A proposta deste estudo foi comparar o desenvolvimento motor de crianças que praticaram Dança Educativa com o desenvolvimento motor de crianças que não praticaram e verificar a permanência dos resultados obtidos, após seis a oito meses do término da intervenção. O estudo foi realizado com 85 crianças matriculadas no 1º ano do Ensino Fundamental de duas escolas da zona sul de São Paulo, randomizadas por sorteio em dois grupos (intervenção e controle). Os dois grupos tiveram seu desenvolvimento motor avaliado em três momentos: antes da intervenção, após a intervenção e após seis a oito meses do término da intervenção. O grupo intervenção participou de um programa de aulas de Dança Educativa por sete meses. Foram excluídas da análise as crianças com deficiência intelectual e/ou física, prematuras, entre outros critérios de exclusão. Os resultados indicaram que as crianças que participaram do programa de Dança Educativa obtiveram ganhos significativos em seu desenvolvimento motor geral e nas bases: equilíbrio, praxia fina e global, em comparação às crianças que não participaram. Foram analisados através de comparação dos resultados dos grupos controle e intervenção com os testes qui-quadrado e test t. A Dança Educativa auxiliou na evolução do desenvolvimento motor de crianças e seus resultados mantiveram- se, parcialmente, meses após o término da intervenção / The purpose of this study was to compare the motor development of children who practiced Educational Dance with the motor development of children who did not practice and to verify the permanence of the results obtained after six to eight months after the intervention. The study was carried out with 85 children enrolled in the first year of Elementary School in two schools in the south of São Paulo, randomized by lottery into two groups (intervention and control). The two groups had their motor development evaluated in three moments: before the intervention, after the intervention and after six to eight months after the intervention. The intervention group participated in an Educational Dance class program for seven months. Children with intellectual and / or physical disabilities, premature, and other exclusion criteria were excluded from the analysis. The results indicated that children who participated in the Educational Dance program achieved significant gains in their general motor development and on the basis of balance, fine and overall praxis, compared to children who did not participate. They were analyzed by comparing the results of the control and intervention groups with chi-square and t-tests. The Educational Dance helped in the development of children\'s motor development and their results were maintained, partially, months after the end of the intervention

Introdução: O conhecimento da seqüência do desenvolvimento e a utilização de um instrumento de avaliação validado são ferramentas úteis para guiar os profissionais sobre a necessidade ou não do encaminhamento dos recém-nascidos de risco para os serviços de seguimento ambulatorial. O TIMP (Test of Infant Motor Performance) é um instrumento de avaliação desenvolvido para recém-nascidos pré-termo com idade gestacional de 34 semanas até 4 meses de idade corrigida com alto valor preditivo para aplicação em unidade neonatal. Objetivo: Caracterizar o desempenho motor de recém-nascidos em unidade neonatal de nível terciário e comparar os resultados obtidos aos valores normativos preconizados pelo TIMP. Métodos: Foram incluídos 136 recém-nascidos com idade gestacional corrigida entre 34 a 416/7, em respiração espontânea e estado de consciência 4 ou 5, segundo Brazelton. O TIMP foi aplicado por um fisioterapeuta previamente habilitado, uma única vez em cada recém-nascido, no momento em que estes preencheram os critérios de inclusão durante a internação na unidade neonatal. Para a avaliação comparativa entre os recém-nascidos estudados com os valores normativos do teste, os mesmos foram divididos em quatro grupos: recém-nascidos entre 34 e 356/7 semanas; recém-nascidos entre 36 e 376/7 semanas; recém-nascidos entre 38 e 396/7 semanas e recém-nascidos entre 40 e 416/7 semanas. Na comparação entre os grupos foi utilizada análise de variância (ANOVA) ou teste Kruskal-Wallis e comparações múltiplas de Bonferroni. Os escores TIMP foram comparados com os respectivos valores médios de referência em cada grupo etário através do teste t-Student. Foram calculados os valores de Z-escore e o número de recém-nascidos em cada grupo etário abaixo do percentil 5. Foi considerado significante o valor de p< 0,05. Resultados: Os grupos etários de 34-35 e 36-37 semanas apresentaram escore TIMP semelhante aos valores de referência (p > 0,05); já nos grupos etários de 38-39 e 40-41 semanas os escores TIMP foram estatisticamente menores que os valores de referência (p < 0,001 e p = 0,018 respectivamente). Os grupos de 34-35 semanas e 36-37 semanas foram classificados como dentro da média, enquanto os grupos 38-39 semanas e 40-41 semanas foram classificados como média baixa. A classificação abaixo da média e muito abaixo da média não foi observada em nenhum dos grupos estudados. Conclusões: Houve diferença significativa no desempenho motor dos recém-nascidos nos grupos etários de 38-39 semanas e 40-41 semanas quando comparados aos valores normativos do TIMP. Esse comportamento sugere que a casuística estudada apresenta particularidades que possivelmente influenciaram seu desempenho motor. Apesar da média baixa em dois grupos, todos os recém-nascidos foram classificados como dentro da média, demonstrando que o TIMP é um instrumento de grande utilidade e pode ser usado com segurança em unidade neonatal terciária / Introduction: knowledge of follow-up of the development and use of a validated assessment tool are useful instruments to guide healthcare providers for the need of referring or not the newborns at risk to follow-up services. The TIMP (Test of Infant Motor Performance) is an assessment tool designed for preterm infants with gestational age of 34 weeks up to 4 months of age adjusted to a high predictive value for application in neonatal unit. Objective: to characterize the motor performance of newborns in neonatal unit of tertiary level and compare the results to the regulatory values recommended by the TIMP. Methods: we included 136 newborns with adjusted gestational age between 34 to 416/7, in spontaneous breathing and State of consciousness 4 or 5, according to Brazelton. The TIMP was applied by a previously trained physical therapist, once in every newborn, when they met the criteria for inclusion during the hospitalization in the neonatal unit. For benchmarking among newborns studied with the normative values of the test, they were divided into four groups: newborns between 34 and 356/7 weeks; newborns between 36 and 376/7 weeks; newborns between 38 and 396/7 weeks; newborns between 40 and 416/7 weeks. For the comparison between the groups, it was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple Bonferroni comparisons. The TIMP scores were compared with their average values of reference in each age group through t-Student test. It was calculated the values of Z-score and the number of newborns in each age group below percentile 5. It was considered significant the value of p < 0.05. Results: The age groups of 34-35 and 36-37 weeks showed the TIMP score similar to reference values (p > 0.05); as for the age groups 38-39 and 40-41 weeks, the TIMP scores were statistically lower than the reference values (p= 0.001 and p = 0.018 < respectively). Groups of 34-35 weeks and 36-37 weeks were classified as average, while the 38 groups-39 weeks and 40-41 weeks were classified as low average. The classifications below average and far below average were not observed in any of the groups studied. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in motor performance of newborns in the age groups of 38-39 weeks and 40-41 weeks when compared with the normative values of TIMP. This behavior suggests that the material studied presents peculiarities that possibly influenced its motor performance. Despite the low average rating in the two groups, all newborns were rated as average, demonstrating that the TIMP is a very useful tool and can be safely used in a tertiary neonatal unit

Introdução: O conhecimento da seqüência do desenvolvimento e a utilização de um instrumento de avaliação validado são ferramentas úteis para guiar os profissionais sobre a necessidade ou não do encaminhamento dos recém-nascidos de risco para os serviços de seguimento ambulatorial. O TIMP (Test of Infant Motor Performance) é um instrumento de avaliação desenvolvido para recém-nascidos pré-termo com idade gestacional de 34 semanas até 4 meses de idade corrigida com alto valor preditivo para aplicação em unidade neonatal. Objetivo: Caracterizar o desempenho motor de recém-nascidos em unidade neonatal de nível terciário e comparar os resultados obtidos aos valores normativos preconizados pelo TIMP. Métodos: Foram incluídos 136 recém-nascidos com idade gestacional corrigida entre 34 a 416/7, em respiração espontânea e estado de consciência 4 ou 5, segundo Brazelton. O TIMP foi aplicado por um fisioterapeuta previamente habilitado, uma única vez em cada recém-nascido, no momento em que estes preencheram os critérios de inclusão durante a internação na unidade neonatal. Para a avaliação comparativa entre os recém-nascidos estudados com os valores normativos do teste, os mesmos foram divididos em quatro grupos: recém-nascidos entre 34 e 356/7 semanas; recém-nascidos entre 36 e 376/7 semanas; recém-nascidos entre 38 e 396/7 semanas e recém-nascidos entre 40 e 416/7 semanas. Na comparação entre os grupos foi utilizada análise de variância (ANOVA) ou teste Kruskal-Wallis e comparações múltiplas de Bonferroni. Os escores TIMP foram comparados com os respectivos valores médios de referência em cada grupo etário através do teste t-Student. Foram calculados os valores de Z-escore e o número de recém-nascidos em cada grupo etário abaixo do percentil 5. Foi considerado significante o valor de p< 0,05. Resultados: Os grupos etários de 34-35 e 36-37 semanas apresentaram escore TIMP semelhante aos valores de referência (p > 0,05); já nos grupos etários de 38-39 e 40-41 semanas os escores TIMP foram estatisticamente menores que os valores de referência (p < 0,001 e p = 0,018 respectivamente). Os grupos de 34-35 semanas e 36-37 semanas foram classificados como dentro da média, enquanto os grupos 38-39 semanas e 40-41 semanas foram classificados como média baixa. A classificação abaixo da média e muito abaixo da média não foi observada em nenhum dos grupos estudados. Conclusões: Houve diferença significativa no desempenho motor dos recém-nascidos nos grupos etários de 38-39 semanas e 40-41 semanas quando comparados aos valores normativos do TIMP. Esse comportamento sugere que a casuística estudada apresenta particularidades que possivelmente influenciaram seu desempenho motor. Apesar da média baixa em dois grupos, todos os recém-nascidos foram classificados como dentro da média, demonstrando que o TIMP é um instrumento de grande utilidade e pode ser usado com segurança em unidade neonatal terciária / Introduction: knowledge of follow-up of the development and use of a validated assessment tool are useful instruments to guide healthcare providers for the need of referring or not the newborns at risk to follow-up services. The TIMP (Test of Infant Motor Performance) is an assessment tool designed for preterm infants with gestational age of 34 weeks up to 4 months of age adjusted to a high predictive value for application in neonatal unit. Objective: to characterize the motor performance of newborns in neonatal unit of tertiary level and compare the results to the regulatory values recommended by the TIMP. Methods: we included 136 newborns with adjusted gestational age between 34 to 416/7, in spontaneous breathing and State of consciousness 4 or 5, according to Brazelton. The TIMP was applied by a previously trained physical therapist, once in every newborn, when they met the criteria for inclusion during the hospitalization in the neonatal unit. For benchmarking among newborns studied with the normative values of the test, they were divided into four groups: newborns between 34 and 356/7 weeks; newborns between 36 and 376/7 weeks; newborns between 38 and 396/7 weeks; newborns between 40 and 416/7 weeks. For the comparison between the groups, it was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple Bonferroni comparisons. The TIMP scores were compared with their average values of reference in each age group through t-Student test. It was calculated the values of Z-score and the number of newborns in each age group below percentile 5. It was considered significant the value of p < 0.05. Results: The age groups of 34-35 and 36-37 weeks showed the TIMP score similar to reference values (p > 0.05); as for the age groups 38-39 and 40-41 weeks, the TIMP scores were statistically lower than the reference values (p= 0.001 and p = 0.018 < respectively). Groups of 34-35 weeks and 36-37 weeks were classified as average, while the 38 groups-39 weeks and 40-41 weeks were classified as low average. The classifications below average and far below average were not observed in any of the groups studied. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in motor performance of newborns in the age groups of 38-39 weeks and 40-41 weeks when compared with the normative values of TIMP. This behavior suggests that the material studied presents peculiarities that possibly influenced its motor performance. Despite the low average rating in the two groups, all newborns were rated as average, demonstrating that the TIMP is a very useful tool and can be safely used in a tertiary neonatal unit

A presente pesquisa procurou estudar o sintoma psicomotor na infância, este abrange distúrbios como dislexias, disortografias, problemas de coordenação e equilíbrio e alguns diagnósticos de Transtorno de Deficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade cujos casos vem aumentando exponencialmente na atualidade. A etiologia do sintoma psicomotor por muito tempo permaneceu obscura e relacionada exclusivamente a lesões e distúrbios neuronais, os quais deixavam como únicas alternativas tratamentos medicamentosos e reeducativos. Com os estudos psicanalíticos iniciados por J. Lacan e M. Mannoni acerca desses sintomas, a etiologia se tornou gradativamente mais clara, e os relacionou a fantasia familiar em que a criança é imersa como objeto de satisfação. Dessa forma, este trabalho visou pesquisar a formação deste tipo de sintoma, o gozo e fantasia da criança e cuidadores envolvidos nessa relação. Para tanto foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre os conceitos psicanalíticos e atendimentos clínicos a crianças com sintomas psicomotores através do Laboratório Sujeito e Corpo da Universidade de São Paulo. Os resultados indicam que o gozo no sintoma psicomotor envolve duas pessoas, mais frequêntemente mãe ou pessoa na função materna e o filho, os quais se colocam em uma relação de interdependência, a ponto de não haver espaço para uma autonomia e independência necessárias ao desenvolvimento da criança. Os sintomas psicomotores são resultado de uma satisfação fantasística que envolve o corpo da criança nessa relação / This research sought to study the psychomotor symptoms in childhood, it includes disturbances such as dyslexia, dysorthographies, problems with coordination and balance and some diagnoses of Hyperactivity and Attention Deficit Disorder which cases have been exponentially increased at the present. The etiology of the psychomotor symptoms for a long time remained obscure and exclusively related to injury and neuronal disorders, which has left as the only alternatives medical and reeducational treatments. With the psychoanalytic studies started by J. Lacan and M. Mannoni about these symptoms, the etiology became gradually clearer, and it was related to the family fantasy in which the child is immersed as objects of satisfaction. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the constitution of this symptom, the enjoyment and fantasy of children and caregivers involved in this relationship. To achieve these goals, it was made a bibliographical research on psychoanalytic concepts and clinical attendances for children with psychomotor symptoms through the Sujeito e Corpo Lab, at the University of São Paulo. The results indicate that the joy in psychomotor symptom involves two people, more often the mother-child, which arise in a relationship of interdependence and leave no space for autonomy and independence necessary for the child development. The psychomotor symptoms are the result of a fantasmatic satisfaction which envolves the children body in this relationship

Neck-shoulder pain is common in the general population and causes individual suffering as well as large costs for the society. Despite substantial efforts, there is still a shortage of methods for objective diagnosis and effective rehabilitation of such disorders. Thus, there is a great need to develop and evaluate new methods for these purposes. From clinical observations and recent research it has become evident that sensorimotor control can be impaired in people with neck-shoulder pain and may play a role in the pathogenesis of these disorders. In this thesis, precision of goal-directed arm movements, a previously unstudied class of movements in neck-shoulder pain, was studied. The main aim of the thesis was to investigate if people with chronic neck-shoulder pain have a reduced acuity of goal-directed movements of the upper extremity. A second aim was to study associations between reduced movement acuity and symptoms and self-rated characteristics. Upper limb repositioning acuity was assessed in blindfolded subjects performing tests of active, ipsilateral position-matching of two target positions (long and short) in movements constrained to horizontal-adduction of the shoulder. Reduced repositioning acuity, suggesting impaired shoulder proprioception, was found for both subjects with whiplash associated disorders (WAD) and non-specific neck-shoulder pain (NS). The degree of reduced acuity was shown to correlate with self-ratings of various health concepts, functioning and pain. A conspicuous finding was that there was lack of correlation between short and long target errors, along with the fact that associations between repositioning acuity and symptoms and self-rated characteristics was primarily found for the short target position. To further investigate the possible mechanisms underlying the disassociation between long and short target movement control, the association pattern between the outcome of several variants of ipsilateral position matching and velocity-discrimination tests, were studied. It was found that the perception of limb position in position-matching of short target locations appears to be predominantly based on movement velocity, whereas perception of limb position in movements to longer target locations may rely on a location-based perception mechanism. To extend the research on reduced upper extremity proprioception in neck-shoulder pain to a more natural movement situation, acuity of goal-directed pointing including full vision and 3D multi-joint movements was investigated in WAD, NS and healthy controls subjects. The results revealed a reduced acuity for both neck-pain groups. Moreover, distinct associations between end-point acuity and neck movement problems, limitations of some physical functions and, in WAD; some aspects of pain, were revealed. The findings demonstrate that the precision of upper limb movements can be reduced in chronic neck-shoulder pain. Substantial associations with symptoms and self-rated functioning suggest a clinical relevance of acuity measures of goal-directed arm movements. The findings indicate that tests of sensorimotor control can provide objective measures that may be useful in biopsychosocial profiling and characterization of subgroups of patients with chronic neck-shoulder pain, and that training target control of goal-directed movements should be considered in rehabilitation programs of people with these disorders.

The purpose of this research is to examine the gender differences that exist when male and female participants complete the mirror-tracing task. This task was chosen because it requires both spatial and psychomotor abilities and is unusual in the sense that it has a far higher correlation with standard spatial ability measures than do most other psychomotor tests. This research will focus on looking at gender differences in speed, accuracy, and practice effects. It will also investigate two personality traits that correlate with performance on the task: introversion and anxiety. Data will be collected from three studies: Experiment 2 of Ackerman&Cianciolo's (1999) study, Experiment 3 of Ackerman&Cianciolo's (2000) study, and Experiment 1 of Field's (1998) study. The results are expected to show that males complete the mirror-tracing task quicker than females during initial, intermediate, and final assessments; however, females will exhibit greater practice effects than males. The results are also anticipated to show there is no significant gender difference in the number of errors made during initial, intermediate, or final assessment. Finally, the number of errors made during initial assessment on the mirror-tracing task is expected to be negatively correlated with introversion and positively correlated with anxiety.

Simulation and Web-based Learning (WBL) are both educational approaches that are increasingly applied in medical education. However, little is known about how these two instructional approaches may be integrated to improve learning outcomes. A prospective three-arm experimental study of different WBL preparation materials was conducted. Thirty undergraduate medical students with no prior experience in central venous catheterization (CVC) were randomly assigned to one of three preparatory interventions: tradition reading materials (TM), observational practice (OP), or OP and educational networking (OPEN). Participants then completed a simulation-based training workshop in CVC and a delayed retention test. Performance was assessed by a task-specific checklist, global rating scale (GRS) and by measuring time to competency. Main findings reveal a significant linear trend across the TM, OP and OPEN groups in time to competency. This exploratory study demonstrates the potential utility of Web-based observational practice and collaborative learning for improving the efficiency of simulation-based training.

Simulation and Web-based Learning (WBL) are both educational approaches that are increasingly applied in medical education. However, little is known about how these two instructional approaches may be integrated to improve learning outcomes. A prospective three-arm experimental study of different WBL preparation materials was conducted. Thirty undergraduate medical students with no prior experience in central venous catheterization (CVC) were randomly assigned to one of three preparatory interventions: tradition reading materials (TM), observational practice (OP), or OP and educational networking (OPEN). Participants then completed a simulation-based training workshop in CVC and a delayed retention test. Performance was assessed by a task-specific checklist, global rating scale (GRS) and by measuring time to competency. Main findings reveal a significant linear trend across the TM, OP and OPEN groups in time to competency. This exploratory study demonstrates the potential utility of Web-based observational practice and collaborative learning for improving the efficiency of simulation-based training.

The interplay between sounds and movements is not only critical for music performance, but also for the acquisition of speech, and might underlie the success of using music as a therapeutic tool in the facilitation of movements. This dissertation is comprised of three functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that aim to elucidate the neural basis underlying interactions between the auditory and motor systems in the context of musical rhythm perception and production. Study 1 investigated the neural correlates that facilitate auditory-motor coupling while subjects tapped along with an isochronous rhythm. Auditory input was manipulated so that the metric saliency of the isochronous rhythm increased across five parametric levels in order to modulate subjects’ tapping behaviour. [...] / L’interaction entre le son et le mouvement n’est pas seulement essentielle lors de prestations musicales, mais aussi lors de l’ acquisition de la parole, et pourrait être à la base du succès de la musique lorsqu’elle est utilisée en tant qu’agent thérapeutique visant la facilitation du mouvement. Cette dissertation consiste en trois études d’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle visant à élucider les fondements neuraux à la base de l’interaction entre le système auditif et le système moteur dans le contexte de la perception et de la production de rythmes musicaux. La première étude examina les corrélats neuraux facilitant le couplage auditif-moteur chez des sujets produisant des battements alors qu’ils étaient guidés par un rythme isochronique. L’information auditive fut manipulée pour que la proéminence métrique du rythme isochronique augmente à travers cinq niveaux paramétriques dans le but de moduler les battements produits par le sujet. [...]

Optimal interaction between vision and other somatosensory systems guaranties the control of human body segment stability and change in position. The lack of visual information causes changes in equilibrium, regulation of body segment position and in response to surrounding stimuli. The objective of the study: to carry out the research on the influence of the degree of visual impairment on equilibrium and simple and psychomotor reactions, and to establish the possible manifestation of compensatory reactions of vestibular and proprioception sensory systems when vision disorders are being faced. To investigate the influence of the degree of visual impairment on equilibrium and simple and psychomotor reactions, the sighted subjects, legally blind and totally blind subjects voluntarily participated in the study. A static posturography (or stabilography) method has been used for the equilibrium testing. A force plate and computerized equipment for analysis of the signals was applied for posturography. Centre of pressure coordinates have been started to be registered since the moment when the subject in bare feet stands on the force plate in the position required. Posturogram registration in every position of standing lasted 60 s. To investigate a simple reaction, we have employed an electromyoreflexometer, which consists of the equipment emitting light or sound signals, a response device and a unit for the data registration. The testing has been conducted during two parts when a... [to full text]