O objetivo principal da presente tese foi explorar características emocionais em homens internados por Transtornos Relacionados a Substâncias (TRS). Realizamos dois estudos empíricos inéditos envolvendo personalidade, autoestima e esperança. O primeiro objetivou identificar características preditivas do motivo de alta, com foco na personalidade. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte com 90 homens internados voluntariamente em uma unidade especializada em um hospital público de Porto Alegre. Consideramos também variáveis sociodemográficas, psicossociais e de saúde. Durante a internação, foi aplicado o Inventário de Personalidade do DSM-5 (PID-5), versão brasileira, com base no Modelo Alternativo do DSM-5 para os Transtornos da Personalidade. As demais variáveis foram coletadas por autorrelato e registros nos prontuários. Os motivos de alta foram consultados nos prontuários e categorizados como adesão e não adesão, para regressão de Poisson multivariável. Houve três variáveis preditivas de alta por não adesão: menos idade, estar sozinho no momento da baixa e escores mais altos no domínio Antagonismo. Os dados ainda corroboram a validade do PID-5 e a aplicabilidade do modelo à área clínica. O segundo estudo investigou autoestima e esperança nos mesmos participantes. Foram aplicadas as versões brasileiras da Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg e da Escala de Esperança Disposicional, além de investigadas associações com variáveis sociodemográficas, psicossociais e de saúde, além de comparados alcoolistas, usuários de crack/cocaína e os grupos normativos de cada escala, através de correlação de Pearson, teste t de Student, teste exato de Fischer e ANOVA. Autoestima e esperança apresentaram uma correlação positiva e moderada entre si. Pacientes com apoio social apresentaram autoestima maior, e os que já tentaram suicídio apresentaram esperança menor. Comparando com o grupo normativo, os dois grupos clínicos apresentaram autoestima baixa. Os alcoolistas apresentaram esperança preservada, enquanto os usuários de crack/cocaína apresentaram esperança menor, mas esse achado deve ser melhor investigado. Cogita-se que a esperança seja uma via de intervenção para reabilitação, sob a ótica da psicologia positiva. É necessário mais estudos acerca dos focos da presente tese, principalmente por se tratar de uma pesquisa inovadora. / The main objective of this doctoral dissertation was to explore emotional characteristics in men hospitalized because of Substance-Related Disorders (SRD), in particular, personality, self-esteem and hope. Two empirical studies were performed. The first one aimed to identify predictive characteristics of reason hospital discharge, focusing on personality. This is a cohort study with 90 inpatients admitted voluntarily in a specialized unit in a public hospital in Porto Alegre. We also considered sociodemographic, psychosocial and health variables. During hospitalization, the brazilian version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) was applied, based on the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders. The other variables were collected by self-report and medical records. The reasons for discharge were consulted in the records and categorized as adherence and non-adherence in order to perform multivariate Poisson regression. There were three predictor variables of discharge for non-adherence: younger age, being alone at the time of hospitalization and higher scores on Antagonism domain. Data still corroborate the validity of the PID-5 and the applicability of the model to clinical area. The second study sought to investigate self-esteem and hope in the same participants. We applied the brazilian versions of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and of the Dispositional Hope Scale and investigated associations with sociodemographic, psychosocial and health variables, as well as compared alcoholics, crack/cocaine users and normative groups of both scales by Pearson correlation, Student's t test, Fischer’s exact test and ANOVA. Self-esteem and hope showed a moderate positive correlation to each other. Patients with social support had higher self-esteem, and those who have attempted suicide showed less hope. Compared to the normative group, the two clinical groups had low self-esteem. Alcoholics showed preserved hope, while crack/cocaine users showed less hope, but this finding needs to be better investigated. It is thought that hope is an intervention pathway to rehabilitation, from the perspective of positive psychology. Thus, further more studies about the focus of this thesis are necessary, mainly because it is an innovative research.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Men's health nowadays has been addressed in some studies. This follows from the morbidity and mortality increase that has affected this population. Among deaths due to external causes, suicide is the third leading cause of death that affects men. Given these findings, this research aims to comprehend the reasons why the suicide attempt in male alcohol and/or other drugs users. This is a qualitative, Sociological phenomenological perspective based on the theoretical and methodological framework of Alfred Schütz, held at the Center for Psychosocial Care of Alcohol and Drug (CPC - Ad) "Paths of the Sun" in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Research subjects were male adults, aged from 24 to 50 year old, alcohol and/or other drugs users, attempted suicide and who were undergoing treatment in this service. Data collection occurred in December 2011, through the phenomenological interview, recorded, which was closed after the 11th meeting empathic when they realized the sufficiency of meanings. We developed the analysis and interpretation of the testimonies, which were used by authors elaborate the steps of national nursing field references on Phenomenological Sociology of Alfred Schütz. We respected ethics, according to Resolution N º 196/96 of the National Health Board in the comprehensive analysis of typical action of the men who carried out the suicide attempt, three categories were revealed concrete: Suicide attempt for alcohol and other drugs use revealed that the use, dependence and withdrawal symptoms of alcohol and other drugs use and various circumstances of the biographical situation experienced contributed to the suicidal action; Suicide Attempt for world situations in the family life - related to biographic situation of men in everyday family life, interpersonal relations in this troubled context, constituted by the lack of attention, dialogue, listening and dependence on alcohol and other drugs that contributed to these men feel like a nuisance to the family; Suicide Attempt for experienced feelings in daily life - presented verbalization of distress feelings, externalized through the consciousness of men to carry out the suicide attempt, which were: low self-esteem, difficulty verbalizing anguish, guilt, cowardice, weakness, rejection, heartbreak, loneliness, sadness and hopelessness in relation to meaning in life. It is hoped that this study will provide grants to health care professionals so that they understand the motives that lead individuals, especially men, to suicidal action and thus, develop strategies for suicide prevention. / A saúde masculina nos últimos anos vem sendo abordada em alguns estudos. Isto decorre do aumento da morbimortalidade que tem acometido esta população. Entre os óbitos por causas externas, o suicídio é a terceira maior causa de morte que atinge os homens. Em virtude desses achados, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender os motivos porque da tentativa de suicídio em homens usuários de álcool e outras drogas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, fenomenológica, na perspectiva do referencial teórico-filosófico da Sociologia Fenomenológica de Alfred Schütz, realizada no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas (CAPS Ad) Caminhos do Sol no município de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram homens adultos, na faixa etária de 24 a 50 anos, usuários e/ou dependentes de álcool e outras drogas que tentaram suicídio e que realizavam tratamento nesse serviço. A coleta das informações ocorreu no mês de dezembro de 2011, por meio da entrevista fenomenológica, gravada, a qual foi encerrada após onze encontros, quando se percebeu a convergência nos discursos. Foi desenvolvida a análise e interpretação compreensiva dos depoimentos, na qual foram utilizados os passos elaborados por autores da área de enfermagem que são referências nacionais da Sociologia Fenomenológica de Alfred Schütz. Foram respeitados os aspectos éticos, conforme Resolução Nº 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Na análise compreensiva do típico da ação dos homens que realizaram a tentativa de suicídio, foram desveladas três categorias concretas: Tentativa de suicídio pelo uso de álcool e outras drogas revelou que o consumo, a dependência e os sintomas da abstinência de álcool e outras drogas e as diversas circunstâncias da situação biográfica vivida contribuíram para a ação suicida; Tentativa de suicídio pelas situações do mundo da vida familiar relacionou a situação biográfica dos homens no cotidiano da vida familiar, relações intersubjetivas conturbadas neste âmbito, constituídas pela falta de atenção, diálogo, escuta e a dependência de álcool e outras drogas, que contribuíram para estes homens sentirem-se como um incômodo para a família; Tentativa de suicídio por sentimentos vividos no cotidiano apresentou sentimentos de aflição, externalizada por meio da consciência dos homens ao realizar a tentativa de suicídio, os quais foram: baixa autoestima, dificuldades para verbalizar angústias, culpa, covardia, fraqueza, não aceitação, decepções amorosas, solidão, tristeza e desesperança em relação ao sentido na vida. Espera-se que o presente estudo forneça subsídios aos profissionais de saúde para que estes compreendam os motivos que levam os homens à ação suicida e, desta maneira, elaborar estratégias de prevenção ao suicídio.

Background: The rapid diffusion of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) constitutes an important challenge in terms of public health and a novelty in clinical settings, where these compounds may lead to erratic symptoms, unascertained effects and multi-intoxication scenarios, especially in emergency situations. The number of NPS available on the illicit drug market is astonishing: official reports suggest the appearance of a new drug every week. NPS may be enlisted in many different families such as synthetic phenethylamines, tryptamines, cathinones, piperazines, ketamine-like compounds, cannabimimetics and other plant-derived, medical products and derivatives. Therefore, healthcare services and professionals are often called to face this unknown 'galaxy' where NPS users seem to perceive traditional services 'unfitting' for their needs, requiring an attention which is quite different from known classic drug abusers. In this context, the Recreational Drugs European Network (ReDNet), a research project funded the European Commission and led by the University of Hertfordshire, aimed to explore the NPS galaxy and develop information tools for vulnerable individuals and professionals working with them. This initiative reported specific Technical Folders on new drugs and disseminated the collected information through innovative communication technologies (e.g. multimedia tools, social networking and mobile phone services) internationally. Aim and objectives: The aim of this work is to evaluate and contribute to expand the knowledge of health professionals on NPS. The key objectives are: 1) to assess the level of knowledge on NPS amongst a sample of Italian healthcare professionals; 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of dissemination tools developed by ReDNet, including an SMS-Email/mobile service (SMAIL); 3) to understand the clinical impact of NPS by providing four Technical Folders and collecting two clinical cases on NPS. Methodology: According to the objectives, the methodological approach has been articulated in the following three phases. Phase 1: investigating knowledge and preferred channels of information via an online survey among health professionals in Italy. This first Italian study on NPS awareness had been online from February to July 2011, recruiting participants from Departments of Addiction, Psychiatry and other services. Phase 2: evaluating the ReDNet initiative. An evaluation questionnaire was designed and disseminated online to assess the various resources provided by ReDNet project; it had been online from April to July 2013, targeting professionals registered to ReDNet services. This phase also investigated the SMAIL service, a mobile application that was the latest technological tool developed by ReDNet team. Phase 3: promoting evidence based work in clinical practice through the preparation of four Technical Folders and two case reports. Technical Folders followed the methodology optimised during the ReDNet experience, organising NPS data under specific headings, measured for the need of health professionals. Case reports were collected in a Dual Diagnosis Unit in Italy ('Casa di Cura Parco dei Tigli'); assessed patients revealed for the first time the use of NPS; clinical interviews were conducted to collect a full anamnesis while for the first time psychopathological characteristics were measured in NPS abusers, using a psychometric instrument (MMPI-2). Results: In Phase 1 Italian services, in particular interviewees (n=243) from Departments of Psychiatry and Addiction, showed a strong interest for the subject but a poor understanding of NPS: 26.7% of respondents did not know if their patients ever used NPS; at the same time they considered this phenomenon as very relevant to their profession (e.g. psychomotor agitation [75.7%], errors in the assessment [75.7%], management of the clients [72%]); in addition less of a quarter of them had reliable information on new substances. Interviewees also reported the need for easily accessible channels of information to expand their expertise in the field (including emails [70%] and dedicated websites [51.9%]). The ReDNet initiative (Phase 2) reached professionals (n=270) from European countries and various other regions; they appreciated the website above all (48.5%), which provided access to other information (in form of academic papers, news, technical folders, etc.). The integration of technological-based and classic educational resources was used to self-educate professionals (52.6%) and supply information for research (33.7%) with up-to-date and 3 reliable information; in the same Phase the SMAIL service was analysed in its first 557 searches: in the pilot period 122 professionals used SMS inquiries (95%), asking information on NPS while highlighting the increasing number of NPS available on the market. Technical folders (Phase 3) described two new phenethylamines (Bromo-dragonfly and 25I-NBOMe), a novel ethno drug (Kratom) and a new synthetic cathinone (alpha-PVP) whose severe effects were also described in one of the clinical cases. The first case report (Alice) involved a clubber who used mephedrone and other NPS with a severe worsening of her psychiatric disturbances; the second one (Marvin) described a patient who was referred by a psychiatric service and revealed himself as a 'psychonaut' with an intense abuse of alpha-PVP. Conclusions: The exploration of the NPS galaxy is a new challenge for healthcare professionals. In this study, Italian services seemed to be unprepared to face the emergency and requested rapid access to reliable information; the ReDNet project provided both technology-based and traditional resources to expand knowledge on NPS, making professionals more aware of emerging issues and helping especially clinicians working in the field (e.g. via SMAIL service and Technical Folders). Overall, it can be observed that effective information services on NPS targeted at professionals initiatives should include an online interface integrating up-to-date information, describing NPS through specific Technical Folders and disseminating scientific literature; the use of technological tools, including mobile applications, is an important strategy to support health professionals in their activity. Finally, more 'visual' guidelines, possibly in the form of a 'map' of these heterogeneous compounds, could be a useful framework to describe NPS to physicians and other professionals who are often unprepared and unconfident to face such an expanding galaxy.

This dissertation called "Influence of adult addictions and addictive behavior on children and adolescents" is divided into two parts: theoretical one and a practical one. In the theoretical part, there will be defined the addiction and the addictive behavior, after they will be put into the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Then we will analyse concrete psychoactive substances that causes the addiction, types of addictive behavior, factors that encourage genesis of addiction and addictive behavior, influence of addictions and addictive behavior on children and adolescents. The last chapter of theoretical part occupies with possibilities of therapy of addiction and addictive behavior. The practical part proceeds from anonymous questionnaire survey that took place at an elementary school and at a high school. In the end there is a discussion about influence of adult addictions and addictive behavior on children and adolescents.

L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier, chez l’adolescent, les mécanismes psychopathologiques et psychologiques impliqués dans la co-occurrence de comportements antisociaux et de conduites de consommation et responsables de la « pathologisation » de la consommation de substances psychoactives, par l’adoption conjointe d’une approche centrée sur la personne et centrée sur les variables et la mise en place d’un dispositif d’étude multi-échantillons. Ainsi, cette recherche comporte trois volets : 1) une étude en milieu scolaire menée auprès de 1025 collégiens âgés de 12 ans à 16 ans, 2) une étude en milieu psychiatrique menée auprès de 168 adolescents suivis ou hospitalisés pour un trouble externalisé ou internalisé, âgés de 12 ans à 18 ans, et 3) une étude en addictologie menée auprès de 43 adolescents abuseurs/dépendants à une substance psychoactive, âgés de 12 ans à 18 ans. Un protocole d’évaluation pluri-source (adolescents, parents, enseignants) a permis d’évaluer les comportements antisociaux, les conduites de consommation, les conduites à risques, les troubles et symptômes externalisés et internalisés (et les antécédents de troubles), la personnalité, le stress perçu et les stratégies de coping de ces adolescents. Ce dispositif a permis de montrer que les adolescents les plus susceptibles d’associer ces deux comportements et d’adopter des conduites de consommation à risques présentent des difficultés à la fois relationnelles (faible coopération, trouble oppositionnel avec provocation, faible transcendance), émotionnelles (symptômes dépressifs, troubles internalisés, intolérance à la frustration, stress perçu dans le domaine scolaire ou dans la relation aux parents, stratégies d’adaptation dysfonctionnelles) et comportementales (forte recherche de nouveauté, comorbidité TDAH/TOP). La pathologisation des conduites de consommation relèvent d’enjeux similaires à l’adoption de conduites de consommation à risques. Néanmoins, le risque de pathologisation serait d’autant plus important que les enjeux émotionnels et relationnels relèvent de manifestations tempéramentales (faible dépendance à la récompense sociale). En termes de prévention des conduites de consommation à l’adolescence et de leur pathologisation, il paraît primordial de bien distinguer ces différents niveaux de vulnérabilité (psychopathologique, psychologique, tempéramentaux, adaptatif). / This work aims to study, among adolescents, the psychopathological and psychological mechanisms involved in the co-occurrence of antisocial behaviors and psychoactive substance use and in the “pathologizing” of psychoactive substance use through a person-centered and a variable-centered approach and based on a multi-sample plan. This research focus on: 1) 1 025 middle and high school students aged between 12 to 16 years old, 2) 168 inpatients and outpatients adolescents aged between 12 to 18 years old, and 3) 43 psychoactive substance abusers/dependent adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years. A multi-source assessment (adolescents, parents, teachers) was used to collect information about adolescents’ antisocial behaviors, psychoactive substance use, risk-taking behaviors, past and present externalized and internalized disorders and symptoms, personality, perceived stress and coping strategies. The results show that adolescents are most likely to associate antisocial behaviors and psychoactive substances use and to have a risky psychoactive substance use when they present both relational problems (low cooperation, oppositional defiant disorder, low transcendence), emotional difficulties (depressive symptoms, internalizing disorder, intolerance to frustration, perceived stress in school and in relationships with parents, dysfunctional coping strategies) and behavioral dysregulation (high novelty seeking, ADHD/ODD comorbidity). Mechanisms involved in the pathologizing of psychoactive substance use are similar to the adoption of risky psychoactive substance use. Nevertheless, the risk of pathologizing is all the more important when emotional and relational problems are temperamental expression (low social reward dependence). In terms of prevention of risky psychoactive substance use in adolescence and of its pathologizing, it seems important to distinguish between these different levels of vulnerability (psychopathological, psychological, temperamental, adaptative).

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Destaca-se a necessária tarefa da diaconia de produzir um movimento de mediação entre o polo da presença de Cristo na comunidade de seus servos e o polo da sua presença no sofrimento do mundo. O verdadeiro culto ao Deus encarnado é provado nas ações concretas de amor. Ações que constituem a ética pessoal e comunitária daqueles e daquelas que afirmam ser discípulos e discípulas do Kyrios-Diácono, através da hospitalidade que acolhe na comunhão e pela visitação que acode e caminha com a pessoa sofredora. São ações que protegem e promovem a vida e corroboram para que esta seja tão digna quanto possível. Assim, a diaconia se mantém em estreita relação com os demais serviços da comunidade de fé e evita que estes se tornem alienados da vida real, encarnando-os. Trata-se do olhar diaconia vida: responde a pergunta pelo fazer da diaconia pela vida. É a ética vivenciada. Através da fenomenologia da Vida de Michel Henry (1922-2002), tem-se um olhar complementar: a Vida que se apresenta na vida pela textura do sofrimento e do prazer. É o olhar que parte da perspectiva da Vida com suas implicações para a diaconia: Vida diaconia. A diaconia não se limita apenas a ações para a vida. É-o também ação da Vida na vida. Cuida no e ensina a viver o sofrimento. Dos sofrimentos, a investigação direciona o olhar para a problemática da dependência de substâncias psicoativas. Apresenta o desenvolvimento conceitual da dependência, importante para vencer os preconceitos. Aponta as principais características da pessoa dependente e do processo motivacional, para subsidiar uma proposta terapêutica. Analisa a proposta das Comunidades Terapêuticas, instituições de acolhimento terapêutico, com seus diferentes modelos. Os aportes da diaconia e da fenomenologia da Vida enriquecem a oferta destas instituições e apontam para a continuidade que se dá no acolhimento diaconal nas comunidades de fé. O quadro desta investigação diaconia fenomenologia da vida dependência Comunidades Terapêuticas recebe um colorido especial, através da leitura de relatos vivos de pessoas reais que vivenciaram de diferentes formas esta textura da Vida. A diaconia vivenciada pela fruição da Vida, torna-se terapêutica. / The necessary task of diakonia to produce a mediation movement between the center of the presence of Christ in the community of his servants and the center of his presence in the suffering of the world is highlighted. The true worship of the incarnated God is proved in concrete actions of love - actions which constitute the personal and community ethics of those who affirm that they are disciples of the Kyrios-Deacon, through the hospitality which welcomes into communion and through visitation which succors and walks with the suffering person. These are actions which protect and promote life and corroborate so that this life might be as dignified as possible. Thus, diakonia maintains a strict relation with other services of the faith community and avoids that these become alienated from the real life by incarnating them. It is about the diakonia-life perspective: it answers the question about diakonia for life. It is lived ethics. Through Michel Henrys phenomenology (1922-2002), one has a complementary perspective: The Life which presents itself in life through the weaving of suffering and pleasure. It is a look that stems from the perspective of Life with its implications for diakonia: Life-diakonia. Diakonia is not limited only to actions for life. It is also the action of the Life in life. It gives care and teaches to live in suffering. From the sufferings, the investigation directs its look to the problem of psychoactive substance dependence. It presents the conceptual development of dependence, which is important to overcome pre-judgments. It points out the main characteristics of a dependent person and of the motivational process, to substantiate a therapeutic proposal. It analyzes the proposal of the Therapeutic Communities, institutions of therapeutic welcoming in with their different models. The contributions of diakonia and of the phenomenology of Life enrich the offer of these institutions and point to the continuity which is propitiated by the diaconal welcoming in the faith communities. The framework of this investigation diakonia-phenomenology of life dependence Therapeutic Communities acquires a special coloring through the reading of live reports of real people who have experienced in different ways this weaving of Life. The diakonia experienced because of the fruition of Life becomes therapeutic.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLAUDIA FABIANA DE JESUS.pdf: 773191 bytes, checksum: 3cdc187d104c5386a34a5fb2058b7d9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-07 / Currently, an increase of offers and psychoactive substance search is verified, and observes an increase of institutions of assistance to this demand. The present researce approaches the attendance institutions the toxicodependentes in the Valley of the Paraíba, São Paulo, Brazil and has as objective to describe and to argue the method of attendance adopted for the institutions, from the approach of the responsible ones. It is used semi-directed interview, the used method is content analysis and is searched ten institutions. The presence of formerdependents in the team and the regimen of internment predominates. It is marcante the lack of professionals of the health area and of professionals with formation in chemical dependence and 60% of the institutions they are therapeutical communities. It prevails, as attendance method, the work, disciplines it and the espiritualidade. It does not have evaluation of results and the goal is the abstinence. It has little systematic control by means of the competent agencies and the institutions do not fulfill minimum requirements for its functioning. However, exactly with the financial difficulties, lack of resources as well as of qualified professionals, these institutions promote cares to put in a home, feeding, hygiene and adaptation to a routine. Given the complexity in the field of the drogadependência, it is suggested diversity of treatment and intervention options / Atualmente, verifica-se um aumento de oferta e de procura de substâncias psicoativas, e observa-se um aumento de instituições de assistência a essa demanda. A presente pesquisa aborda as instituições de atendimento a toxicodependentes no Vale do Paraíba, São Paulo, Brasil e tem como objetivo descrever e discutir o método de atendimento adotado pelas instituições, a partir do enfoque dos dirigentes. Utiliza-se a entrevista semi-dirigida, o método usado é análise de conteúdo e são pesquisadas dez instituições. Predomina a presença de exdependentes na equipe e o regime de internação. É marcante a carência de profissionais da área de saúde e de profissionais com formação em dependência química e 60% das instituições são comunidades terapêuticas. Prevalece, como método de atendimento, o trabalho, a disciplina e a espiritualidade. Não há avaliação de resultados e a meta é a abstinência. Há pouco controle sistemático por meio dos órgãos competentes e as instituições não cumprem requisitos indicados para o seu funcionamento. Contudo, mesmo com as dificuldades financeiras, falta de recursos bem como de profissionais qualificados, essas instituições promovem cuidados asilares, alimentação, higiene e adaptação a uma rotina. Dada a complexidade no campo da drogadependência, sugere-se a diversidade de opções de intervenção e de tratamento

Orientador: Claude Lepine / Banca: Silvia Maria Schmuziger Carvalho / Banca: Niminon Suzel Pinheiro / Resumo: É proposta desse estudo a compreensão do sincretismo cultural desenvolvida na trajetória do CEFLURIS - Centro Eclético da Fluente Luz Universal, segmento criado pelo líder carismático Sebastião Mota de Melo, dissidência do Santo Daime - religião criada pelo migrante nordestino Raimundo Irineu Serra. O estudo procura mostrar que o processo de sincretismo que originou o Santo Daime cria uma nova dinâmica no segmento do CEFLURIS. A visão comunitarista do líder do CEFLURIS torna a Colônia Cinco Mil, local onde o grupo se estabeleceu, atrativo para pessoas de diferentes estados e países com conhecimentos, concepções e experiências políticas, sociais, culturais diversas, ampliando a concepção do grupo para o uso de diversos psicoativos com fins ritualísticos. Com a mudança para o interior da floresta e a criação da Vila Céu do Mapiá o grupo dá continuidade a essas experiências estabelecendo vínculos com outros grupos como o "Peyote", com quem estabeleceu uma aliança espiritual. Esse trabalho procura mostrar que a relação com outros psicoativos é uma das características do CEFLURIS sendo considerado pelos adeptos sacramento divino que potencializa a percepção do espiritual. Com essa perspectiva o sincretismo torna-se particularmente distinto, se destacando por sua dinâmica como um "sincretismo em movimento" / Abstract: This paper aims to show the comprehension of the cultural syncretism in the course of CEFLURIS - Eclectic Center of Fluent Universal Light, dissidence of Santo Daime - a religion founded by Raimundo Irineu Serra, an immigrant from the Northeast of Brazil. This study aims to show the process of syncretism that originated the Santo Daime, and created a new dynamic towards the CEFLURIS, whose charismatic leader, Sebastião Mota de Melo settled the community in Colônia Cinco Mil, a place where the group became attractive for people from different states and countries with different knowledge, conceptions, political, social and cultural experiences which extend the group‟s conception to use several psychoactive substances with ritual goals. After moving to the interior of the forest and the foundation of Céu do Mapiá Village, the group continues their experiences by establishing links to other groups such as the "Peyote", with whom they formed a spiritual alliance. This paper also aims to show that the relation to other psychoactive substances is one of the features of CEFLURIS as it is considered by the members as a divine sacrament which boosts up spiritual perception. With this perspective, syncretism becomes particularly distinctive; it is highlighted by its dynamics with a "syncretism in motion" / Mestre

Estima-se atualmente que mais de 5% da população mundial vem fazendo uso recreativo de algum tipo de substância psicoativa, sendo que o direito a esse uso é tema recorrente da sociedade contemporânea. Por apresentar riscos associados à saúde e a segurança das populações, o uso abusivo dessas substâncias tem instigado a toxicologia social na busca de respostas, com as quais se possa caracterizar, analisar e gerenciar esses riscos. Drogas de grande consumo no Brasil são a anfetamina, cocaína e Cannabis sativa. Esta tese desenvolveu uma nova metodologia para detectar e quantificar anfetamina, cocaína e tetrahidrocanabinol em sangue total, com uso de microextração em fase líquida via fibra de polipropileno (HF-LPME), seguida de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Trata-se de uma técnica que apresenta vantagens sobre as tradicionais, uma vez que demanda quantidades menores de solvente orgânico, diminuindo riscos e custos de processo. Também propôs um estudo com a aplicação dos métodos em 69 amostras de sangue de vivos e de post mortem, as quais foram obtidas por convênio com a superintendência da polícia técnica científica de São Paulo (SPTC/SP). Os métodos desenvolvidos foram validados de acordo com diretrizes internacionais de interesse forense. Como resultado da validação, os métodos desenvolvidos se mostraram precisos e exatos para anfetamina e cocaína. O limite de detecção da cocaína foi de 5 ng . mL-1 e o limite de quantificação de 10 ng . mL-1. Quanto a anfetamina, os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram de 5 ng . mL-1. A técnica de HF-LPME não foi aplicável ao tetraidrocanabinol (Δ9-THC). Como resultado da análise das amostras, 40% delas apresentaram resultados positivos para cocaína. Desses positivos, 35% foram oriundos das matrizes de sangue de vivos e 64% oriundos de sangue post mortem. Nenhuma delas apresentou resultado quantificável para anfetamina. / It is currently estimated that more than 5% of the world\'s population has been doing recreational use of some kind of psychoactive substances and the legal right to such use is a recurring theme debated by contemporary society. Due to the risks associated with populations health and safety, the abusive use of these substances has been instigating by social toxicology to search for answers to characterize, analyze and manage these risks. Drugs of great consumption in Brazil are, amphetamine cocaine and marijuana. This thesis proposes to develop a new methodology to detect and quantify psychoactive drugs in whole blood with the use of liquid phase microextraction by polypropylene fiber (HFLPME), followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It is a technique that presents advantages compared with traditional ones, because of the smaller amounts demands of organic solvent, reducing risks and process costs. It also proposes a study with 69 blood samples taken from living persons and post mortem blood samples, which were obtained by agreement with the Superintendency of São Paulo Scientific Technical Police (SPTC / SP). The methods developed were validated according to international guidelines of forensic interest. As a result of the validation, the methods developed were precise and accurate for amphetamine and cocaine. The limit of cocaine detection was 5 ng . mL-1 and the limit of quantification was 10 ng . mL-1. As for amphetamine, the limits of detection and quantification were 5 ng . mL-1. The HF-LPME technique was not applicable to tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). As a result of the sample analysis, 40% of them presented positive results for cocaine. Of these, 35% were from blood samples taken from living persons and 64% from the post mortem blood samples. None of the samples presented quantifiable results for amphetamine.

Estima-se atualmente que mais de 5% da população mundial vem fazendo uso recreativo de algum tipo de substância psicoativa, sendo que o direito a esse uso é tema recorrente da sociedade contemporânea. Por apresentar riscos associados à saúde e a segurança das populações, o uso abusivo dessas substâncias tem instigado a toxicologia social na busca de respostas, com as quais se possa caracterizar, analisar e gerenciar esses riscos. Drogas de grande consumo no Brasil são a anfetamina, cocaína e Cannabis sativa. Esta tese desenvolveu uma nova metodologia para detectar e quantificar anfetamina, cocaína e tetrahidrocanabinol em sangue total, com uso de microextração em fase líquida via fibra de polipropileno (HF-LPME), seguida de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Trata-se de uma técnica que apresenta vantagens sobre as tradicionais, uma vez que demanda quantidades menores de solvente orgânico, diminuindo riscos e custos de processo. Também propôs um estudo com a aplicação dos métodos em 69 amostras de sangue de vivos e de post mortem, as quais foram obtidas por convênio com a superintendência da polícia técnica científica de São Paulo (SPTC/SP). Os métodos desenvolvidos foram validados de acordo com diretrizes internacionais de interesse forense. Como resultado da validação, os métodos desenvolvidos se mostraram precisos e exatos para anfetamina e cocaína. O limite de detecção da cocaína foi de 5 ng . mL-1 e o limite de quantificação de 10 ng . mL-1. Quanto a anfetamina, os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram de 5 ng . mL-1. A técnica de HF-LPME não foi aplicável ao tetraidrocanabinol (Δ9-THC). Como resultado da análise das amostras, 40% delas apresentaram resultados positivos para cocaína. Desses positivos, 35% foram oriundos das matrizes de sangue de vivos e 64% oriundos de sangue post mortem. Nenhuma delas apresentou resultado quantificável para anfetamina. / It is currently estimated that more than 5% of the world\'s population has been doing recreational use of some kind of psychoactive substances and the legal right to such use is a recurring theme debated by contemporary society. Due to the risks associated with populations health and safety, the abusive use of these substances has been instigating by social toxicology to search for answers to characterize, analyze and manage these risks. Drugs of great consumption in Brazil are, amphetamine cocaine and marijuana. This thesis proposes to develop a new methodology to detect and quantify psychoactive drugs in whole blood with the use of liquid phase microextraction by polypropylene fiber (HFLPME), followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It is a technique that presents advantages compared with traditional ones, because of the smaller amounts demands of organic solvent, reducing risks and process costs. It also proposes a study with 69 blood samples taken from living persons and post mortem blood samples, which were obtained by agreement with the Superintendency of São Paulo Scientific Technical Police (SPTC / SP). The methods developed were validated according to international guidelines of forensic interest. As a result of the validation, the methods developed were precise and accurate for amphetamine and cocaine. The limit of cocaine detection was 5 ng . mL-1 and the limit of quantification was 10 ng . mL-1. As for amphetamine, the limits of detection and quantification were 5 ng . mL-1. The HF-LPME technique was not applicable to tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). As a result of the sample analysis, 40% of them presented positive results for cocaine. Of these, 35% were from blood samples taken from living persons and 64% from the post mortem blood samples. None of the samples presented quantifiable results for amphetamine.