Aim of this work was to evaluate effect of copper and arsenic on Norway spruce embryogenic cell masses (ECMs) in different concentrations during 14 days proliferation period but as well during maturation and germination stages. Copper in lower concentrations increased the growth of ECMs while in higher concentrations growth was inhibited. Arsenic in concentrations 50, 250 and 500 uM showed very high toxicity and after 14 days proliferation period all ECMs were dead. In experiments with lower concentrations (10 and 25 uM), control had highest proliferation ratio while arsenic had insignificant difference on growth. Cell line I-1-3 had higher proliferation ratio and produced more somatic embryos during maturation in comparison with cell line III-3-3, respectively. After maturation certain number of abnormally developed cotyledonary somatic embryos was obtained. Norway spruce as a fast growing conifer tree is one of the most widely planted spruces and one of the most economically important species in Europe. The results of this thesis can help to understand effect of two tested metals on somatic embryogenesis but as well can be used for investigation of two tested clones in polluted soils.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of nuclear proliferation, specifically the motives of Iran's nuclear program. Given the unprecedented destructive potential of nuclear weapons, the international community has been trying to influence the course of Iran's nuclear policy for three decades. Unfortunately, their success has been limited. The aim of this work is to identify proliferation motives of Iran and to outline some of the steps that could be taken to minimize them. A basic theoretical framework was chosen, the conceptualization of Scott Sagan who categorizes the motives into three main groups - domestic, security and normative. However, because these models lack a clear identification of variables, the framework has been supplemented by specific indicators taken from the Stephen Meyer's concept. The work is instrumental case study, whose conclusion confirms the assumption that the realistic approach to the proliferation of nuclear weapons does not explain the overall structure of the motivation of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The topic of the diploma thesis is a comparison of the American activities during the presidencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama towards Iran, in regard to the threat of nuclear weapons proliferation. It observes the diplomatic actions in relation to Iran and other actors, who play an important role in this issue, and also some other methods, used by the world's leading superpower to prevent Iran from the development of nuclear weapons. The mentioned topic is situated into the broader context of continuity and change in the US security and foreign policy. The objective of the diploma thesis is to assess what where the differences in the US actions under Obama's administration, compared with the actions during the presidency of his predecessor, as well as how the Obama's administration followed them, and to assess how effective these actions were.

The thesis deals with the problem of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in developing counties focused on Iran. In the first part, the nuclear politics of particular states are described and the motivation for nuclear armament or non-armament is identified. The second part is addressed to the development of nuclear technology in Iran and possible strategies of containing Iranian nuclear program are suggested.

The eukaryotic nuclear processes such as replication, DNA damage repair (DDR) and transcription are highly dependent on the regulation of chromatin structure. The dynamic changes in chromatin accessibility are controlled by a class of chromatin-remodeling factors which form multimeric complexes and use ATP as the source of their helicase activity. In this study we have established a mouse embryonic fibroblast in vitro model with conditional inactivation of chromatin remodeling ATPase Smarca5 and used this powerful tool to test the regulation of cell cycle, proliferation and DDR signaling in conditions with low Smarca5 activity. Our results show that decreased dosages lead to decreased proliferation apparent already within few days post induction of Smarca5 deletion that is accompanied with decrease of cells in S and M phases of cell cycle, increasing cell ploidy and accelerated cell senescence. Additionally, the Smarca5 depleted cells upregulated many protein markers associated with DNA damage and cellular stress. Our results thus indicate that Smarca5 has indispensable roles during cell proliferation including in the maintenance of genome integrity during S phase of cell cycle.

A subject of the diploma thesis was the optimization of a procedure of detecting a phytoplasma Candidatus Phytoplasma mali using woody indicator Golden Delicious in greenhouse conditions as an alternative method to the phytoplasma presence testing by biological indexing in field conditions. To control the presence of phytoplasma in the experimental plants, molecular method of real-time PCR was used. The experiment was set up on the demonstration area of the Department of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Plants in the grounds of Mendel University in Brno. Three different ways of transferring of the phytoplasma infection were compared: method of parallel grafting of the tested variety and of the indicator on the seedling in the period of dormancy (method number 1), method of summer budding of the tested variety on indicator grafted on the seedling in the period of dormancy (method number 2), and method of double summer budding of the indicator and of the tested variety on the seedling (method number 3). On a woody indicator Golden Delicious, varieties Virgin Czech, Canadian rennet, Gascoigne, Ribston and Boskoop were tested, 10 plants of each variety. The experiment lasted 10 months. A total of 150 tested plants were assessed by a visual inspection of the symptoms presence. During the monitoring period, none of the tested plants showed typical symptoms of the apple proliferation. Presence of the Candidatus Phytoplasma mali was verified using real-time PCR method in 60 tested (indicator) plants. The infection was confirmed in 12 of the indicator plants. The detected quantities of the phytoplasma in the tissues however reached very low values. The highest number of the infected plants was found in tests of the Gascoigne variety, established by the method of double summer budding of the indicator and of the tested variety on the seedling (method number 3). This method provided the most successful inoculation of the indicator by the phytoplasma. Based on the results obtained during the presented study, it can be declared that biological testing of the phytoplasma presence using short-term greenhouse tests is not reliable. When using testing with the indicator ´Golden Delicious´, it is recommended to realize the experiments for at least two growing seasons, as it is in the field tests. Due to the fact that during the time-limited realization period of the experiment in this study it was found that the phytoplasma was not sufficiently propagated, the final results of the comparison of the indicator plants inoculation methods will be available at the end of autumn of 2017.

Dispatched 3 (DISP3), sterol - sensing domain (SSD) - containing protein, is a key focus of our laboratory. It was described as a gene regulated by thyroid hormone and its expression is mainly localized within neural tissue. Our preliminary data suggested increased DISP3 expression in medulloblastoma, a highly common pediatric cerebellar tumour, therefore we wanted to examine DISP3 role in human cancer cells. The aim of this thesis is to perform DISP3 overexpression and downregulation in human medulloblastoma cell lines and in mouse neural progenitors and analyse its effect on cell proliferation and differentiation. For this purpose, we chose DAOY and D341, human medulloblastoma cell lines with low and high expression of DISP3 and mouse multipotent neural progenitor cell line, C 17.2, with low DISP3 expression. We showed, that DISP3 ectopic expression leads to increase in cell proliferation in both DAOY and C 17.2 cells. Next, we examined the ability of C 17.2 cells to differentiate into neurons and astrocytes and observed, that cells overexpressing DISP3 reveal delay in differentiation, what we proved by analysis of cell specific markers. Using CRISPR-Cas9 targeting system, we reduced DISP3 expression within D341 cells and observed decrease in their proliferation. Finally, we analysed cell cycle...

This thesis deals with the study of cells on nanostructured surfaces of titanium dioxide, which are produced by the electrochemical method called anodic oxidation. The theoretical part is formed by an overview of manufacturing nanostructured surfaces using anodic oxidation method. It mentions the influence of external factors on the geometric parameters of the structure and description of methods of characterization structures. Furthermore there is processed outline of use for biomedical application and the description of interaction of the cell with surface. The practical part includes description of the production of nanoporous and nano-tubular structures made on thin films of titanium by direct method of anodic oxidation on which was studied the influence of external factors. Described a procedure and production of nanorods structures and nanodots generated using alumina template (AAO) which is subsequently carried out the study of the behavior of cells, which includes tests of adhesion, examination of morphology of cells, assays of proliferation and differentiation. Structures are under investigation of the interaction of cells with the nanostructured layer compared with the smooth surface of the titanium dioxide.

Filip Lhota: Study of alternatively spliced variants of estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer cell lines Abstract: Estrogen receptor α (ER-α) is a transcription factor responsible for mediation of the activities of its natural ligand 17-β-estradiol (E2), the hormone that together with progesterone belongs to the key regulators of mammary epithelial as well as breast cancer cells proliferation. Except to the major gene product consisting of all eight coding exons of ER-α, numerous qualitatively and quantitatively different spliced variants originated from primary transcript by activity of alternative splicing is expressed. Despite that some of these spliced variants have been functionally characterized, their precise role on final ER-α cellular activity remains to be elucidated. The functional characterization of individual alternative forms of ER-α and description of its participation on the overall ER-α activity is important for our understanding of their biogenesis and is also critical for the delineation of molecular bases for ER-α regulation during anti cancer chemotherapy. This work aimed to study the influence of alternatively spliced ER-α variants on the growth characteristics of clones constructed from stable mammary tissue cell lines in regulation to cultivation conditions and cellular...

DISP3 protein, also known as PTCHD2, belongs to the PTCHD family of proteins, which contain a sterol-sensing domain in their structure. The expression of the Disp3 gene is high in neural tissues and is regulated by thyroid hormone. The DISP3 gene is associated with development and progression of certain types of tumors, as well as with development of some neural pathologies. Neural stem cells also display high expression of the Disp3 gene. Neural stem cells are defined by their capability to self-renewal and capacity to differentiate into the basic types of neural cells - neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Precise regulation of the balance between proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells is crucial for development of the central nervous system and its subsequent proper functioning, and disruption of this balance may lead to development of various pathologies. In this work we mainly focused on describing the function of the DISP3 protein in neural cells and tissues. We have shown that during differentiation of neural stem cells, the expression of the Disp3 gene is significant decreased. Furthermore, we have found that in neural stem and progenitor cells, the increased expression of the Disp3 gene promotes their proliferation. Moreover, when Disp3 expression was disrupted, the...