els docents del país i es difon sota la forma de Trobades virtuals a nivell nacional i internacional. Els resultats obtinguts revelen la necessitat d'un canvi en el sistema educatiu i en la metodologia docent per a adaptar-se als interessos dels actuals aprendientes. Així mateix, posen de manifest el requisit del professorat de formar-se en les tendències actuals d'ensenyament- aprenentatge. Les propostes responen als desitjos expressats i aconsegueixen motivar a l'estudiantat i entusiasmar als docents. Les conclusions evidencien els beneficis que reporta la present tesi doctoral a la comunitat educativa i científica, transferibles a contextos educatius similars. / [EN] The increased interest in studying Spanish as a Foreign Language in numerous countries is unquestionable and thus encourages us to research peculiarities about its teaching and learning. Multiple investigations (Fernández Saavedra y Gómez, 2010; Fondo y Gago, 2022; Manzanares, 2020; Merziq, 2022; Rabadán y Orgambídez, 2018; Rodríguez García, 2022) have been conducted in different educational contexts and their contributions and relevance are of the utmost importance for language teaching. Given the constant and rapid changes in the world, mainly in the economic, social and technological fields, improving teaching performance brings a number of benefits into our society. It allows the student body to be trained for its future inclusion in the labor market, but also promotes the use of current pedagogical trends and proposes new programmes adapted to the demands of the society. The general objective of this doctoral thesis is to investigate the current situation of the process of teaching-learning Spanish as a foreign language in Romania in both secondary and university levels in order to detect needs and deficiencies and offer innovative pedagogical and didactic proposals, applicable to the classroom. To achieve this, first a theoretical incursion is made into the teaching-learning methods and the evolution of Spanish in Romania. Then, the research methodology adopts a mixed approach to data collection based on quantitative and qualitative techniques. Information is collected about the characteristics, beliefs, needs and difficulties of Romanian upper secondary and university teachers and students. A sample of 60 teachers and 470 students from different educational centers in the country was used. The data is statistically and manually analyzed. Based on this, two proposals for improvement are designed: a guide to good practices based on current pedagogical trends and a training project for teachers of Spanish as a Foreign Language (ELE). Its implementation in the Romanian educational context is put into practice using two approaches: the guide is applied to a class group of 23 university students from the Babe¿-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca and the training project is made known amongst teachers in the country and is disseminated in the form of virtual meetings at the national and international level. The results obtained reveal the need for a change in the educational system and in the teaching methodology in order to adapt to the interests of current learners. Likewise, they highlight the requirement of teachers to be trained in the current teaching-learning trends. The proposals are based on the highlighted requests and advise to motivate the students and enthuse the teachers. The conclusions demonstrate the benefits that this doctoral thesis reports to the educational and scientific community and how they are transferable to similar educational contexts. / Stînga, PA. (2023). La enseñanza-aprendizaje del español como lengua extranjera en Rumanía. Análisis de la situación y propuesta de mejora [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/201556

This diploma thesis deals with the teaching specificity of the history of the 20th century in upper primary schools and with methodical drafts of selected thematic units of the same period. The thesis puts emphasis on problems related to teaching on the 20th century. The work summarizes theoretical knowledge of teaching on the history of the 20th century and follows up the classification of this historical period into the General educational program for basic education. Methods and strategies suitable for teaching the history of the 20th century and the approach how to give lessons about controversial and delicate topics in history are also included in the present thesis. The methodical drafts of selected thematic units from the history of the 20th century are one part of the thesis. These drafts were worked out in respect of using various teaching styles and educational strategies. The thesis also pays attention to the utilization of didactic media in the teaching of history.

The focus of strategy research has long revolved around strategy formulation rather thanstrategy implementation, despite the evidence indicating that intended strategies are rarelyachieved. Project portfolio management, PPM, assumes a crucial role in enabling strategyimplementation and can be regarded as a representation of the organization's actual pursuedstrategy. Existing research on PPM has predominantly centered around portfolios in the contextof new product development, NPD, and research and development, R&D. However, there hasbeen relatively less exploration of PPM within internal development departments, warrantingfurther investigation. To contribute to the understanding on strategy implementation throughPPM and its conditional factors, this qualitative case study expands the existing research bystudying the PPM process within an internal development department. The study wasconducted at the Business Improvement department, which oversees improvement projects forthe service branch of EnergyComp, a company specializing in the development of complexenergy solutions. Using an abductive research approach, a literature review was conducted inparallel with data collection and analysis. The empirical data was mainly collected throughsemi-structured interviews at the company, but also through meetings and companydocumentation. The results of the study show that PPM actions connected to projects, portfolio and resourceallocation are undertaken to effectively implement the organization's strategy within theinternal development department. Common to all areas is the importance of accurate andavailable information that effects the decisions connected to strategy implementation. On aproject level, Insufficient information poses challenges in accurately assessing project success,resulting in measurements that fail to cover all strategic objectives. In the context of theportfolio, the absence of project information and uncertainties can lead to a misalignmentbetween the actual prioritization criteria employed in the selection process and the strategicobjectives of the organization. Additionally, it may contribute to a less detailed and formalstrategic plan. Furthermore, the cost associated with adjusting the portfolio is directly linked tothe effort and expenses involved in obtaining project information. Regarding resources,insufficient information on supply and demand creates challenges in considering projectdependencies and synergies during the evaluation of project groups. Moreover, limitedtransparency across functional boundaries within the organization leads to a system wheredecision rules cannot be established at the portfolio level. Instead, it encourages bottom-uppriority decisions. Furthermore, a biased assessment by stakeholders in the functionaldepartments may result in an inadequate screening process, leading to an increased workloadin the portfolio structuring process. Finally, the large variation in project types, coupled withdiverse impact targets spanning individual and multiple functions, makes it difficult to createrelevant project categories for budgeting and portfolio structuring.

<p dir="ltr">Accurately assessing outcomes of students’ motivation when solving complex food system problems through integrating STEM learning can describe their learning experiences and help teachers make relevant connections. This study shows high school students self-reported that they were motivated by solving food system STEM projects.</p><p dir="ltr">The purpose of the study was to predict high school students’ self-efficacy (confirmed by Exploratory Factor Analysis, EFA) based on Situated Expectancy-Value Theory (SEVT) variables (confirmed by EFA). The convenience sample for this study was students from four high schools in Indiana (<i>N</i> = 160) who had participated in food system STEM projects at their schools. Quantitative data was collected using the Food System Motivation Questionnaire containing 41 items related to two self-efficacy variables and five SEVT variables. Quantitative data were analyzed using Principal Components Analysis, descriptive statistics, simple linear correlations, and multiple regression. Qualitative data were collected using a focus group interview protocol (Appendix D) and analyzed using thematic coding (deductive) followed by pattern coding. Quantitative and qualitative findings were analyzed using triangulation.</p><p dir="ltr">There were four conclusions to this study. First, the Food System Motivation Questionnaire accurately and reliably measured five variables aligned with SEVT motivation. Second, students were motivated regarding the project’s usefulness in their local contexts and reported higher cultural project self-efficacy after completing the project.<b> </b>Third, over 70% of high school students’ cultural project self-efficacy to complete a food system STEM project can be predicted based on their local context utility value, personal importance and usefulness, intrinsic value, and cost value. Local context utility value was the highest contributor of unique variance. Last, <a href="" target="_blank">after completing the food system STEM projects, urban high school students shared they made connections to their families, local and global community contexts, and future careers and applications. </a>Implications regarding how teachers can motivate high school students to solve food system STEM projects were discussed.</p>

Students no longer respond to content-driven, teacher-centred learning. Literature reveals that changes in methodology and pedagogy of teachers needs to take place in order to keep education relevant and engaging. Classrooms where critical thinking, communication, creativity and collaboration are embraced are required in schools. The environment where these components are present can be referred to as 21st century classrooms. Establishing these locales require a leader who is able to create the vision for the changes that need to take place. One who will fashion a learning environment where teachers feel secure and have the confidence through teacher development to embark on and embrace a new arrangement in their classroom. The principal needs to embrace his/her instructional role in establishing these 21st century classrooms. This research project investigated precisely what the instructional role of the principal necessitates in aiding teachers to establish 21st century classrooms. A qualitative research design, embedded in the constructivist paradigm in the form of a hermeneutic study was chosen as research method. Using semi-structured interviews, the researcher attempted to find out how the principal of each school visited, viewed 21st century classrooms, as well as what skills and knowledge he/she required as the instructional leader in leading teachers to establish 21st century classrooms. The researcher used purposeful sampling to select the participants who would have the greatest insight into establishing 21st century classrooms at their school. Trustworthiness was ensured in the collection and interpretation of data. The researcher transcribed the collected data and it was later analysed. Once analysed, the data was interpreted and arranged under the research sub-questions. The findings established that each participant is quite knowledgeable concerning the attributes and characteristics of a 21st century classroom. Many of the principals played a strong instructional role in their school and displayed many of the characteristics and skills necessary to create an environment where teachers could competently bring 21st century skills and knowledge into their classrooms. In most of the schools visited, 21st century classrooms are well on their way to being established. It is evident that the theory of 21st century classrooms is far more prevalent in some of the schools visited than the practical application thereof. In some of the schools visited a whole philosophy of learning, which encases all the 21st century attributes has been implemented. Each school could be placed on a continuum, with no one school being at the same space in their journey to implement 21st century skills and knowledge into their teachers’ pedagogy. / Leerders reageer nie meer op inhoudgedrewe en/of onderwysgesentreerde onderrig nie. Literatuur toon dat veranderinge in onderwysmetodiek en pedagogie moet plaasvind ten einde onderwys relevant en interessant te hou. Klaskamers waarin kritiese denke, kommunikasie, kreatiwiteit en samewerking omhels word, is die nuwe maatstaf. Die omgewing waarin hierdie komponente teenwoordig is, word na verwys as die 21ste eeu klaskamers. Die stigting van 21ste eeu klaskamers vereis ʼn leier wat in staat is om ʼn visie te skep en dit na te volg. Een wat ʼn leeromgewing verseker waarin onderwysers veilig voel en selfvertroue opbou deur personeelontwikkeling. Sodoende word onderwysers bemagtig om die nuwe veranderinge in die klaskamer te omhels. Die skoolhoof speel ʼn sterk rol in die vestiging van hierdie 21ste eeu klaskamers en moet dus ʼn instruktiewe rol aanneem. Hierdie navorsingsprojek ondersoek wat presies hierdie instruktiewe rol van die skoolhoof behels in die ondersteuning van onderwysers om hul toe te rus vir 21ste eeu klaskamers. Hierdie navorsingsprojek is gebaseer op ʼn kwalitatiewe navorsingsontwerp, gegrond op die konstruktivistiese paradigma in die vorm van ʼn fenomenologiese studie. Deur gebruik te maak van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, het die navorser gepoog om uit te vind hoe die skoolhoof van elke skool wat besoek is, 21ste eeu klaskamers beskou en oor watter vaardighede en kennis ʼn skoolhoof as onderrigleier moet beskik om onderwysers in 21ste eeu klaskamers te vestig. Die navorser het van ʼn doelbewuste steekproef gebruik gemaak om geskikte kandidate te identifiseer wat kennis dra oor die vestiging van 21ste eeu klaskamers by hul eie skole. Betroubaarheid van die data is verseker deur die versameling en interpretasie daarvan. Die data is deur die navorser getranskribeer en later ontleed. Na analise is die data geïnterpreteer en dan in geskikte navorsings sub-vrae ingedeel. Die bevinding was dat elke kandidaat grondige kennis aangaande die eienskappe en kenmerke van 21ste eeu klaskamers het. Baie van die hoofde vervul ʼn sterk instruktiewe rol in hul skool en beskik oor die nodige eienskappe en vaardighede om ʼn omgewing te skep waarin onderwysers met bevoegdheid 21ste eeu vaardighede en kennis in hul klaskamers kan toepas. In meeste van die skole wat besoek is, is 21ste eeu klaskamers besig om pos te vat. Dit is ook duidelik dat die teorie van 21ste eeu klaskamers baie meer op die voorgrond is by sommige van die skole wat besoek is, as wat die praktiese toepassing daarvan is. In sommige van die skole wat besoek is, is ʼn leerfilosofie wat alle 21ste eeu kenmerke omvat geïmplementeer. Daar is ʼn kontinuum waarop elke skool geplaas kan word wat aandui dat nie een skool op dieselfde vlak in hul implementering van 21ste eeu vaardighede en kennis in hul onderwyspedagogie is nie. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)