International judges and prosecutors are today present in various places around the world. They are supposed to function as a complement to the national judiciary and help in the up-building of rule of law. However, there are various problems and questions regarding the work they accomplish, which will be discussed throughout this thesis. Kosovo has been chosen as an example since it has a long experience of international judges and prosecutors. Further on it has been debated if the international personnel in the Kosovar judicial system contribute to the capacity-building or not. The following text also brings up several types of courts where the international judges and prosecutors are present. The reason for this is to give an idea of the various forms of international involvement that exists, but also to discuss where justice should be done. The aim of the thesis has been to find some key problems regarding international judges and prosecutors in national legal systems to be able to make better in the future. During the analyse of those questions various materials have been used, such as regulations, reports and previous research. The conclusion that has been drawn is that international judges and prosecutors can play an important role in the building of rule of law in national legal systems. However, the cooperation among internationals and nationals has to be deeper. Therefore some questions regarding for example salary and language problems must be solved so that the cooperation has the possibility to grow stronger in the future.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 202-206).

Law / LL.M.

abstract: Contemporary research has examined the relationship between determinate sentencing reforms and unwarranted punishment disparities in states and the federal criminal justice system. Recent investigations suggest that legal developments in federal sentencing—namely, the High Court’s rulings in U.S. v. Booker (2005) and Gall/Kimbrough v. U.S. (2007) which rendered and subsequently reaffirmed the federal guidelines as advisory—have not altered disparities associated with imprisonment outcomes. Punishment disparities following Booker and Gall, particularly racial and ethnic disparities, have been linked to Assistant U.S. Attorneys’ (AUSAs) use of substantial assistance departures. What remains unanswered in the literature is whether the changes in AUSAs’ decision making following the landmark cases has enduring effects and whether the effects are conditioned by defendants’ race/ethnicity and the type of case (guidelines cases or mandatory minimum cases), and whether the use of substantial assistance varies across U.S. District Courts. Accordingly, these questions are examined using sentencing data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission, coupled with data from the National Judicial Center, U.S. Census Bureau, Uniform Crime Reports, and Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research. This study looks at 465,476 defendants convicted from fiscal year 2001 to fiscal year 2010 across 89 federal districts. A series of multilevel discontinuity regression models are estimated to assess the short-term and long-term effects of the Booker and Gall/Kimbrough decisions on AUSAs’ use of substantial assistance departures, accounting for contextual differences between federal district courts. The results show that AUSAs are less likely to seek motions for substantial assistance immediately and in the long term in the post-Booker period but are more likely to seek substantial assistance in the long term in the post-Gall/Kimbrough period. These effects, however, are restricted to the models that include all cases and guidelines cases. The interaction models show that Hispanic defendants facing a mandatory minimum sentence are less likely to receive a substantial assistance departure immediately and in the long term following the Court’s Booker decision. Moreover, the use of substantial assistance varies across federal districts. The results are discussed in relation to their implications for theory, courts and sentencing policy, and future research on punishment outcomes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2015

abstract: This study hypothesizes that prosecutors would be more likely to prosecute juveniles who engage in sexual activity with an underage same-sex partner than those who engage in underage sexual activity with a member of the opposite sex. To test this hypothesis, surveys were mailed to 1,000 prosecutors around the United States with a between subject design, meaning that each participant was only exposed to one condition in the vignette they read. There were a total of four vignettes, creating four conditions of different “offender” sex and “victim” sex in sexually appropriate relationships. The vignettes contain conditions in which either a male or female junior in high school was videotaped having oral sex with either a male or a female freshman in high school. Prosecutors were asked questions about whether they would prosecute the older student for statutory rape. Results indicated that manipulations of “offender” sex and “victim” sex were not statistically significant on prosecutorial discretion or punishment severity/motives; however, these manipulations did alter the prosecutors’ perceptions of the offender. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Criminology and Criminal Justice 2017

Univ., Diss.--Passau, 2005. / Literaturverz. S. 239 - 253.

Submitted by Kelly Ayala (kelly.ayala@fgv.br) on 2016-09-06T13:44:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçaoAufiero.pdf: 359337 bytes, checksum: 2d540941e6b6bb02ba5773f556c9fc01 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Kelly Ayala (kelly.ayala@fgv.br) on 2016-09-06T13:46:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçaoAufiero.pdf: 359337 bytes, checksum: 2d540941e6b6bb02ba5773f556c9fc01 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Kelly Ayala (kelly.ayala@fgv.br) on 2016-09-06T13:48:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçaoAufiero.pdf: 359337 bytes, checksum: 2d540941e6b6bb02ba5773f556c9fc01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T13:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçaoAufiero.pdf: 359337 bytes, checksum: 2d540941e6b6bb02ba5773f556c9fc01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / This paper aims to examine the police investigation, their flow and results in order to assess the delegacia of murders of Manaus in pesperctiva the public prosecutor and civilian police. The purpose of the survey will always be to provide the necessary elements to form a suspicion of crime, integrating it investigatórios the elements so that the criminal action proposal is accepted or not. However, a significant percentage of investigations police sent to prosecutors has returned to the delegacia new research or even to be attached reports which should be included in this. The assessment of the prospect of members of the public prosecutor, the Brazilian Bar Association and Civil Police investigations showed that the police investigations are returned by gaps and inconsistencies resulting from the lack of qualified personnel, physical structure, and technological expertise and adequate support from other bodies and the Medico Legal Institute and the Institute of Criminalistics that does not have sufficient resources to meet the modern requirements in the elucidation of crimes. In the absence of technical resources needed to determine evidence of guilt, many surveys are rejected. / Este trabalho objetiva analisar o inquérito policial, seu fluxo e resultados com vistas a avaliar a delegacia de homicidios de Manaus na pesperctiva do Ministério Público e da polícia civil. A finalidade do inquérito será sempre a de fornecer os elementos necessários para formar a suspeita do crime, integrando-se os elementos investigatórios para que a ação penal proposta seja aceita ou não. Todavia, um percentual significativo de inquéritos policiais enviados ao Ministério Público tem retornado a delegacia para novas investigações ou mesmo para que sejam anexados laudos que deveriam constar neste. A avaliação da perspectiva de membros do Ministério Público, Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil e Polícia Civil demonstrou que os inquéritos policiais os inquéritos são devolvidos por falhas e inconsistências decorrentes da falta de qualificação pessoal, estrutura física, pericial e tecnológica adequada e apoio de outros órgãos como o Instituto Médico Legal e Instituto de Criminalística que não dispõe de recursos suficientes para atender as modernas exigências na elucidação de crimes. Na ausência de recursos técnicos que permitam determinar provas de culpa, muitos inquéritos são rejeitados.

I likhet med många andra länder har våld i nära relation, sexuellt våld och våld mot barn uppmärksammats mer och mer i Sverige de senaste fem decennierna. I takt med att kunskapen om våld i nära relation har ökat har det också vuxit fram en kritik mot brister inom rättsväsendet, i synnerhet när det gäller att ge skydd och upprättelse till de som utsätts för dessa former av våld. Genom denna utveckling ställs det idag andra krav på de rättsliga aktörerna gällande kunskap och bemötande. Syftet med denna avhandling är att utforska hur relationsvåldsspecialiserade åklagare förhandlar om sina professionella identiteter i relation till de förändrade diskurserna om professionalitet inom rättsväsendet. Studien bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med 32 relationsvåldsspecialiserade åklagare på åtta åklagarkammare runt om i Sverige. Utifrån en narrativ och emotionsteoretisk ansats belyser avhandlingen hur dessa åklagare iscensätter en respektabel professionalitet i relation till möten med målsägande, tilltalade och rättsliga aktörer samt i relation till särskilda arbetsuppgifter, så som att leda förundersökningar, fatta beslut om åtal samt vara part i rätten. Avhandlingen synliggör de normativa motsättningar och spänningar som åklagarna upplever och hanterar i sitt arbete. I sina narrativ rör de sig mellan, och förenar, positioneringar kring objektivitet-engagemang, rationalitet-magkänsla, skepticism-lyhördhet, auktoritet-ödmjukhet, distans-närhet och iscensätter på detta sätt en komplex professionell respektabilitet. En av avhandlingens centrala slutsatser är att den professionella respektabiliteten iscensätts genom en prövande och ambivalent hållning till den auktoritet och makt som arbetet bygger på. Genom berättelser om tvivel och maktlöshet, snarare än genom berättelser om ofelbarhet och autonomi, konstrueras professionalitet som ett lärande, reflexivt projekt. Inom en professionell kontext där känslor kan anses vara särskilt nedtystade, bidrar analysen av åklagarnas tal om emotioner med ett viktigt perspektiv. Analysen visar att tal om känslor tänjer den diskursiva uppdelningen mellan ett professionellt respektive ett privat jag och fungerar som ett narrativt element som både bekräftar och utmanar gränserna för den professionella respektabiliteten. Som helhet, bidrar avhandlingen till det kriminologiska forskningsfältet i de nordiska länderna genom att synliggöra en central rättslig aktör, åklagare, och bidrar till fältet om våld i nära relationer genom att belysa varför strukturer och praktiker som har kritiserats under så lång tid består men också hur de kan förändras. / As in many other countries, intimate partner violence, sexual violence and violence against children have been the focus of an increasing amount of attention in Sweden over the past five decades. As the knowledge on relationship violence has increased, the Swedish criminal justice system (CJS) has faced growing criticism for its failure to protect and provide redress to the victims of these forms of violence. Justice system actors are facing new demands in terms of their levels of knowledge and the quality of the service they provide for those they meet in the context of their work. The aim of the dissertation is to explore how prosecutors who specialise in relationship violence negotiate their professional identities and their normative boundaries in relation to the changing discourses of professionalism within the criminal justice system. The study is based on qualitative interviews with 32 prosecutors specialised in relationship violence, from eight prosecutors’ offices in different parts of Sweden. On the basis of a narrative and emotion theoretical approach, the dissertation explores how these prosecutors accomplish professional respectability in relation to situations where they meet with complainants, defendants and legal actors as well as in relation to specific work tasks, such as the leadership of police investigations, making indictment decisions and presenting the prosecution case in court. The dissertation discusses the normative dilemmas and tensions the prosecutors experience and handle in their work. In their narratives, they both shift between, and manage to reconcile, objectivity-engagement, rationality-gut feeling, scepticism-receptiveness, authority-humility and distance-intimacy, and in doing so perform a complex professional respectability. One of the dissertation’s central conclusions is that professional respectability is performed by maintaining an exploratory and ambivalent attitude towards the power and authority that their work is based on. By means of narratives of doubt and powerlessness, rather than narratives of infallibility and autonomy, professionalism is constructed as a learning, reflexive project. In a professional context in which emotions may be viewed as being particularly suppressed, the analysis of the prosecutors’ speech on emotions constitutes an important perspective. The speech about feelings disrupts the discursive separation between a professional and a private self and often serves to both confirm and challenge the boundaries of professional respectability. Overall, the dissertation contributes to the field of Nordic criminology by raising the visibility of prosecutors as a central legal actor, and to the field of relationship violence by illuminating why structures and practices that have been criticised for such a long time endure, but also how they may be changed.

Chargés de mettre en œuvre la loi pénale contre les personnes soupçonnées d’infractions, les procureurs bénéficient traditionnellement d’un large pouvoir d’appréciation qui est en général encadré par la loi et par des instructions hiérarchiques que les procureurs doivent suivre lorsqu’ils prennent leurs décisions. Avec une analyse fondée sur des observations et des entretiens dans les systèmes français et anglo-gallois, cette étude comparative vise à comprendre comment les systèmes de justice pénale étudiés s’efforcent de combiner les nécessités du contrôle des autorités de poursuites dans des sociétés démocratiques modernes avec la souplesse et la réactivité nécessaires à l’application de la loi résultant de la marge d’appréciation laissée aux procureurs. Il existe actuellement peu d’études empiriques et systématiques du processus de décision des autorités de poursuites. Cette thèse montre qu’aucun des systèmes observés ne parvient à un équilibre satisfaisant entre le degré de responsabilité et le pouvoir de décision des procureurs. En France, bien que le contrôle démocratique et hiérarchique des procureurs soit bien développé en théorie, il reste limité en pratique, en raison en raison de la primauté du principe d’individualisation dans la culture juridique et du statut professionnel des procureurs comme magistrats indépendants. En Angleterre et au Pays de Galles, les procureurs font partie d’une structure particulièrement bureaucratique et centralisée qui impose une stricte uniformité des décisions de poursuites aux dépens du pouvoir de décision et de l’autonomie des procureurs dont le rôle se limite à des tâches simples et répétitives en raison de la segmentation de la procédure de poursuites. Cette structure autoritaire de contrôle, conjuguée à un équilibre historique des pouvoirs en faveur de la police, semble empêcher les procureurs de prendre des décisions qui pourraient être mal vues par leur hiérarchie ou la police. Enfin, le manque de ressources et une recherche constante d’efficacité dans chacun des systèmes juridiques étudiés ont produit une bureaucratisation de la procédure pénale, certaines tâches étant déléguées à du personnel peu qualifié et les affaires mineures étant expédiées le plus rapidement possible selon un traitement standardisé. / Tasked with enforcing the criminal law against suspected offenders, public prosecutors have traditionally enjoyed broad discretion, which is usually structured by legal and policy guidelines defining rules prosecutors should follow when making their decisions. Basing its analysis upon direct observations and interviews in the two jurisdictions under study, this comparative thesis endeavours to understand how the French and Anglo-Welsh criminal justice systems attempt to combine the necessities of accountability for public prosecution services in modern democratic societies with the flexibility and reactivity needed in the application of the law provided by prosecutorial discretion. There have been few systematic, empirical accounts of the decision-making process of these national prosecution services.This thesis argues that neither system observed achieves a satisfactory balance between accountability and discretion for public prosecutors. In France, although democratic and hierarchical accountability channels are well developed in theory, oversight is weak due to the primacy of the concept of ‘adaptation’ in the legal culture and the strong professional ethos of procureurs as independent judicial officers. In England and Wales, public prosecutors are part of a highly bureaucratic and centralised structure which strictly enforces consistency in prosecutorial decisions at the expense of much discretion and autonomy for individual prosecutors whose responsibility is limited to narrow and repetitive tasks due to the segmentation of the prosecution process. This overbearing accountability structure, coupled with a historical balance of power in favour of the police, appears to prevent prosecutors from making decisions perceived as unpopular with their hierarchy or the police. Finally, pressure on resources and a drive for efficiency in both jurisdictions have resulted in the bureaucratisation of the criminal justice process with part of the prosecution workload being delegated to unqualified staff and minor cases being processed as quickly as possible into a one-size-fits-all system.

Submitted by Cristiane Oliveira (cristiane.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2011-06-10T20:35:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 61080200035.pdf: 374766 bytes, checksum: 0ae6d2a483a2809afd04beab2862c95a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-10T20:38:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 61080200035.pdf: 374766 bytes, checksum: 0ae6d2a483a2809afd04beab2862c95a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-10T20:39:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 61080200035.pdf: 374766 bytes, checksum: 0ae6d2a483a2809afd04beab2862c95a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-10T21:37:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 61080200035.pdf: 374766 bytes, checksum: 0ae6d2a483a2809afd04beab2862c95a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-10 / The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988, following the tendency of former legislative innovations, conferred to the Brazilian Public Prosecution Service an important role on the defense of public interests, among them the right to education. This masters thesis, which identifies and analyzes efforts of the Public Prosecution Service of the state of São Paulo to handle this function, was guided by the hypotheses that the actions of the Public Prosecution Service of the state of São Paulo in questions related to the right to education (i) guarantee the expression of the less empowered population’s interests; and (ii) are guided by a specific institutional strategy of the Public Prosecution Service in this area. The collected data lead to the conclusion that the actions of the Public Prosecutors of the state of São Paulo for the guarantee of the right to education (i) are not guided by an institutional project specifically designed for this area; (ii) vary mostly according to their personal motivations; and (iii) even if they are not guided by an institutional project specifically designed for this area, they have given rise to discussions about the defense of the right to education at the Supreme Court. / A Constituição Federal de 1988, seguindo a tendência de inovações legislativas anteriores, conferiu ao Ministério Público um importante papel na defesa dos interesses sociais, entre eles o direito à educação. Este trabalho, que identifica e analisa ações do Ministério Público do Estado de São Paulo no exercício dessa função, foi norteado pelas seguintes hipóteses: (i) a atuação do Ministério Público na área do direito à educação ocorre no sentido de garantir a expressão de interesses de grupos desfavorecidos economicamente; (ii) essa atuação é guiada por uma política institucional específica do Ministério Público do Estado de São Paulo para a área do direito à educação. Os dados levantados permitem concluir que a atuação dos Promotores de Justiça do Ministério Público do Estado de São Paulo na defesa do direito à educação (i) não é guiada por um projeto institucional especificamente delineado para a área; (ii) varia principalmente de acordo com suas motivações pessoais; e (iii) embora não seja guiada por uma projeto institucional específico para a área do direito à educação, vem pautando as discussões no Supremo Tribunal Federal na defesa desse direito.