Naïvement perçu, le processus d’évolution est une succession d’événements de duplication et de mutations graduelles dans le génome qui mènent à des changements dans les fonctions et les interactions du protéome. La famille des hydrolases de guanosine triphosphate (GTPases) similaire à Ras constitue un bon modèle de travail afin de comprendre ce phénomène fondamental, car cette famille de protéines contient un nombre limité d’éléments qui diffèrent en fonctionnalité et en interactions. Globalement, nous désirons comprendre comment les mutations singulières au niveau des GTPases affectent la morphologie des cellules ainsi que leur degré d’impact sur les populations asynchrones. Mon travail de maîtrise vise à classifier de manière significative différents phénotypes de la levure Saccaromyces cerevisiae via l’analyse de plusieurs critères morphologiques de souches exprimant des GTPases mutées et natives. Notre approche à base de microscopie et d’analyses bioinformatique des images DIC (microscopie d’interférence différentielle de contraste) permet de distinguer les phénotypes propres aux cellules natives et aux mutants. L’emploi de cette méthode a permis une détection automatisée et une caractérisation des phénotypes mutants associés à la sur-expression de GTPases constitutivement actives. Les mutants de GTPases constitutivement actifs Cdc42 Q61L, Rho5 Q91H, Ras1 Q68L et Rsr1 G12V ont été analysés avec succès. En effet, l’implémentation de différents algorithmes de partitionnement, permet d’analyser des données qui combinent les mesures morphologiques de population native et mutantes. Nos résultats démontrent que l’algorithme Fuzzy C-Means performe un partitionnement efficace des cellules natives ou mutantes, où les différents types de cellules sont classifiés en fonction de plusieurs facteurs de formes cellulaires obtenus à partir des images DIC. Cette analyse démontre que les mutations Cdc42 Q61L, Rho5 Q91H, Ras1 Q68L et Rsr1 G12V induisent respectivement des phénotypes amorphe, allongé, rond et large qui sont représentés par des vecteurs de facteurs de forme distincts. Ces distinctions sont observées avec différentes proportions (morphologie mutante / morphologie native) dans les populations de mutants. Le développement de nouvelles méthodes automatisées d’analyse morphologique des cellules natives et mutantes s’avère extrêmement utile pour l’étude de la famille des GTPases ainsi que des résidus spécifiques qui dictent leurs fonctions et réseau d’interaction. Nous pouvons maintenant envisager de produire des mutants de GTPases qui inversent leur fonction en ciblant des résidus divergents. La substitution fonctionnelle est ensuite détectée au niveau morphologique grâce à notre nouvelle stratégie quantitative. Ce type d’analyse peut également être transposé à d’autres familles de protéines et contribuer de manière significative au domaine de la biologie évolutive. / Evolution is a gradual process that gives rise to changes in the form of mutations that are reflected at the protein level. We propose that evolution of new pathways occurs by switching binding partners, hence creating new functions. The different functions encountered in a given family of related proteins have emerged from a common ancestor that has been duplicated and mutated to become implicated in new interactions and to gain new functions. In this study, we will use native and constitutive active mutant variants of the Ras-like family of small GTPases as working model, to explore such gene duplications, followed by neo / sub-functionalization. The reason for choosing this family resides in the fact that it is a defined set of proteins with well known functions that are mediated through multiple protein-protein interactions. The aim of this master is to perform a classification of budding yeast phenotypes using different approaches in order to statistically determine at which level of the population these constitutively active mutations are capable to affect cell morphology. Working with a subset of the Ras-like small GTPases family, we recently developed an approach to catalogue and classify these proteins based on multiple physical and chemical criteria. Using microscopic and bioinformatics methods, we characterized phenotypes associated with over-expression of the native small GTPases of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, showing that an established classification is not very clear. We are interested to investigate how point mutations in small GTPases can affect the cell morphology and their level of impact on asynchronous population. We want to establish a method to determine and quantify mutant and wild type-like phenotypes on these populations using Differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) images only. As for the first aim of this study, we hypothesize that clustering algorithms can partition mutant cells from wild type cells based on cell shape factor measurements. To prove this hypothesis, we proposed to implement different clustering algorithms to analyze datasets which combines measurements from wild type and respective mutant populations. We created constitutively active forms of these small GTPases and used Cdc42, Rho5, Ras1 and Rsr1 to validate our results. We observed that Cdc42 Q61L, Rho5 Q91H, Ras1 Q68L and Rsr1 G12V mutations induced characteristic amorphous, clumped/elongated, rounded and discrete large phenotypes respectively. This classification allowed us to define a phenotypical classification related to functions. Phenotype classification of the small GTPases has been confirmed using shape factor formulas accompanied with bioinformatics approaches. These approaches which involved different clustering methods allowed an automated quantitative characterization of the phenotypes of up to 7293 mutant cells. Sequence alignment of Cdc42 and Rho5 showed 46.1% identity as well as 62.6% for Ras1 and Rsr1 allowing the identification of diverged residues potentially involved in specific functions and protein-protein interactions. Directed mutagenesis and substitution of these sites from one gene to another have been performed in some positions to test for specificity and involvement in morphology changes. In parallel, interactions observed for native and constitutively active mutants Cdc42 and Rho5 will be assayed with protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA). This will enable us to determine whether a high correlation exists between functions switches and binding partner’s switches. We propose to expand this approach to the whole Ras-like small GTPases family and monitor protein-protein interactions and functions at a network scale. This research will confirm whether enrichment or depletion of residues in specific sites induces a switch of function due to switching binding partners. Understanding the mechanism underlying such correlation is important to gain insight in the biological mechanisms underlying the Ras-like small GTPases and other proteins evolution. Such knowledge is of fundamental importance in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields, since Ras-like small GTPases represent important targets for therapeutic interventions and for the evolutionary biology field.

La neuropathie sensitive et motrice héréditaire avec agénésie du corps calleux (NSMH/ACC) se traduit par une atteinte neurodégénérative sévère associée à des anomalies développementales dans le système nerveux central et du retard mental. Bien que rare dans le monde, ce désordre autosomique récessif est particulièrement fréquent dans la population Québécoise du Canada Français du fait d’un effet fondateur. L’unique étude réalisée sur la mutation québécoise du gène qui code pour le co-transporteur de potassiumchlore 3 (KCC3) a montré qu’il y a une perte de fonction de la protéine. Cependant, la maladie est également retrouvée hors du Québec et il reste encore à élucider les pathomécanismes mis en jeu. Nous avons donc séquencé les 26 exons du gène KCC3 chez des individus recrutés dans le monde entier et suspectés d’être atteints de la maladie. Nous avons ainsi identifié trois nouvelles mutations. L’étude fonctionnelle de ces mutations nous a confirmé la perte de fonction systématique des co-transporteurs mutés. Puisque l’inactivation de KCC3 se produit majoritairement via l’élimination de segments peptidiques en C-terminus, nous avons concentré notre attention sur l’identification des interactions qui s’y produisent. À l’aide d’approches double hybride, pull-down et immunomarquage, nous avons déterminé que KCC3 interagit avec la créatine kinase CK-B et que cette interaction est perturbée par les mutations tronquantes. De plus, l’utilisation d’un inhibiteur de créatine kinase inactive KCC3, ce qui démontre qu’il existe bien un lien fonctionnel et pathologique entre KCC3 et ses partenaires C-terminaux. Nous avons aussi identifié des anomalies majeures de localisation membranaire des KCC3 mutés. Que KCC3 soit tronqué ou pleine longueur, sa distribution subcellulaire est affectée dans des cellules en culture, dans les ovocytes de Xenopes et dans des échantillons de cerveau de patients. La perte d’interaction entre KCC3 et CK-B et/ou les défauts de transit intracellulaire de KCC3 sont donc les mécanismes pathologiques majeurs de la NSMH/ACC. / Heredirary motor and sensory neuropathy with agenesis of the corpus callosum (HMSN/ACC) is a severe neurodegenerative disease associated with developmental anomalies in the central nervous system and mental retardation. Although rare worldwide, this autosomal-recessive disorder is frequent in the French-Canadian population of Quebec because of a founder effect. Different mutations in the gene coding for the potassiumchloride co-transporter 3 (KCC3) have been associated with the disease; however, little is known about the mechanisms leading to the inactivation of the co-transporter. We sequenced 26 exons of the KCC3 gene in individuals recruited worldwide and suspected to be affected by the disease. We identified three new mutations. The functional study of these mutations gave confirmation of a systematic loss-of-function of the mutant co-transporters. As the loss of function occurs mainly via the elimination of C-terminal peptide fragments, we focused on the identification of C-terminal interacting partners. Using different biochemical approaches, such as yeast two-hydbrid, pull-down, and immunostaining, we established that KCC3 interacts with the brain-type creatine kinase CK-B and that this interaction is disrupted by the HMSN/ACC truncation mutations. In addition, a specific creatine kinase inhibitor inactivates KCC3 and shows for the first time the functional link between KCC3 and its C-terminal partners. In addition, we found that anomalies in KCC3 transit—as seen in cultured cells, in Xenopus oocytes, and in human brain samples—is a major pathogenic mechanism that also leads to the disease manifestations.

Background: Foamy viruses (FVs) have developed a unique budding strategy within the retrovirus family. FV release requires co-expression and a highly specific interaction between capsid (Gag) and glycoprotein (Env), which cannot be complemented by heterologous Env proteins. The interaction domain in FV Env has been mapped in greater detail and resides mainly in the N-terminal tip of the cytoplasmic domain of the Env leader peptide subunit. In contrast, the corresponding domain within Gag is less well defined. Previous investigations suggest that it is located within the N-terminal part of the protein. Results: Here we characterized additional Gag interaction determinants of the prototype FV (PFV) isolate using a combination of particle release, GST pull-down and single cycle infectivity analysis assays. Our results demonstrate that a minimal PFV Gag protein comprising the N-terminal 129 aa was released into the supernatant, whereas proteins lacking this domain failed to do so. Fine mapping of domains within the N-terminus of PFV Gag revealed that the N-terminal 10 aa of PFV Gag were dispensable for viral replication. In contrast, larger deletions or structurally deleterious point mutations in C-terminally adjacent sequences predicted to harbor a helical region abolished particle egress and Gag – Env protein interaction. Pull-down assays, using proteins of mammalian and prokaryotic origin, support the previous hypothesis of a direct interaction of both PFV proteins without requirement for cellular cofactors and suggest a potential direct contact of Env through this N-terminal Gag domain. Furthermore, analysis of point mutants within this domain in context of PFV vector particles indicates additional particle release-independent functions for this structure in viral replication by directly affecting virion infectivity. Conclusions: Thus, our results demonstrate not only a critical function of an N-terminal PFV Gag motif for the essential capsid - glycoprotein interaction required for virus budding but also point out additional functions that affect virion infectivity.

Abstract Yellow head virus (YHV) has caused mass mortalities in Penaeus monodon shrimp farmed throughout Southeast Asia since it was first discovered in the early 1990’s. YHV possesses a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome and a rod-shaped enveloped virion. Together with the closely related gill-associated virus (GAV) identified in P. monodon shrimp in Australia, it is classified in the genus Okavirus, family Roniviridae within the order Nidovirales. YHV particles contain only three structural proteins, a nucleocapsid (N) protein (p20) protein and two envelope glycoproteins gp116 and gp64. In this study, the glycosylation status of gp116 and gp64 extracted from YHV virions was characterized in detail, including the identification of active N-linked glycosylation sites and the nature of the attached carbohydrates. This was achieved by optimizing and applying a combination of methods that included SDS-PAGE followed by carbohydrate-specific staining of gels or probing of membrane-bound proteins using lectins with different carbohydrate specificities, enzymatic removal of N-linked carbohydrates and a variety of mass spectrometry techniques. In these analyses, it was found that N-linked glycans are the major contributor to the higher estimated mass of gp116 and gp64 by SDS-PAGE compared to those estimated from their deduced amino acid sequences. Neither gp116 nor gp64 were found to posses O-linked glycans. Mannose residues were identified to be the major glycan component of carbohydrates linked to gp116 and gp64 and are possibly the sole component of carbohydrate linked to gp64. Unlike gp64, other glycans such as terminal N-acetyl--D-galactosamine and N-acetyl--D-glucosamine were identified to be attached to gp116. Assuming that glycosylation processes in shrimp mimic those of vertebrates that are known in more detail, the nature of the glycans attached to gp116 suggests that they might be added and modified during the transportation of the protein from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Mass spectrometry analyses of tryptic peptides derived from the native glycoproteins and following their enzymatic deglycosylation, generated approximately 81% (gp116) and 66% (gp64) coverage of their predicted amino acid sequences. Detailed mass spectrometry analyses of peptides derived from the deglycosylated proteins identified that most of the potential N-linked glycosylated site in the virion envelope glycoproteins, 6 of 7 present in gp116 and 3 of 4 present in gp64 were identified to be modified by glycans. In gp116, one site was not identified and in gp64 one site was not utilized. As phosphorylation has been shown to affect nucleocapsid protein (N) functioning in vertebrate nidoviruses, SDS-PAGE using two phosphoprotein-specific staining methods, as well as mass spectrometry methods, were employed to examine whether the YHV N protein present in virions is phosphorylated. The protein staining methods provided contradicting results and no phosphate-containing peptides were identified by mass spectrometry. The apparent absence of phosphate in the N protein was also supported by its isoelectric point (pI ~10) determined by isoelectric focusing and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis, which was very similar to that predicted (pI = 9.98) from its deduced amino acid sequence. Taken together, the data suggest that the YHV N protein encapsulated within virions is not phosphorylated. The RNA-binding capability of the GAV N protein was assessed using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) technique. Full-length and variously truncated forms of the GAV N protein expressed in bacteria were assessed in the assays. It was found that the full-length recombinant N protein bound to RNA in a sequence non-specific manner. Analysis of the five truncated N protein constructs localized the RNA-binding domain to a 50 amino acid sequence in the N-terminal region residing between Met11 and Arg60. A motif rich in proline and arginine residues, which are commonly found in other RNA-binding proteins, occurred in first 18 amino acids of this region. Although RNA-binding was not sequence-specific, the data suggest that this region of the GAV N protein is the most likely site at which it interacts with and nucleates viral genomic RNA during nucleocapsid formation. A synthetic peptide spanning the 18 amino acid of the putative RNA-binding domain was shown to possess RNA-binding properties similar to the recombinant protein fragment. These results indicated that the 18 amino acid, proline and arginine rich motif (MPVRRPLPPQPPRNARLI) in the N-terminal region of the GAV N protein confers its RNA-binding function. Using an immuno-co-precipitation assay, a host protein was found to interact abundantly with the GAV N protein in infected lymphoid organ cells. Mass spectrometry analysis identified the protein as -actin. Immuno-histochemistical double-labeling methods in conjunction with observations made using confocal and electron microscopy revealed that actin and the N protein were co-located in cytoplasm of infected cells. Electron microscopy suggested that interaction of the two proteins occurs before nucleocapsid envelopment within virions, suggesting that -actin might be involved in transporting the N protein or the nucleocapsid from their sites of synthesis to the rough endoplasmic reticulum where the virion acquires its envelopes. In summary, the research described in this thesis has advanced understanding of the YHV/GAV proteome through the identification of the glycosylation sites in the envelope glycoproteins gp116 and gp64, and demonstrating that nucleocapsid protein encapsulated within virion is unlikely to be phosphorylated. Functional studies have also shown that the nucleocapsid protein binds RNA non-specifically through an 18 amino acid domain near its N-terminus and that it binds and co-localizes with -actin in infected cells, suggesting that -actin may play role in trafficking N protein in infected cells.

No description available.

La drépanocytose est une maladie génétique qui se caractérise par des globules rouges en forme de faucille. Chez les personnes atteintes de drépanocytose, ces globules rouges (GR) adhèrent à l’endothélium vasculaire et provoquent ainsi une vaso-occlusion. Ce phénomène s’explique par la surexpression de la protéine Lutheran (Lu) à la surface des globules rouges falciformes qui se lie fortement à la Laminine (Ln) 511/521 exprimée par l’endothélium vasculaire enflammé. Le but de cette étude est d’identifier un inhibiteur d’interaction protéine-protéine (PPI) qui possède une forte probabilité de liaison à Lu afin d’inhiber l’interaction Lu-Ln 511/521. Un criblage virtuel de 1 295 678 composés ciblant la protéine Lu a été réalisé. La validation préalable d’un protocole de scoring a été envisagée sur la protéine CD80 qui présente un site de liaison avec des caractéristiquestopologiques et physico-chimiques similaires au site de liaison prédit sur Lu ainsi que plusieurs ligands avec des constantes d’affinité connues. Ce protocole contient différentes étapes de sélection basées sur les affinités calculées (scores), des simulations de dynamique moléculaire et les propriétés moléculaires. Un protocole de scoring fiable a été validé sur CD80 avec le programme de docking DOCK6 et les fonctions de scoring XSCORE et MM-PBSA ainsi qu’avec la méthode decalcul FMO. L’application de ce protocole sur Lu a permis d’obtenir deux ligands validés par des tests in vitro qui font l’objet d’un dépôt de brevet. La fonction de scoring XSCORE a permis d’identifier neuf autres ligands qui semblent aussi être des candidats prometteurs pour inhiber l’interaction Lu-Ln 511/521. / Drepanocytosis is a genetic blood disorder characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal sickle shape. In the pathogenesis of vaso-occlusive crises of sickle cell disease, red blood cells bind to the vascular endothelium and promote vaso-occlusion. At the surface of these sickle red blood cells, the overexpressed protein Lutheran (Lu) strongly interacts with the Laminin (Ln) 511/521.The aim of this study was to identify a protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitor with a highprobability of binding to Lu for the inhibition of the Lu-Ln 511/521 interaction. A virtual screening was performed with 1 295 678 compounds that target Lu. Prior validation of a robust scoring protocol was considered on the protein CD80 because this protein has a binding site with similar topological and physico-chemical characteristics and it also has a series of ligands with known affinity constants. This protocol consisted of multiple filtering steps based on calculated affinities (scores), molecular dynamics simulations and molecular properties. A robust scoring protocol was validated on the protein CD80 with the docking program DOCK6 and the scoring functions XSCORE and MM-PBSA and also with the FMO method. This protocol was applied to the protein Lu and we found two compounds that were validated by in vitro studies. The protection of these ligands by a patent is under process. Nine other compounds were identified by the scoring functionXSCORE and seem to be promising candidates for inhibiting the Lu-Ln 511/521 interaction.

Orientador: Marcos Roberto de mattos Fontes / Resumo: Ainda nos dias de hoje, o envenenamento ofídico é um problema de saúde pública, afetando, sobretudo, regiões de clima tropical, subtropical, particularmente áreas rurais de países da África, Ásia, Oceania e América Latina. No Brasil, os gêneros de serpentes Bothrops e Crotalus são responsáveis por quase 95% dos acidentes ofídicos, enquanto o segundo gênero apresenta alta taxa de morbidade. O veneno das serpentes do gênero Bothrops contem fosfolipases A2 ácidas que causam uma considerada mionecrose e severas reações anticoagulantes. De outro lado, os venenos das serpentes do gênero Crotalus possuem o complexo crotoxina, o qual é formado pela crotoxina A (não catalítica) e a crotoxina B (PLA2 catalítica) que possui potente ação neurotóxica. As serpentes peçonhentas, grupo que inclui ambas as famílias citadas, utilizam esse veneno tanto para a captura de sua presa como para sua própria defesa. Inevitavelmente, essas serpentes terão contato com o seu próprio veneno, como por exemplo, na alimentação, pois as presas estarão envenenadas. Por tal fato, as serpentes peçonhentas apresentam alguns mecanismos de defesa, inclusive algumas proteínas encontradas em seu sangue que são chamadas de proteínas inibitórias de PLA2 (PLIs). Para entender melhor o mecanismo de inibição desses compostos plasmáticos, foi desenvolvido neste trabalho um novo protocolo de docking molecular que consiste em analisar as estruturas ao longo dos modos normais, docking molecular, simulação de dinâmica molecula... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Nowadays, snake envenomation is a public health issue that mostly affects tropical and subtropical regions, particularly rural areas of countries from Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America. In Brazil, the Bothrops and Crotalus snake genre are responsible for approximately 95% of all snake bites, and the accidents caused by the latter have a relatively high mortality rate. The venom of Bothrops snakes contains a acid phospholipases A2 that causes drastic local myonecrosis and several anticoagulant reactions. On the other hand, the Crotalus genus snake venom contains the the crotoxin complex, which is formed by crotoxin A (non-catalytic) and crotoxin B (catalytic PLA2), that have up a strong neurotoxic action. Venomous snakes, including the two afore mentioned genre, use their venoms for capturing their prey and for their own defense. These snakes will inevitably get in contact with their own venom, for example, in alimentation, for the prey itself will be poisoned. For this fact, the poison snakes features in your blood the so-called PLA2 inhibiting proteins (PLIs). In order to understand the inhibition mechanism of these plasmatic components, it has developed in this study a new molecular docking protocol that consists in analyzing the structures using normal modes, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and other bioinformatics tools. The results of this work was the proposition of a new flexible molecular docking protocol between two or more proteins and your... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Les gibbérellines (GA) sont des phytohormones qui régulent divers aspects du développement en réponse aux signaux endogènes et exogènes à la plante. Ainsi face à un stress, les niveaux de GA sont finement contrôlés, permettant une croissance adaptée aux contraintes environnementales. Au niveau moléculaire, les GA stimulent la croissance de la plante en s’opposant aux protéines DELLAs (DELLAs), facteurs nucléaires qui inhibent la croissance. Les DELLAs présentent plusieurs caractéristiques fonctionnelles notables, une activité transactivatrice et la capacité d’interagir avec d’autres protéines régulatrices, comme les répresseurs de la signalisation Jasmonate (JA), JA ZIM-domain (JAZ). Le génome d’Arabidopsis thaliana code pour cinq DELLAs possédant des fonctions redondantes et spécifiques. Le but de mon travail de thèse a été la caractérisation de la fonction biologique d’une DELLA, RGA-LIKE3 (RGL3). J’ai pu montrer que RGL3 modifie la défense de la plante face à des stresses biotiques. / The phytohormones gibberellins (GA) regulate major aspects of plant growth in response to endogenous and environmental signals. Upon the perception of stress, the levels of bioactive GA are adjusted, hence allowing a flexible growth response to environmental variability. At a molecular level, GA promote growth by stimulating the degradation of the growth repressing DELLA proteins. DELLAs are versatile nuclear proteins with several remarkable features, such as transactivation activity and protein–protein interaction capacities. Thus DELLAs interact with a series of highly divergent proteins, including different transcription factor families, but also the Jasmonate (JA) ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins, repressors of JA signaling. The aim of this thesis work consisted in the characterization of the biological function of the DELLA RGA-LIKE3. I could show that RGL3 modulates plant defense responses against biotic stresses.

A proteína fosfatase do tipo-1 (PP1) é uma das principais proteínas serina/treonina fosfatases (PSTPs) e desempenha papeis fisiológicos tão diversos quanto importantes, tais como a regulação do metabolismo de carboidratos e do ciclo celular. A holoenzima PP1 é constituída por uma subunidade catalítica conservada (PP1c) que está associada a subunidades não-catalíticas que modulam sua localização subcelular, especificidade de substrato e atividade enzimática. Mais de 100 proteínas que interagem com a PP1c já foram identificadas em distintos organismos eucarióticos. Proteínas que interagem com a PP1c são, portanto, a chave para compreender os diferentes papéis biológicos da PP1. A subunidade catalítica da PP1 da ameba social Dictyostelium discoideum (DdPP1c) é codificada por um gene em cópia única o qual é expresso ao longo de todo o ciclo de vida desse organismo. Algumas proteínas que interagem e possivelmente modulam a atividade da PP1 de D. discoideum já foram identificadas, utilizando-se tanto buscas por similaridades na sequência genômica deste microorganismo como ensaios utilizando o sistema de duplo-híbrido em leveduras, utilizando-se a PP1c como isca. Com esta última abordagem, foram selecionados mais de 25 clones distintos de cDNA que codificam proteínas que potencialmente interagem com a DdPP1c, após varreduras de bibliotecas de cDNA de diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento de D. discoideum. Neste trabalho, nós confirmamos que o produto protéico de 11 destes clones interagem com a isca DdPP1c com base em novos ensaios de duplo-híbrido. Os demais clones codificam proteínas que não interagem com DdPP1c ou promovem auto-ativação do gene repórter. Selecionamos para estudos adicionais um clone do gene DDB_G0269300 cujo produto protéico predito de 423 de aminoácidos não tem função ainda conhecida. A sequência codificadora completa de DDB_G0269300 foi clonada para realização de novos ensaios de duplo-híbrido em leveduras, os quais confirmaram a especificidade de sua interação com DdPP1c. A proteína recombinante rDDB_G0269300 foi obtida com sucesso em bactérias, possibilitando a obtenção de anticorpos policlonais em camundongos. O anti-soro anti-rDDB_G0269300 é aparentemente específico no reconhecimento da proteína correspondente em extratos celulares de D. discoideum coletados em 12h e 16 da fase de desenvolvimento. Estes resultados coincidem com dados obtidos através de RT-qPCR que mostram aumento nos níveis dos transcritos de DDB_G0269300 entre 8h e 12h da fase de desenvolvimento, o que é indicativo da sua importância desta proteína durante esta fase do ciclo de vida de Dictyostelium como uma potencial parceira molecular da DdPP1c / Protein phosphatase type-1 (PP1) is a major protein serine/threonine phosphatase (PSTP) which plays as diverse as important physiological roles, such as regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and of cell cycle. The PP1 holoenzyme comprises a conserved catalytic subunit (PP1c) associated with non-catalytic subunits that modulate its subcellular localization, substrate specificity and enzymatic activity. More than 100 proteins that interact with PP1c have been identified in different eukaryotic organisms. Therefore proteins that interact with PP1c are key to the understanding of PP1 different biological roles. The catalytic subunit of PP1 the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum (DdPP1c) is encoded by a single copy gene which is expressed throughout the life cycle of this organism. Some proteins that interact with and possibly modulate the activity of D. discoideum PP1 have been identified, using both similarity searches in the genome sequence of this microorganism as yeast two-hybrid screenings using PP1c as bait. With the latter approach, we have selected more than 25 distinct cDNA clones encoding proteins that potentially interact with DdPP1c after screening D. discoideum cDNA libraries from different developmental stages. In this study, we confirmed that the protein product from 11 of these clones interact with the bait DdPP1c based on two-hybrid assays. The other clones encode proteins that either does not interact or promote self-activation of the reporter gene. The clone related to DDB_G0269300 gene that encodes a predicted protein of 423 amino acids with unknown function was selected for further studies. DDB_G0269300 full-length coding sequence was cloned and new yeast two-hybrid assays were performed confirming the specificity of the interaction with DdPP1c. The recombinant protein rDDB_G0269300 was successfully obtained in bacteria and further used for polyclonal antibodies production in mice. The antiserum anti-rDDB_G0269300 is apparently specific for recognition of the corresponding protein in D. discoideum cell extracts collected after 12h and 16h of development. These results agree with RT-qPCR data showing that the levels of DDB_G0269300 transcripts are increased between 8 h and 12 h during the development, which is indicative of its importance during this phase in Dictyostelium life cycle as a DdPP1c potential molecular partner.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:16:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mirelle Bb.pdf: 2549462 bytes, checksum: 7f8ae645314de6fb536a8445eb69e03e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-29 / Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermodimorphic fungus that causes paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic mycosis prevalent in South America. In humans, infection starts by inhalation of fungal propagules that reach the pulmonary epithelium. The cell wall presents an essential role in the pathobiology of P. brasiliensis, since it is involved in the morphogenetic changes associated with the life cycle of this pathogen. The biosynthesis and remodeling of the cell wall polysaccharide network is required for fungal growth and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are involved in these processes. The enzymes of the glucan-elongating (GEL) family are GPI-anchored proteins which have beta-1,3-glucanosyltransferase activity and play important role in the cross-linking of cell wall components in fungi. The P. brasiliensis genome possess 3 genes that encode for beta-1,3-glucanosyltransferases (Gel1p, Gel2p e Gel3p). With the aim of searching for other possible functions for beta-1,3-glucanosyltransferase 3 (PbGel3p) in P. brasiliensis, the interactions between this protein and others proteins of the fungus were investigated through the Saccharomyces cerevisiae two-hybrid system and pull-down assay. The two-hybrid system enables the study of interactions in vivo and, through this approach, 8 proteins which interact with PbGel3p were identified. The interaction with phosphatidylinositol- 4-phosphate 5-kinase its3 and protein kinase Dsk1p suggest the participation of PbGel3p in the cell division cycle. The RNA helicase Dbp5p, whose interaction with PbGel3p was in vitro confirmed by coimunoprecipitation, and the 5'-3' exoribonuclease are involved in the mRNA metabolism suggesting a function for PbGel3p in this process. The interaction between PbGel3p and the lipase/serine esterase, which participates on the biosynthesis of the GPI-anchor, was also confirmed by coimunoprecipitation. PbGel3p also interacts with the transcription factor Ctf1Bp and the 3-oxoacyl reductase enzyme, which suggests its involvement in the lipid metabolism. The interaction with the leptomycin B resistance protein Pmd1p suggests a role for PbGel3p in the response to antifungal drugs. The in vitro pull-down assay resulted in the identification of P. brasiliensis 70 kDa heat shock protein. The interaction with this protein suggests that PbGel3p may act in the response to stress conditions, as in the temperature increase. On basis of these data, functional studies may be carried out in order to confirm the Gel3p multifunctionality in P. brasiliensis. / Paracoccidioides brasiliensis é um fungo termodimórfico, causador da paracoccidioidomicose, uma micose sistêmica prevalente na América do Sul. A infecção em humanos inicia-se com a inalação de propágulos fúngicos que atingem o epitélio pulmonar. A parede celular desempenha um papel importante na patobiologia do P. brasiliensis, pois está envolvida nas mudanças morfogenéticas associadas com o ciclo de vida deste patógeno. A biossíntese e o remodelamento dos polissacarídeos da parede celular são essenciais para o crescimento do fungo e proteínas glicosilfosfatidilinositol (GPI)-ancoradas estão envolvidas nesses processos. As enzimas da família glicanosiltransferase alongando glicana (GEL) são proteínas GPI-ancoradas que possuem atividade de beta-1,3-glicanosiltransferase e desempenham um importante papel nas ligações cruzadas dos componentes da parede celular em fungos. O genoma de P. brasiliensis possui 3 genes codificantes para beta-1,3-glicanosiltransferases (Gel1p, Gel2p e Gel3p). Com o objetivo de se buscar outras possíveis funções da beta- 1,3-glicanosiltransferase 3 (PbGel3p) em P. brasiliensis, as interações entre essa proteína e outras proteínas do fungo foram investigadas através do sistema de duplohíbrido em Saccharomyces cerevisiae e do ensaio de pull-down. O sistema duplohíbrido permite o estudo das interações in vivo e, através dele, foram identificadas 8 proteínas que interagem com PbGel3p. A interação com a fosfatidilinositol-4-fosfato 5- quinase its3 e com a Dsk1 proteína quinase sugere a participação de PbGel3p no ciclo de divisão celular. A RNA helicase Dbp5p, cuja interação com PbGel3p foi confirmada in vitro através do ensaio de coimunoprecipitação, e a 5'-3' exoribonuclease estão envolvidas no metabolismo de RNAm, sugerindo uma função para PbGel3p nesse processo. A interação entre PbGel3p e a enzima serina esterase/lipase, que participa da via de biossíntese da âncora GPI, também foi confirmada por coimunoprecipitação. PbGel3p interage com o fator de transcrição Ctf1Bp e enzima 3-oxoacil redutase, fato que sugere seu envolvimento no metabolismo de lipídeos de P. brasiliensis. A interação com a proteína de resistência à leptomicina B Pmd1p sugere um papel para PbGel3p na resposta à agentes antifúngicos. O ensaio de pull-down in vitro resultou na identificação da proteína de choque térmico de 70 kDa de P. brasiliensis. A interação com essa proteína sugere que PbGel3p pode atuar na resposta à condições de estresse, como o aumento de temperatura. Com base nesses dados, estudos funcionais devem ser realizados para confirmar a multifuncionalidade de Gel3p em P. brasiliensis.