Thesis (Ph.D)--Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Co-Chair: Abowd, Gregoy D.; Committee Co-Chair: Rehg, James M.; Committee Member: Corso, Gregoy M.; Committee Member: Mynatt, Elizabeth; Committee Member: Pierce, Jeffrey S.; Committee Member: Pinhanez, Claudio.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, the Australian Centre, 2004. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 294-320 (v. 1)).

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-76). Also available in electronic version.

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Motivated by these problems, we explore the potential of projectors in interactive information visualization and processing in this thesis. In particular, we make three contributions. First, we propose a computer vision solution for direct 3D object exhibition and manipulation without the user wearing spectacles. In our approach, a new 3D display interface is designed by projecting images on a hand-held foam sphere which can be moved freely by the user. By tracking the motion of the sphere and projecting motion-dependent images onto the sphere, a virtual 3D perception can be created. Using this interface, the user will experience as if he is holding the real object in hands and be able to control the viewing angle freely. / Second, we extend the projection on traditional rigid screen to projection on flexible surfaces. A new flexible display method is proposed, which can project information on a hand-held flexible surface (e.g. an ordinary white paper with a checker pattern at the back) that can be twisted freely. While the user twists the projection surface, the system recovers the deformation of the surface and projects well-tailored information onto the surface corresponding to the deformation. As a result, the viewer will see the information as if it was printed on the paper. Two applications, the flexible image projection and curvilinear data slicing are created to demonstrate the usefulness of the method. After the studies on fixed-position projection, we conduct an investigation on mobile projectors, which is becoming especially necessary with the rapid popularity of mobile projectors. We propose a hand-held movable projection method that can freely project keystone-free content onto a general flat surface without any markings or boundaries on the displaying screen. Compared with traditional static projection systems that keep the projector and screen in fixed positions, our projection scheme can give the user greater freedom of display control while producing undistorted images at the same time. / The recent trend of human-computer interaction technologies has revealed the potential of the projector as an powerful interaction tool. More than a pure display tool, a projector has great strength that can change largely the way a traditional user interface works. Although some possibilities have been investigated in previous work, certain applications and approaches deserve further studies. For example, 1) Projection showing 3D information: viewing 3D models is usually achieved by projecting polarized light of different phases for left and right eyes, and the user is required to wear specially designed spectacles. The cost of building such a system is high. 2) Projection on flexible surface: most existing systems display information on flat rigid projection screens, extending it to non-planar flexible surfaces is an interesting and useful research direction; 3) Direct user-info interaction: existing systems using mouse and screen have limited freedom of control and low level of user experience. Direct manipulation of the display object by the hands of a user is more natural; 4) Mobile projector display: portable or embedded projectors are becoming more and more popular, but some fundamental problems, e.g. the keystone correction, are not fully studied. / To verify the correctness of our methods, we built prototype systems using off-the-shelf devices and conducted extensive experiments, including both simulation and real experiments. The results show that the proposed methods are effective and good performance has been achieved. In particular, the real-time speed and low-cost requirement make it quite appealing in many application areas, such as education, digital games, medical applications etc. Capitalizing on the shrinking size, increasing portability, and decreasing cost of projectors, it is predictable that projector-based interactive processing will become more and more popular in the near future. We believe the research work in this thesis will provide a good foundation for further research and development on computer vision and projector-based applications. / Li, Zhaorong. / Adviser: Kin-Hong Wong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-06, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-142). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-108). Also available in electronic version.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in electronic version.

Yes / Coherent subspaces spanned by a finite number of coherent states are introduced, in a quantum system with Hilbert space that has odd prime dimension d. The set of all coherent subspaces is partitioned into equivalence classes, with d 2 subspaces in each class. The corresponding coherent projectors within an equivalence class, have the 'closure under displacements property' and also resolve the identity. Different equivalence classes provide different granularisation of the Hilbert space, and they form a partial order 'coarser' (and 'finer'). In the case of a two-dimensional coherent subspace spanned by two coherent states, the corresponding projector (of rank 2) is different than the sum of the two projectors to the subspaces related to each of the two coherent states. We quantify this with 'non-addditivity operators' which are a measure of quantum interference in phase space, and also of the non-commutativity of the projectors. Generalized Q and P functions of density matrices, which are based on coherent projectors in a given equivalence class, are introduced. Analogues of the Lorenz values and the Gini index (which are popular quantities in mathematical economics) are used here to quantify the inequality in the distribution of the Q function of a quantum state, within the granular structure of the Hilbert space. A comparison is made between Lorenz values and the Gini index for the cases of coarse and also fine granularisation of the Hilbert space. Lorenz values require an ordering of the d 2 values of the Q function of a density matrix, and this leads to the ranking permutation of a density matrix, and to comonotonic density matrices (which have the same ranking permutation). The Lorenz values are a superadditive function and the Gini index is a subadditive function (they are both additive quantities for comonotonic density matrices). Various examples demonstrate these ideas.

虛擬現實（VR）為用家提供了一個結合了人工場境和現實世界的練習環境。隨著在醫療，軍事和娛樂行業日益增長的需求，虛擬現實化的設備將會越來越受歡迎。頭戴式顯示器（HMD）是一種利用自由曲面的光學棱鏡，以投射由微型顯示器顯示的圖像，讓用家能夠在近距離觀看和體驗虛擬環境的產品。 / 頭戴式顯示器由兩個基本部分組成，液晶顯示屏和一個光學元件，以能夠在很短的距離顯示圖像到用家的眼睛。光學自由曲面棱鏡在HMD研究中是一個主要的課題。設計的棱鏡需要運用大多數的光學理論和一些商業光學設計軟件的輔助。在市場，只有有限的光學軟件能深入地協助設計光學元件和系統。同時，成本高昂和不容易使用的光學軟件令到光學設計並不普及的原因。在下面的部分將用光學軟件ZEMAX去驗證每個設計。 / 自由曲面棱鏡的幾何形狀設計是為構建一個頭盔顯示器的關鍵問題。通常情況下，頭盔內自由曲面棱鏡由三面特別設計的非球面表面而組成。源圖像經過三個非球面反映後，可參照圖6，將圖像投射到人類視網膜上而形成圖像。棱鏡上的三個面的互相協調將是一個具有挑戰性的問題。 / 跟據現有的產品和研究分析，研發了一種新風格的棱鏡。在這篇論文中，由射線追踪和光學理論的幫忙，建議了一款凸-平棱鏡作HMD上的光學棱鏡。利用光學設計軟件分析和優化以追求一個可穿戴和低像差的光學棱鏡作目標。光學棱鏡中有兩個面為平面，因此光線能在棱鏡中穩步地轉化，從而，降低光學系統的像差。製作了經優化表面定位的原型，雖然原型是成本低，但它們比半透明的鏡子有一個更好的分辨率。在新設計的一個HMD上，一個廣闊和清晰的圖像將顯示。 / Virtual reality (VR) provides an artificial environment to user for practicing under a synthetic environment which merges the real world with artificial scene. In response to the growing demand in medical, military and entertaining application, devices that can simulate VR will become more and more popular. Head mounted display (HMD) is a kind of wearable products that utilize freeform optical prisms to project images generated by microdisplays, enabling users to situate in virtual environments. / HMD has two basic components, a LCD and an optical element, to display image to naked eye in a short distance. An optical freeform prism will be a main research topic in HMD. To design the prism will require substantial knowledge in optical theory and the aid of some commercial optical design software. In the market, there is limited number of software for in depth optical analysis. Meanwhile, costly and not user-friendly software is a problem of unpopularity of optical design. Zemax has been used for verifying the each design in the below sections. / The design of geometric shape for the freeform prism is crucial for constructing a HMD. Typically, the freeform prisms inside HMD comprise of 3 specially designed aspherical surfaces. The source image is reflected by those three surfaces to form image on human retina. The interplay of three surfaces will is the main challenging problem. With the analysis of existing products and researches, a new-style prism is proposed. In this thesis, with the aid of ray tracing and optical theory, a convex-plano prism is developed. / Analyses of optical design software and optimization are utilized to pursue the goal of wearable and low aberration HMD optical prism. Prototypes with the optimized surfaces alignment are fabricated. With two flat surfaces on the prism, the rays translate steadily in the prism. Hence, the optical system’s aberration is reduced. Although the prototypes are low cost, they have a better resolution than half-transparent mirror. Also a wide and clear image will show on the new style see-through HMD. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ho, Pui Lam. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-59). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese) 摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / List of Figure and Table --- p.vii / Paper published --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview on Near Eye Display (NED) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Literature Review on HMD --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Motivation and Research Objective --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Thesis Outline --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Fundamental Design Concept --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Prism --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Convex Lens --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3 --- Combination of Convex lens and Regular Prism --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Optical Design Analysis by Software Package --- p.16 / Chapter 3.1 --- Surface Alignment --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2 --- Distortion --- p.18 / Chapter 3.3 --- MTF --- p.19 / Chapter 3.4 --- Image Simulation --- p.20 / Chapter 3.5 --- Aberration analysis --- p.21 / Chapter 3.6 --- Aspherical surface --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Design Principle and Procedure --- p.26 / Chapter 4.1 --- Basic Criteria --- p.26 / Chapter 4.2 --- See-throughPurpose --- p.27 / Chapter 4.3 --- Material --- p.28 / Chapter 4.4 --- SurfacesAlignment --- p.29 / Chapter 4.5 --- Compensator --- p.30 / Chapter 4.6 --- Angle Alignment --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- System Efficiency --- p.32 / Chapter 5.1 --- System Efficiency --- p.32 / Chapter 5.2 --- System Analysis --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Prototype Fabrication and Testing --- p.38 / Chapter 6.1 --- Display System --- p.38 / Chapter 6.2 --- Monocular Configurations --- p.39 / Chapter 6.3 --- Prototypes Building --- p.40 / Chapter 6.4 --- Advantages --- p.54 / Chapter 6.5 --- Limitation --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.55 / Chapter 7.1 --- Conclusions --- p.55 / Chapter 7.2 --- Future work --- p.55 / Reference --- p.57 / Appendix --- p.60 / Chapter Appendix 1 --- Background Theory --- p.60 / Chapter A1.1 --- Optical Theory --- p.60 / Chapter A1.2 --- Matrix Method --- p.65 / Chapter A1.3 --- Human Vision --- p.66 / Chapter Appendix 2 --- Simulation of reflection --- p.67 / Chapter Appendix 3 --- Aberration analysis of prisms --- p.70 / Chapter Appendix 4 --- Specification --- p.71

The current established historiography of the field of project management dates back to the 1950s and there is little known about the development of this field prior to the Second World War. Critical scholars within this field have challenged the timeline for project management. This historical research provides evidence of project practices prior to the twentieth century by introducing the activities of projectors, who are currently unacknowledged within the field of project management. The title of projector was assigned to initiators and/or promoters of the idiosyncratic activities that combined elements of public and private gain and were known in the period as projects. The research investigates the genesis of the ‘projector' name and maps out the activities of projectors and their involvement within English industrial and economic development. Projectors and their schemes are explored through three different foci. The first focus is archival, exploring a seventeenth-century project within the textiles industry carried out by the projector Walter Morrell. This analysis highlights a number of practices within Morrell's project similar to modern project management, and potentially informs the history of project management. The second focus is through the lens of the late seventeenth-century writer and projector Daniel Defoe, whose seminal publication on projects was reprinted multiple times and consequently shaped public opinion on projectors and the undertaking of projects, this focus was socio-historical. The third focus relates to public-private interest, which played an important role in projectors’ undertakings and strongly influenced the connotation of the title ‘projector’. This theme is examined through existing PhD theses of scholars who studied the activities of projectors in seventeenth-century England. These three foci inform the contribution this thesis makes to project management history. The originality of this work is in acknowledging the activities of projectors within seventeenth century England, which has implications for project management histories.