Submitted by Diego Fróes e Coelho da Silva (difroes@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-10-19T17:15:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação MFEE 2018 - Diego Fróes v.final.pdf: 30379795 bytes, checksum: d885dd4fca28761cf6411a4c9620103f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2018-10-25T19:39:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação MFEE 2018 - Diego Fróes v.final.pdf: 30379795 bytes, checksum: d885dd4fca28761cf6411a4c9620103f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-29T18:09:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação MFEE 2018 - Diego Fróes v.final.pdf: 30379795 bytes, checksum: d885dd4fca28761cf6411a4c9620103f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-02 / O objetivo deste estudo é examinar se as parcerias público-privadas (PPP) podem constituir uma ferramenta viável para a implementação dos Projetos Estratégicos de Defesa no Brasil. As PPP são um instrumento para a cooperação da iniciativa privada na realização de investimentos de interesse público e são capazes de aperfeiçoar os processos de desestatização, em busca de ampliar o alcance das externalidades positivas que tais processos podem gerar. Há experiências semelhantes em países como Reino Unido, Estados Unidos da América (EUA) e Austrália, nas quais se verificou aumento da qualidade dos serviços e diminuição dos prazos de entrega em comparação aos métodos tradicionais de contratação. Por meio de um estudo de caso, amparado em uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica e apoiando-se nas bem-sucedidas experiências internacionais, é possível investigar se as PPP podem contribuir para o fomento da Base Industrial de Defesa (BID), fundamentais ao aprimoramento das Forças Armadas e ao desenvolvimento do País.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer que le renforcement des institutions environnementales permet d'améliorer la responsabilité environnementale. Si des changements institutionnels sont mis en place favorisant la responsabilité environnementale alors une co-responsabilité des parties prenantes prend forme rendant la protection de l'environnement plus efficace et efficiente. Compte tenu de l'ampleur des dégradations environnementales et de leurs conséquences, la responsabilité environnementale devient la panacée à la crise écologique. La notion de développement durable s'en fait écho en s'ancrant cependant dans une dynamique plus vaste. Ce concept de développement durable se décline au niveau industriel par la responsabilité sociale des entreprises. Force est de constater que les réponses institutionnelles et industrielles sont loin d'être à la hauteur des défis environnementaux. Historiquement, les instruments réglementaires ont été mobilisés pour faire face aux dégradations irréversibles. Malgré les preuves théoriques et empiriques européennes, la fiscalité écologique française ne répond pas aux recommandations économiques. Les raisons à ces échecs résident dans les difficultés d'acceptabilité et d'ajustement. Ces éléments amènent à repenser les schémas de l'intervention de l'Etat en matière d'environnement. L'apport de cette thèse consiste à proposer la mise en place de nouveaux arrangements institutionnels fondés sur la mise en place d'institutions environnementales dotées de capacités d'expertise, d'enforcement et de conformité. / The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that the strengthening of the environmental institutions enforces environmental responsibility. If institutional changes are setting up to promote environmental responsibility, then a co-responsibility takes form making environmental protection more efficient and more effective. Given the extent of environmental degradation and their consequences, environmental liability bccomes a panacea to the ecological crisis. The notion of sustainable development echoes to it. however anchoring in a larger dynamic. The concept ofsustainable development comes at industrial level by the corporate social responsibility. lt is clear that the answers given by the institutions and the industrial segment fall far short of responding to the environmental challenges. Historically, regulatory instruments have been mobilized to deal with irreversible damage. The recent issue of emission permits still experiences difficulties. Despite the European theoretical and empirical evidences, French ecological taxation doesn't comply with the economic recommendations. The reasons for these failures depend on the difficulties of acceptability. These considerations lead us to rethink the patterns of state intervention in environmental. The contribution of this thesis is to propose the establishment of new institutional arrangements based on the establishment of environmental institutions which have capacities of expertise, enforcement and compliance.

There has been a rapid growth of private participation in infrastructure projects throughout the world in the last three decades. China as the largest developing country in the world has a huge amount of demands for high quality infrastructure projects and public services. The government has actively developed and used the Build-Operation-Transfer (BOT) model to deliver public facilities and services, particularly after 2002. Certain benefits have been brought by the adoption of the BOT model in China's motorway and water sectors. However, issues were also found in the processes behind BOT applications. International organisations as well as scholars suggested that China should learn experiences and lessons from the UK and its PFI scheme. The UK has been the leading country to use private finance in developing public buildings and services. However, very little has been written addressing how lessons from British PFIs can be learnt by China to improve its BOT practice. This study is an attempt to address this vacuum in the existed literature. It was designed to explore the current problems of using BOTs in Chinese motorway and water sectors and looks at what needs to be improved, based upon the PFI lessons in the UK. A mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods has been employed and various methods of data collection used in this study. These included: 21 interviews, 2 observations and one focus group and the analysis on 14 government reports about BOTs in China. The governments' decision-makers, directors, project managers and contractors were involved in the research to explore the results and emerging issues involving the implementation of BOT models in 87 Chinese motorway and water projects in 10 cities covering six provinces. As a result of its findings, the research is able to discuss and identify the relevant experiences and lessons from PFIs in the UK to improve further application of China's BOTs. This study fills the gap in knowledge regarding comparisons between PFIs and BOTs. It also gives recommendations for good practice in relation to Chinese BOT policy decision making, development and evaluation. Finally, the study hopes to give recommendations that enable the implementation of BOT model in Chinese motorway and water sectors to be more successful in the future.

Magister Artium - MA / Recent years have seen an upsurge of interest from governments and development organisations in adopting the Public Private Partnership (PPP) approach when developing and operating ecotourism projects. A PPP is a contract between a public sector institution and a private party, in which the private party assumes substantial financial, technical and operational risk in the design, financing, building and operation of a project (South African National Treasury 2004). Countries such as India, China and Kenya have developed numerous projects through PPPs. Protected Areas have followed suit in adopting the PPP approach, to be able to focus on their core business, namely conservation. To date, relevant research on PPP ecotourism projects, specifically pro-poor tourism approach is fragmented, limited in scope, and lacks examples that can assist practitioners in embedding pro-poor tourism principles in the PPP methodology. Academically, studies are largely evaluations that compare progress against projects’ defined objectives or broad based sustainable tourism goals. However, this study is an assessment of a tourism development from a pro-poor tourism perspective. Thus, this study interrogated the extent to which ecotourism PPP at De Hoop is pro-poor. Furthermore, the study sought to establish if rural local communities living in and near De Hoop PPP benefit and how their benefits can be enhanced. Pro-poor tourism indicators are used in this study as a theoretical base to evaluate De Hoop PPP.

No description available.

Gegenstand der Dissertation ist die Verantwortung der Kommunen für die Versorgung der örtlichen Bevölkerung mit Elektrizität: Woraus kann sie hergeleitet werden, welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich aus ihr für die Kommunen und welche Bedeutung kommt hierbei der Kooperation mit der Privatwirtschaft zu? Die in drei Teile gegliederte Arbeit befasst sich in ihrem ersten Teil mit den allgemeinen Grundlagen und der Entwicklung kommunaler Elektrizitätsversorgungsunternehmen. Im zweiten Teil geht es um die gesetzlichen Zielvorgaben in der Elektrizitätswirtschaft und die kommunale Verantwortung für ihr Erreichen. Der dritte Teil schließlich befasst sich mit den Voraussetzungen kooperativer Staatstätigkeit und dem Potenzial der Anwendung von Kooperationsmodellen im Bereich der örtlichen Elektrizitätsversorgung. / The dissertation ist focused on the responsibility of municipalities to supply local populations with electricity: Where can it be derived from, what consequences for municipalities arise from it and what role does the cooperation with private sector have in this context? The thesis is divided into three parts; the first part deals with the basic principles and the development of municipal electric utilities. The second part focuses on both statutory normative targets in the electricity supply industry and the municipality's responsibility to achieve them. Finally, the third part discusses the preconditions of cooperative government activity and the potential of cooperation models for application to local power supply.

Questionnaires translated into Shona / Mineral extraction is one of the key drivers of Africa’s economies and is also one of the largest industries in the world. In many African countries, including Zimbabwe, mining contributes to profound parts of the economy and remain the engine for economic growth. In recent years, and following the continual exploitation of minerals, mining companies have been scrutinized as a major cause of social, environmental, and economic problems faced mainly by communities at the margins. In this regard, mining companies are widely perceived to be prospering at the expense of adjacent communities, who are the primary recipients of the externalities, mainly negative, from mining operations. Due to incongruent stakeholder interests conflicts have erupted given the peculiar case of the extractive industries in Zimbabwe. Having realised the differences among stakeholder interests over minerals, in the extractive industry the study sought to answer this question: how is CCE understood by different stakeholders? And how is CCE measured by the same stakeholders?. The focus of the study is to evaluate the meaning of CCE from multiple stakeholders in the extractive industry in Zimbabwe; and to analyse how CCE is measured by identified stakeholders. In order to satisfy the stated objectives, the study employed mixed research method. This study revealed similarity in understanding of CCE and its usefulness amongst the different stakeholder groups. Of cognitive importance is the realisation by stakeholders on the need for proactive communities and corporate investment into community for effective partnerships. Collaboration, empowerment, inclusion, trust and organisation emerged to be the major facilitators for CCE. The study presents operative CCE according to the obligations and expectations of stakeholders. Having realised that mining industries are particularly susceptible to conflict between stakeholders, the study suggests proactive desire to mitigate these conflicts through CCE in the mining industry. In this respect, community development, peace and stability and strong economy are the major outcomes of effective CCE. The study recommends participation of resource owners in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluation as well as dividends sharing of mining projects as advocated for by the CCE Model. It is also recommended that the adoption of the CCE Model will ensure a sustainable and harmonious coexistence between the predominantly capitalistic mining concerns and the resource owners and solve part of the current impasse to business and community development. / Business Management / D.B.L.

我國向以「美食王國」享譽國際，各種美食不但曾為國人共同驕傲，亦帶來大量觀光人潮與經濟收入。未料，2011年5月「塑化劑事件」揭開我國食安風暴之黑幕，此後毒澱粉事件、黑心油事件等一連串黑心事件爆發，不但使國人對政府食品安全行政管制失去信心，亦讓我國美食商譽嚴重受創。 政府雖於每次食安事件爆發後，隨即召開相應之各種食安會議，提出相關管制改革措施；更透過數次修改食安法，不斷提高對違反法規黑心食品相關業者之罰則。然而食安事件仍不斷爆發，黑心食品不但數量未曾減少，反而製造、加工方法更趨黑心；顯示我國食品安全行政管制完全失靈，傳統法執行制度陷入困境，亟需改革。 我國食安法於2013年6月進行重大修正，此次修正納入以預防原則為前提之風險分析模式，風險分析模式係由歐盟開始發展，主要包括風險評估、風險管理及風險溝通。我國雖擬納入風險分析模式革新食品安全管制，惟食安法似僅將核心置於風險評估之制度設計，有關風險管理措施著墨不多，風險溝通更是付之闕如。因此，修法2年多以來，食品安全仍未能有效管制，食安事件爆發後，更是主管機關手忙腳亂，消費者人心惶惶。 有鑑於傳統法執行制度陷入困境，無法完成食安管制之任務，食安法除納入風險分析模式外，尚設立三級管理機制，亦即採取公私協力與自主規制之手段，主要透過業者自我管理、建立通報系統等措施強化食安管制。藉由與私部門之合作，固可提高食安管制之專業與效率，惟因我國未能體察社會民情與企業文化之差異，徒使自主規制成為政府卸責之藉口，有待進一步檢討。 因此，我國應就食品安全管制應就立法政策、風險分析及供應鏈管制等三方面，徹底檢討並提出解決辦法。 / In Taiwan, “Delicious Food” is well known world wide, and is one of the most proud of issue for Taiwanese. Small eats, and a lot of them, are the big things in Taiwan, and attracted a lot of tourists and brought a favorable income. Unfortunately, the Taiwan food scandal was started by the overuse one of plasticizer as a clouding agent in numerous food and beverage. It followed by “Toxic starch” and “Evil oil event”, which led to lose confidence and ruin administrative regulation of food safety to Taiwan government. Furthermore, there was a huge impact on Taiwan delicious food goodwill in the world. After uncovered each food scandal, Taiwan government tried to organize numerous food safety conferences, and has taken measures to restrain food safety regulation. In addition to food safety law revision, the penalty provision has been enhanced for unscrupulous vendors of food industry. However, food scandal is keeping on going, and the events are increasing in numbers these years. The food manufacturing and refining processes has become more evil. It means that food safety administrative regulation is run out of order, and the traditional law enforcement has faced the difficulty in this changing era. Since June 2013, food safety law revision included the brand new “Risk Analysis” model into “Precautionary Principle” concept. Risk analysis started over by European Union (EU), which is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. “Risk Analysis” model has three components, including risk evaluation, risk management and risk communication. In Taiwan, we have already taken “Risk Analysis” model on board for the innovation of food safety regulation, but Food Safety Law focused in the accounting system design of risk evaluation. There is only few in the risk management, and no statements in risk communication. Two years after food safety law revision, we still found the administration office has difficulty in facing the new food scandal, and the general populations are still worry about food safety issue. In order to reform the traditional law enforcement in food safety, the Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation Taiwan included the risk analysis model first. Furthermore, in Taiwan’s food safety regime, the three-tier quality control system refers to self-management by food businesses, testing by independent institutions, and inspections by the government. It means that public-private partnerships (PPP) and self-regulation become a part of new regulation system. Through the cooperation between Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA) and private industrial association, the professionalism and efficiency of food safety regulation will be enhanced, but this kind of cooperation might be become the reasons of shirking the responsibility of government. Further investigation is mandatory.

Des magasins d’usine accolés aux sites de fabrication apparus au début du XXe siècle jusqu’aux « villages » de marques actuels, le concept commercial a suivi différentes formes et l’évolution de leurs localisations rend compte d’un détachement des sites industriels au profit d’une logique territoriale « hors sol ». Ces facteurs mettent en lumière le passage d’un concept à l’origine industriel, devenu un produit commercialo-touristique. La naissance du concept puis sa « mise en tourisme » trouvent toutes deux leurs origines aux Etats-Unis. Leurs importations en Europe n’ont pas reproduit à l’identique la formule américaine mais ont suivi des modèles s’en inspirant de plus en plus fortement, notamment par le biais de la montée en puissance des opérateurs anglo-saxons qui figurent parmi les leaders incontestés du marché européen. L’annonce de projets de villages de marques suscite quasi-systématiquement de vives tensions entre leurs opposants et leurs défenseurs, révélant que les enjeux territoriaux liés à ces équipements sont nombreux. La multiplication des projets est notamment favorisée par une demande croissante des élus dans un contexte de mise en compétition des territoires. Cette situation, qui constitue une réelle opportunité pour les opérateurs, aboutit depuis peu à la création de partenariats public-privé destinés à tirer profit de la présence des centres de marques en favorisant les synergies avec leur territoire d’implantation, notamment en couplant le tourisme commercial avec d’autres types de tourisme. Cette thèse vise à mettre en lumière le développement et l’évolution du concept commercial en Europe ainsi que leurs implications en matière de nouveaux enjeux territoriaux. / From Factory Outlet shops located on manufacturing sites which appeared at the beginning of the 20th century to the current outlet “villages” today, this distinct retail concept has followed various forms in its evolution. There has been a detachment from locations on industrial sites for a strategic improvement creating, a new territorial logic which is targeted on an agglomeration of brands in modern purpose built buildings with good access and facilities. These factors show the evolution of a concept originally adjacent to a manufacturing base, it has become a distinct retail and tourist product. The birth of the retail concept and its “touristification” finds its origins in the United States. The import of which into Europe drew reference from the American formula but followed new models inspired by Anglo-Saxon developers who created a different style and they now appear among the uncontested leaders of the European market. However, the announcement of new outlet projects, even after 20 years still arouse quasi-systematically deep tensions between the opponents and the defenders of the concept, revealing that the territorial stakes of these centres are multiple. The increase of the number of projects is favoured in particular by an increasing demand of the elected representatives in a context of competition between territories. The current situation constitutes a real opportunity for developers, and it has recently involved the creation of public-private partnerships. Their intended goal is to benefit from the setting-up of outlet centres by favouring the positive elements within their territory, in particular by coupling retail tourism with other forms of leisure tourism. This research aims to study the development and the evolution of the outlet concept in Europe as well as their implications regarding new territorial stakes.

La participation du secteur privé dans la gouvernance de l’eau a considérablement évolué au cours des vingt dernières années. Aujourd’hui, les firmes transnationales de l’eau ne sont pas des opérateurs locaux mais sont devenues des acteurs économiques et politiques dans la gouvernance mondiale de l’environnement. Leur vaste offre de services et l’expansion de leurs activités sur des marchés internationaux ont largement contribué à construire une image de ces entreprises en tant qu’acteurs-clés, à coté des autorités publiques locales. Le rôle des firmes transnationales dans la gouvernance de l’eau ne se limite plus à la gestion des services dans des territoires locaux spécifiques, mais comprend également la création et la diffusion de modèles de gouvernance de l’eau à l’échelle mondiale.Cette thèse étudie les firmes transnationales de l’eau en tant qu’acteurs actifs et puissants dans la gouvernance de l’eau à des échelles multiples. Le pouvoir des deux plus grandes firmes de l’eau dans le monde, les groupes français Veolia et Suez, est analysé en termes d’intérêts, de ressources et de stratégies dans le cadre de l’« espace transnational de l’eau ». Ce concept est utilisé pour analyser les stratégies de développement et d’adaptation de Veolia et de Suez au Mexique et aux Etats-Unis de 1993 à 2014.Les échelles de gouvernance de l’eau s’avèrent déterminantes pour le pouvoir des entreprises transnationales de l’eau. Alors que Veolia et Suez créent leur pouvoir à l’échelle locale, elles le cultivent et diffusent à l’échelle mondiale. Ce processus est toutefois conditionné à l’échelle nationale et peut être potentiellement limité à l’échelle régionale. / The involvement of the private sector in water governance has greatly evolved over the last 20 years. Private water companies have gone from being local operators to becoming economic and political actors of global environmental governance. Their vast array of services and the expansion of their operations in international markets have contributed to building the image of these companies as key stakeholders alongside public authorities. The role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in water governance is no longer limited to the provision of services in specific local territories, but also includes the creation and diffusion of models of water governance at the global scale.This dissertation studies water TNCs as active and powerful actors in water governance at multiple scales. The power of the two largest water companies worldwide, the French groups Veolia and Suez, is analyzed in terms of interests, resources and strategies within the framework of the “transnational space for water.” This concept is used to analyze the development and adaptation strategies of Veolia and Suez in Mexico and the U.S. from 1993 to 2014. The study argues that scales of water governance are central to understanding the power of water TNCs. While Veolia and Suez create their power at the local scale, they cultivate and diffuse it at the global scale. This process, however, is conditioned at the national scale and can be potentially limited at the regional scale. / La participación del sector privado en la gestión del agua ha evolucionado considerablemente en los últimos veinte años. Hoy en día, las empresas transnacionales del agua han pasado de ser operadores locales a actores económicos y políticos en la gobernanza ambiental mundial. Su amplia gama de servicios y la expansión de sus actividades en mercados internacionales han llevado a construir una imagen de estas empresas como actores clave, junto a las autoridades locales. El papel de las empresas transnacionales del agua ya no se limita a la prestación de servicios públicos en territorios específicos sino que también incluye la creación y la difusión de modelos de gestión del agua a nivel internacional.La presente tesis explora a las empresas transnacionales del agua como actores activos y poderosos en la gobernanza del agua a partir de una perspectiva multi-escalar. El poder de las dos compañías más grandes a nivel mundial, los grupos franceses Veolia y Suez, es analizado en términos de intereses, recursos y estrategias en el marco del “espacio transnacional del agua”. Este concepto es propuesto y utilizado para analizar las estrategias de desarrollo y de adaptación de Veolia y Suez en México y en Estados Unidos de 1993 a 2014.Al final de este trabajo se demuestra que las escalas de gobernanza del agua son determinantes para el poder de las firmas transnacionales del agua. Mientras Veolia y Suez crean su poder en la escala local, éste es cultivado y promovido en la escala internacional. Este proceso, sin embargo, se encuentra condicionado por la escala nacional y puede ser potencialmente limitado por la escala regional.