<p>Hip fractures are the most serious consequence of osteoporosis, and are one important cause of morbidity and mortality among the elderly. Prophylactic treatment for hip fractures are now available. Early detection of individuals with increased risk for hip fractures is therefor of great interest. A subset of non-institutionalised patients with a first hip fracture (cases;n=l18) and controls (n=263), aged 65-85 years, underwent dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the femoral neck, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the heel and phalanges and radiographic absorptiometry (RA) of the phalanges. The entire cohort was followed for approximately four years or to death. In women, DXA of the proximal femur and QUS of the heel showed a high predictive value for an incident first hip fracture, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4-5.5) and 3.4 (95%CI 2.2-5.0) respectively. The association was even stronger in men, but only for DXA of the proximal femu,r with an adjusted OR of4.8 (95%CI 2.3-9.9). Bone densitometry at non-weight-bearing sites, QUS and RA of the phalanges did not discriminate female cases from controls, but proved capable of separating male cases from controls. The risk of death was higher in cases than in controls, with a multivariate rate ratio (RR) of 3.4 (95%CI 1.7-7.0). There was no significant association between bone density and mortality. </p><p>Nursing home residents underwent QUS of the heel and phalanges. Almost all of the female residents and 51% of the male residents were, if the WHO-criterion for osteoporosis was applied, osteoporotic as assessed by heel and finger QUS. The QUS values were approximately 1.5 SD lower than expected for age and gender. </p><p>In this randomised controlled intervention study we evaluated the effect of external hip protectors in nursing home residents; 302 residents were allocated to wear such protectors and 442 were controls. External hip protectors were found to be effective in preventing hip fractures in nursing home residents, with an adjusted relative risk for hip fracture of 0.33 (CI 0.11 - 1.00). </p>

Hip fractures are the most serious consequence of osteoporosis, and are one important cause of morbidity and mortality among the elderly. Prophylactic treatment for hip fractures are now available. Early detection of individuals with increased risk for hip fractures is therefor of great interest. A subset of non-institutionalised patients with a first hip fracture (cases;n=l18) and controls (n=263), aged 65-85 years, underwent dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the femoral neck, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the heel and phalanges and radiographic absorptiometry (RA) of the phalanges. The entire cohort was followed for approximately four years or to death. In women, DXA of the proximal femur and QUS of the heel showed a high predictive value for an incident first hip fracture, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4-5.5) and 3.4 (95%CI 2.2-5.0) respectively. The association was even stronger in men, but only for DXA of the proximal femu,r with an adjusted OR of4.8 (95%CI 2.3-9.9). Bone densitometry at non-weight-bearing sites, QUS and RA of the phalanges did not discriminate female cases from controls, but proved capable of separating male cases from controls. The risk of death was higher in cases than in controls, with a multivariate rate ratio (RR) of 3.4 (95%CI 1.7-7.0). There was no significant association between bone density and mortality. Nursing home residents underwent QUS of the heel and phalanges. Almost all of the female residents and 51% of the male residents were, if the WHO-criterion for osteoporosis was applied, osteoporotic as assessed by heel and finger QUS. The QUS values were approximately 1.5 SD lower than expected for age and gender. In this randomised controlled intervention study we evaluated the effect of external hip protectors in nursing home residents; 302 residents were allocated to wear such protectors and 442 were controls. External hip protectors were found to be effective in preventing hip fractures in nursing home residents, with an adjusted relative risk for hip fracture of 0.33 (CI 0.11 - 1.00).

L’estudi d’espècies marines (micro- i macroorganismes) és interessant perquè ha conduit a l’aïllament de substàncies amb una estructura química totalment diferent de les trobades en productes naturals aïllats d’organismes terrestres i a més amb una amplia gama de activitat biològica força interessant. La mayotlida és un producte natural d’origen marí aïllat per la empresa Pharmamar d’una mostra de Spongia sp. La mayotlida presenta activitat inhibidora del creixement (GI50) del ordre nanomolar. Des del punt de vista estructural, la mayotlida és un sistema octapeptídic i té la peculiaritat de la unió entre dos triptòfans (Trps), mitjançant l’enllaç entre el N indòlic d’un i el C3a de l’altre, que es troba ciclat constituint una unitat hexahidropirroloindole (HPI). Aquesta estructura triptòfan-pirroloindole ha sigut detectada, fins el moment en pocs productes naturals, i la mayotlida és el primer exemple d’un compost bis-macrocíclic amb aquest enllaç. En el capítol 1 de la memòria s’estudia la formació del sistema triptòfan-pirroloindole, per a lo qual s’ha assajat la reacció entre un Trp i un anàleg halogenat de l’HPI en diferents condicions experimentals a fi de trobar les més adients. Estàn descrites dues rutes sintètiques que condueixen a la formació de l’HPI halogenat en la posicióo 3a, conduint cadascuna a un diastereòmer distint. A més, en la formació de l’enllaç entre el C3a de l’HPI i el N indòlic del Trp, s’han escollit els grups protectors més adients i amb ortogonalitat entre ells per al creixement ordenat i selectiu del sistema Trp-HPI. En el capítol 2 s’inicia la síntesis de la mayotlida. En primer lloc, s’ha estudiat la formació de l’anell A, que és l’anell petit de la mayotlida. L’anell A és un macrocicle de tretze puntes format per tres aminoàcids: un Trp, l’HPI i l’Ile. S’han assajat tres posicions de macrociclació per a comprovar el punt idoni per tancar l’anell. S’ha determinat l’estereoquímica relativa dels estereocentres d’aquest anell mitjançant experiments de RMN mono i bidimensionals. La segona part d’aquest capítol es dedica a la formació del segon macrocicle, que anomenem anell B. S’ha sintetitzat, en fase sòlida, la cadena lineal pentapeptídica que unida als grups àcid i amina de l’anell A conduirà a l’anell B de la mayotlida. S’ha acoblat aquesta cadena amb l’anell A i s’ha realitzat la macrociclació de l’anell B per fornir la mayotlida. S’ha comparat la mayotlida sintètica amb la natural, coeluint ambdues al mateix temps. En el capítol 3 s’ha plantejat la síntesi de dos anàlegs de la mayotlida, els quals tenen la mateixa seqüència peptídica que l’anell B de la mayotlida i es diferèncien en que no tenen l’enllaç Trp-HPI, és a dir, no contenen l’anell A en la seva estructura; a més, un d’ells té un Trp enlloc de l’HPI. Endemés, s’ha assajat l’activitat de l’anell A de la mayotlida i d’un dels anàlegs sintetitzats. / Marine natural products research is interesting because marine species (micro- and macroorganisms) biosynthesize compounds with different chemical structures and bioactivities from terrestrial natural products. Mayotlide is a marine natural product; it was isolated by Pharmarmar from a sample of Spongia sp. Mayotlide shows a nanomolar GI50 activity. Structurally, mayotlide is an octapeptidic system and it has the characteristic trait: the bond between Trp’s – the N-indole of a Trp and the C3a of a cycled Trp: a hexahydropyrroloindole unit (HPI). Few natural products contain this Trp-HPI system in their structures until the moment, and mayotlide is the first example of a bis-macrocyclic compound with this bond. The chapter 1 of the manuscript studies the synthesis of tryptophan-pyrroloindole system, which requires the reaction between a Trp and a halogenated HPI. Two synthetic routes have been reported to afford the halogenated HPI at C3a, each of which afford one mainly different diastereomer. In addition, the most suitable orthogonal protecting groups have been selected to allow the selective growing from the Trp-HPI system. The chapter 2 is about the beginning of the synthesis of mayotlide. First, the synthesis of the A ring has been studied, which is the small ring of mayotlide. The A ring is composed of three amino acids: Trp, Ile, and HPI. Three closing points of macrocycle have been tested. Several mono and bidimensional NMR experiments have made relative stereochemistry of stereocenters possible. The second half of this chapter is about the second macrocycle formation. The elongation of peptide chain of mayotlide has been synthesized on solid phase. Then, the couplings between the peptide chain and the A ring have been performed, affording the synthetic mayotlide. The natural and synthetic mayotlide have coeluted at the same time in a HPLC. The syntheses of two analogues of mayotlide have been studied in chapter 3. The structures of these analogues are one cycle which contain the same peptide sequence of the B ring of mayotlide; one of them has change the HPI for a Trp. In addition, the activities of the A ring and one analogue have been tested.

Um modelo experimental de arco dentário, moldado em epóxi, foi utilizado para estudar o comportamento mecânico do copolímero de etileno e acetato de vinila (EVA), na forma de placa plana e protetor bucal. O modelo experimental foi investigado, usando-se um sistema configurado em duas formas diferentes: suporte + arco + placa plana e suporte + arco + protetor bucal. O comportamento mecânico do copolímero de etileno e acetato de vinila foi estudado em função de três variáveis: espessura, temperatura e na ausência e presença de saliva artificial. A avaliação do comportamento mecânico do EVA, na forma de placa e protetor, foi feita usando-se dois planejamentos estatísticos fatoriais, 3x2x2 e 23, respectivamente, numa máquina universal de tração. As propriedades mecânicas do EVA, ao esforço compressivo, avaliadas nas duas configurações (suporte + arco + placa e suporte + arco + protetor) foram: energia aparente absorvida (J.mm-1), tensão máxima (N.mm-1), deslocamento máximo (mm) e força máxima (N). Os efeitos das variáveis, espessura, temperatura e presença ou ausência da saliva artificial foram modelados, matematicamente, usando-se as propriedades mecânicas do EVA ao esforço compressivo, como parâmetros de resposta. Os polinômios ortogonais foram ajustados em função das variáveis e de suas interações significantes, fixando-se o nível de significância igual ou menor de 0,05 ou 5%. Um mecanismo de oclusão do modelo experimental, para explicar a resposta mecânica do EVA, no sistema suporte + arco + placa e suporte + arco + protetor, consistiu em três eventos acoplados: 1) deformação compressiva longitudinal; 2) escorregamento entre os arcos e 3) travamento mecânico ao atingir a máxima oclusão. As variáveis, espessura da placa ou do protetor, temperatura (ambiente e bucal) e saliva (ausência ou presença), bem como algumas interações significantes entre elas, modificaram as propriedades mecânicas do EVA, no sentido de aumentar ou reduzir a resistência oferecida, por este material, ao esforço compressivo, dependendo de como os níveis das respectivas variáveis eram combinados. A resposta mecânica do EVA no sistema suporte + arco + protetor diferiu do sistema suporte + arco + placa, pois os intervalos de espessuras médias dos protetores e das placas foram significativamente diferentes. O mecanismo de oclusão do modelo experimental proposto justifica as diferenças de comportamento mecânico observadas para as duas configurações estudadas. Para placas ou protetores mais finos, da ordem de 2mm, o escorregamento acoplado ao travamento mecânico foram dois eventos determinantes. Para as placas mais espessas, da ordem de 4 mm, o comportamento mecânico pode ser explicado por três eventos acoplados: deformação compressiva longitudinal, escorregamento entre os arcos e travamento mecânico, ao atingir a máxima oclusão. / An experimental model of dental arch, moulded in epoxy, was used to study the mechanic behaviour of a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate (EVA), in the form of a flat plaque or mouth protector in function of three variables: thickness, temperature and the absence or presence of artificial saliva. The evaluation of the mechanical behaviour of EVA, as a plaque or as a mouth protector, was made with the use of two factorial statistical projection, 3x2x2 and 23, respectively, in a universal test machine. The mechanic properties of EVA, at compressive effort, evaluated in two configurations (support + arch + plaque and support + arch + mouth protector) were: maximum absorbed energy (J.mm-1), maximum strain (N.mm-1), maximum displacement (mm) and maximum force (N). The effect of the variables (thickness, temperature and absence or presence of artficial saliva) were shaped, mathematically, by using the mechanical properties of EVA to compressive effort as a reply parameter. The orthogonal polynomials were adjusted in function of the variables and their significant interactions, fixing the level of significancy as 0,05 (5%) or less. A mechanism of occlusion of the experimental model, to explain the mechanic answer of EVA in the system support + arch + plaque and support + arch + protector, consisted of three connected events: 1) longitudinal compressive deformation; 2) sliding between the arches and 3) mechanic lockage on maximum occlusion. The variables, thickness of the plaque or mouth protector, temperature (local or mouth) e saliva (presence or absence), as well as some significant interactions between them, modified the mechanic properties of EVA, in the sense of increasing or reducing the resistence of this material to the compressive effort, depending on the way these variables were combined. The mechanic answer of EVA in the system support + arch + mouth protector differed from the system support + arch + plaque, as the intervals of average thickness of the mouth protectors and of the plaque were significantly distinct. The mechanism of occlusion of the experimental model proposed justifies the differences of mechanical behaviour observed in both configurations studied. In thinner plaques or mouth protectors, approximately of 2 mm, the sliding connected to the mechanic lockage were two determinant events. For thicker plaques, approximately of 4 mm, the mechanical behaviour can be explained by three linked events: longitudinal compressive deformation, sliding between the arches and mechanic locakge, on the maximum occlusion.

In 2016, An estimated 15,000 people representing 400 Indigenous Nations and non-indigenous allies gathered at the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation in solidarity against the Dakota Access Pipeline to protect Mni Sose, the Missouri River. They became known as the Water Protectors. This dissertation analyzes the response in environmental philosophy journals to the #noDAPL protest at Standing Rock. Even though the Stand at Standing Rock became one of the most important and monumental environmental protests of the last decade, neither Standing Rock nor the Water Protectors appear in environmental philosophy journals at all--not once. Why? I suggest a possible answer by exploring the Stand of the Water Protectors as a moment in a much longer continuous history of resistance to settler colonialism. Settler colonialism attempts to facilitate the erasure of Indigenous populations by colonial ones, in order to gain access to territory—to land. The omission of Standing Rock from environmental philosophy journals represents the ease with which environmental philosophy can become complicit in the project of settler colonial erasure and replacement through absence. Drawing on Indigenous land-based philosophies of kinship, Latin American decolonial philosophy, settler colonial theory, and frameworks of Indigenous environmental justice, I show how the geo-politics of colonialism have come to produce environmental injustice and planetary ruin. I work to break the silence on Standing Rock in environmental philosophy and allow the Water Protectors example to guide the project toward an environmental philosophy which centers colonialism and Indigenous resurgence as core concerns.

O objetivo deste estudo foi a elaboração e testes simulados, com dados elétricos reais, de metodologia para a operação de geração distribuída (GD) fotovoltaica, em baixa tensão e com exportação de excedentes, em sistemas de distribuição reticulado. A metodologia superou as limitações impostas pelos equipamentos de proteção chamados Protetores de Rede, inerentes à topologia de distribuição do tipo reticulado. Tais equipamentos inviabilizam a geração distribuída, que exporta excedentes para a rede externa por desconectarem os transformadores de média para baixa tensão, causando o ilhamento da GD, sempre que existir um fluxo de potência reverso, ou seja, no sentido do cliente para a concessionária. O objetivo foi alcançado por meio da criação de um simulador de subestação de reticulado exclusivo (Spot) de três transformadores nos qual os comportamentos dos protetores de rede eram testados com dados de fluxo de potência reais aquisitados em subestações de reticulado em Brasília (concessionária CEB) e em subestação do Instituto de Energia e Ambiente (IEE), da Universidade de São Paulo, onde existe uma instalação geradora fotovoltaica de 12kWp. Novos comportamentos dos protetores de rede foram simulados para compatibilizar tal fluxo reverso de potência e parâmetros críticos foram levantados. Nas simulações, encontraram-se caminhos viáveis de promover estas conexões com segurança e simplicidade. Estes novos comportamentos podem ser implementados no firmware dos relés de protetores de redes microprocessados. / The aim of this study was to develop and test a methodology for operation of photovoltaic distributed generation (DG) on secondary side of the Spot and Grid Network types of electricity distribution systems, allowing for the export of excess energy. This methodology did overcome the limitations imposed by the protective equipment known as Network Protector (NP), a standard equipment on secondary network distribution topology. Such equipments make exporting energy from distributed generation systems to the grid unfeasible because of the operational aspects of Network Protectors. This devices will disconnect the transformers whenever there is a reverse power flow, i.e. towards the utility, causing the islanding of the DG. The objective was achieved through the conception of a simulator for a Spot Network substation with three transformers where the behaviors of network protectors could be tested. Those simulations were performed with actual power flow data from real network substations in Brasilia city (CEB utility area) and the substation at the Institute for Energy and Environment (IEE) at the University of Sao Paulo, where a photovoltaic generating facility of 12kWp exists. New behaviors were simulated in order to make the NPs to manage the expected reverse power flow successfully. The most important parameters for the model were explained. Viable ways to connect exporting photovoltaic DG to secondary networks safely and simply have been found by means of these simulations. These new behaviors could be embedded in the firmware of the NP´s microprocessor based relays.

På bullriga arbetsplatser använder personal ofta hörselskydd med inbyggda högtalare för att lyssna på exempelvis musik i underhållningssyfte. Om användaren lyssnar på höga ljudnivåer under långa perioder kan bullerskador uppstå i dennes öron. Enligt lagstiftning måste nivån därför begränsas i förebyggande syfte. Bullernivån är ett genomsnitt av de ljudnivåer användaren exponerats för under en arbetsdag. Användaren måste vila öronen om gränsvärdet för bullernivån nås.Om man utnyttjar att det är ett genomsnitt kan användaren tillåtas lyssna på en hög ljudnivå under en begränsad tid för att sedan sänka den. Det går att bevara både säkerheten och lyssningsupplevelsen om en sänkning införs långsamt. Detta arbete beskriver hur en algoritm till en digital signalprocessor kan konstrueras för att reglera ljudnivån.Målsättningen var att algoritmen skulle skydda användarens hörsel utan att försämra lyssningsupplevelsen, och utan att förbruka mer energi än nödvändigt. I algoritmen ingick en prediktor som predikterar mängden buller användaren riskerar att utsättas för, om denne fortsätter lyssna på samma nivå.Långsamma sänkningar av ljudnivån kan då utföras i tid innan gränsvärdet nås. Det visade sig att algoritmen endast behövde ett fåtal samplingar per sekund för att skatta och reglera ljudnivån tillräckligt precist, vilket reducerade energiförbrukningen.Resultatet visar möjligheten att kombinera målen för säkerhet, lyssningsupplevelse och energieffektivitet i hörselskydd. Algoritmen implementerades inte på ett skarpt system.Den hade enbart tillgång till ljudsignalen användaren ämnade lyssna på i underhållningssyfte. / In noisy workplaces the staff are often using hearing protectors with built-in speakers for entertainment purposes. Prolonged exposure to loud sound levels can cause damage to the user’s ears. The legislation requires therefore a limiting mechanism for the speakers. The noise level is defined as the average of the sound levels the user has been exposed to during a working day. If the noise threshold is reached the user has to rest his ears. This definition can be exploited to allow the user to listen to a loud sound level for a limited time and then lowering it. If the sound level is lowered slowly, it is possible to preserve both safety and listening experience. This work describes how an algorithm can be designed for a digital signal processor with the purpose of controlling the sound level. The aim was to protect the user's hearing without spoiling the listening experience, and without consuming more power than necessary. The algorithm design included a predictor that predicts the amount of noise the user risk being subjected to, if he continues to listen at the same level. Slow reduction of the sound level can then be carried out in time before the noise threshold is reached. It turned out that the algorithm only needed a few samples per second to estimate and control the sound level sufficiently precisely, this reduced the power consumption. The results show that it is possible to combine the objectives for safety, listening experience and power consumption in hearing protectors. The algorithm was not implemented in a real system. The algorithm had only access to the audio signal which the user intended to listen to for entertainment purposes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi a elaboração e testes simulados, com dados elétricos reais, de metodologia para a operação de geração distribuída (GD) fotovoltaica, em baixa tensão e com exportação de excedentes, em sistemas de distribuição reticulado. A metodologia superou as limitações impostas pelos equipamentos de proteção chamados Protetores de Rede, inerentes à topologia de distribuição do tipo reticulado. Tais equipamentos inviabilizam a geração distribuída, que exporta excedentes para a rede externa por desconectarem os transformadores de média para baixa tensão, causando o ilhamento da GD, sempre que existir um fluxo de potência reverso, ou seja, no sentido do cliente para a concessionária. O objetivo foi alcançado por meio da criação de um simulador de subestação de reticulado exclusivo (Spot) de três transformadores nos qual os comportamentos dos protetores de rede eram testados com dados de fluxo de potência reais aquisitados em subestações de reticulado em Brasília (concessionária CEB) e em subestação do Instituto de Energia e Ambiente (IEE), da Universidade de São Paulo, onde existe uma instalação geradora fotovoltaica de 12kWp. Novos comportamentos dos protetores de rede foram simulados para compatibilizar tal fluxo reverso de potência e parâmetros críticos foram levantados. Nas simulações, encontraram-se caminhos viáveis de promover estas conexões com segurança e simplicidade. Estes novos comportamentos podem ser implementados no firmware dos relés de protetores de redes microprocessados. / The aim of this study was to develop and test a methodology for operation of photovoltaic distributed generation (DG) on secondary side of the Spot and Grid Network types of electricity distribution systems, allowing for the export of excess energy. This methodology did overcome the limitations imposed by the protective equipment known as Network Protector (NP), a standard equipment on secondary network distribution topology. Such equipments make exporting energy from distributed generation systems to the grid unfeasible because of the operational aspects of Network Protectors. This devices will disconnect the transformers whenever there is a reverse power flow, i.e. towards the utility, causing the islanding of the DG. The objective was achieved through the conception of a simulator for a Spot Network substation with three transformers where the behaviors of network protectors could be tested. Those simulations were performed with actual power flow data from real network substations in Brasilia city (CEB utility area) and the substation at the Institute for Energy and Environment (IEE) at the University of Sao Paulo, where a photovoltaic generating facility of 12kWp exists. New behaviors were simulated in order to make the NPs to manage the expected reverse power flow successfully. The most important parameters for the model were explained. Viable ways to connect exporting photovoltaic DG to secondary networks safely and simply have been found by means of these simulations. These new behaviors could be embedded in the firmware of the NP´s microprocessor based relays.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-28T20:35:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JONEUSO TÉRCIO CAVALCANTI DA COSTA – DISSERTAÇÃO (UAEMa) 2015.pdf: 1493605 bytes, checksum: 64e995b963519b1073063638b52caeac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-28T20:35:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JONEUSO TÉRCIO CAVALCANTI DA COSTA – DISSERTAÇÃO (UAEMa) 2015.pdf: 1493605 bytes, checksum: 64e995b963519b1073063638b52caeac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / As radiações não ionizantes (UV-A; UV-B e UV-C) do espectro eletromagnético do sol causam doenças aos seres humanos e precisam ser evitadas. O uso adequado do protetor solar minimiza tal risco. Atualmente, a tendência é introduzir materiais naturais, orgânicos ou inorgânicos, na composição dos protetores solares (fotoprotetores), no afã de neutralizar possíveis efeitos colaterais dos materiais sintéticos. Estudos mostraram que argilas (silicatos em camadas) incorporadas aos protetores solares podem bloquear radiação ultravioleta no comprimento de onda entre 250 a 400 nm dependendo da composição da argila. Acompanhando essa linha norteadora é que se baseou a elaboração deste trabalho onde duas argilas foram empregadas na preparação de fotoprotetores e aferida a eficácia em laboratório da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG) através da avaliação in vitro por espectrofotometria. As argilas testadas foram a montmorilonita sódica comercial (Cloisite® Na + ) e a bentonítica Argel 35. As formulações foram preparadas em três farmácias de manipulação, em três cidades diferentes, Guarabira, João Pessoa e Campina Grande, no Estado da Paraíba. O método escolhido para avaliação do Fator de Proteção Solar (FPS) foi o método in vitro desenvolvido por Mansur em virtude da ótima correlação com método in vivo, além de apresentar outras vantagens a exemplo do baixo custo e o de se evitar exposição do ser humano a experimentos que possam causar danos à saúde. Antes de avaliar o FPS das formulações preparadas com as argilas foi feita a avaliação do FPS de protetores solares comerciais e foi confirmado que o método in vitro utilizado foi adequado na determinação do FPS de protetores solares. A introdução de argilas na composição dos protetores solares, como materiais naturais, em substituição ao material sintético TiO2 foi eficaz, especialmente para a argila bentonita Argel. A legitimidade em se estudar o efeito fotoprotetor dos materiais argilosos na composição dos protetores solares é justificada por grande relevância social, posto que são de baixo custo, e ainda por serem encontradas com facilidade na natureza. / Non-ionizing radiation (UV-A, UV-B and UV-C) of the sun's electromagnetic spectrum cause diseases to human and must be avoided. The proper use of sunscreen minimizes this problem. Currently, the trend is to introduce natural materials, organic or inorganic, in the composition of sunscreens, in order to neutralize possible side effects of synthetic materials. Studies have shown that clays (layered silicates) incorporated in sunscreens can block ultraviolet radiation in 250 to 400 nm wavelength range depending on the clay composition. Following this guideline, in this work, two clays were used in the preparation of sunscreen and its effectiveness was determined at Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG) laboratory through in vitro evaluation by spectrophotomery. The clays tested were Cloisite® Na + sodium montmorillonite and Argel 35 bentonite. The formulations were prepared in pharmacies in three different cities, Guarabira, Joao Pessoa and Campina Grande, in Paraíba state. The method chosen to evaluate the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) was in vitro method, developed by Mansur, due to the excellent correlation with in vivo method. Besides, there are other advantages like low cost and less damage to health since the volunteer is not exposed to the experiments. Before the evaluation of SPF of prepared formulations with the clay, the SPF of commercial sunscreens was determined and it was confirmed that the in vitro method was proper to define sunscreen SPF. The introduction of clay in the sunscreens composition, as natural materials, replacing TiO2 synthetic material was effective, especially for Argel bentonite clay. The legitimacy of studying the photoprotective effect of clay materials in the composition of sunscreens is justified by great social relevance, since they are inexpensive and found easily in nature.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-20T12:27:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 raianeaparecidalopesneves.pdf: 1081293 bytes, checksum: de7acb253e8ce7cc8f93a2e3685690c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-09T12:50:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 raianeaparecidalopesneves.pdf: 1081293 bytes, checksum: de7acb253e8ce7cc8f93a2e3685690c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T12:50:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 raianeaparecidalopesneves.pdf: 1081293 bytes, checksum: de7acb253e8ce7cc8f93a2e3685690c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / A importância e a necessidade do uso de protetores solares, também denominados fotoprotetores, nos últimos anos, é uma realidade inquestionável, visto que protegem a pele contra a radiação ultravioleta. A resolução RDC nº 47 de março de 2006 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) determina quais tipos de filtros podem ser usados em produtos de higiene pessoal, cosméticos e perfumes, bem como sua concentração máxima permitida (10 % para benzofenona-3 - BZ-3, 4 % para 4-metilbenzilideno cânfora – MBC e 10 % para 4-metoxicinamato-2-etilhexila – OMC). Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um método eletroanalítico utilizando eletrodos modificados e voltametria de onda quadrada para quantificar BZ-3, MBC e OMC em amostras de protetor solar. Foram otimizadas a composição do eletrólito, eletrodo de trabalho e a técnica voltamétrica aplicada. O sistema eletroquímico consistiu em uma célula com três eletrodos: trabalho – eletrodo de ouro modificado com filme de mercúrio, referência – Ag/AgCl(sat) e auxiliar - platina, como eletrólito foi usado 4,0 mL de Tampão Britton Robinson 0,04 mol.L-1 (pH = 4,0), 1,0 mL de Metanol (grau HPLC) e 5,50 x 10-4 mol.L-1 de brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio. As medidas eletroquímicas foram realizadas por voltametria de onda quadrada, sendo o sistema eletroquímico submetido a purga com argônio por 12 minutos antes das análises. Os limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ) foram 0,47 mg.L-1 e 1,56 mg.L-1 para BZ-3, 0,77 mg.L-1 e 2,58 mg.L-1 para MBC e 0,78 mg.L-1 e 2,59 mg.L-1 para OMC. O método mostrou valores de recuperação entre 83,3 a 98,1 %. Foram encontrados valores de concentração para BZ-3 de 3,49 % m/m (728 mg.L-1), para MBC de 0,56 % m/m (113 mg.L-1) e para OMC 0,99 % m/m (208 mg.L-1). As amostras de protetor solar foram avaliadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, como método de referência, demostrando uma boa correlação entre os resultados. Desta forma, todos os valores estão abaixo do permitido pela ANVISA. / In the last few years, the importance and necessity of the use of sunscreen protectors, also denominated photoprotectors, is an unquestionable reality, since they protect the skin against the ultraviolet radiation. The resolution RDC n. 47 of March, 2006 of National Sanitary Vigilance Agency (ANVISA) determines which kinds of filters can be used in personal hygiene products, cosmetics and perfumes, as well as their maximal allowed concentration (10% benzophenone-3 – BZ-3, 4% to camphor 4-metylbenzilidene – MBC and 10% to 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate – OMC). Therefore, the present work has as objective the development of an electroanalytical method utilizing modified electrodes and square wave voltammetry to quantify BZ-3, MBC and OMC in sunscreen protector samples. The electrode composition, work electrode and voltammetric technique were optimized. The electrochemical system consisted of a cell with three electrodes: work – gold electrode modified with mercury film, reference – Ag/AgCl(sat) and auxiliary – platinum, using as electrolyte 4.0 mL of Britton Robinson Buffer 0.04 mol.L-1 (pH = 4.0), 1.0 mL of methanol (HPLC degree) and 5.50 x 10-4 mol.L-1 of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The electrochemical measurements were realized by square wave voltammetry, being the electrochemical system under an argon purge for 12 minutes before the analyses. The detection (LD) and quantification (LQ) limits were 0.47 mg.L-1 and 1.56 mg.L-1 to BZ-3, 0.77 mg.L-1 and 2.58 mg.L-1 to MBC and 0.78 mg.L-1 and 2.59 mg.L-1 to OMC. The method showed recovery values between 83.3 and 98.1%. Concentration values found were 3.49% m/m (728 mg.L-1) to BZ-3, 0.56% m/m (113 mg.L-1) to MBC and 0.99% m/m (208 mg.L-1) to OMC. The sunscreen protector samples were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography, as the reference method, demonstrating a good correlation between the results. In this way, all the values are below of that allowed by ANVISA.