Introdução: A fibrose cística também conhecida como mucoviscidose, é uma doença genética autossômica recessiva, crônica, com manifestações sistêmicas, sendo o transplante pulmonar uma das alternativas para o tratamento quando a doença se apresenta em fase terminal. Objetivos: Avaliar a função pulmonar, condicionamento físico e qualidade de vida em pacientes com fibrose cística após trinta meses do transplante pulmonar seguido de um programa de reabilitação do cardiopulmonar. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte ambispectivo, foram estudados 8 pacientes com fibrose cística (5 mulheres 3 homens com média de idade 27 ± 4,62 anos) no período de dezembro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010. Havido perda de 2 pacientes ao longo do estudo. Foram analisados o teste de caminhada de seis minutos(TC6M), testes de função pulmonar e o questionário SF-36 no pré-transplante, pós-transplante imediato, pósreabilitação cardiopulmonar e após trinta meses após o transplante. Resultados: Tempo de lista de espera de 883 ± 571 dias tempo de internação total 30,14 ± 12,6 dias. Os pacientes apresentaram em média no pré-transplante VEF1 25,1% e CVF 38,4%, no pós transplante imediato VEF1 52,6% e CVF 54,6%. após reabilitação VEF1 60,8% e CVF 65,2% e 30 meses pós transplante VEF1 66,6% e CVF 67,2% . No TC6M a média de distância percorrida antes do transplante foi de 488 metros, pós-transplante imediato 510 metros, pós-reabilitação 603 metros e 30 meses pós-transplante 462 metros. Quanto à qualidade de vida os pacientes apresentaram melhora nos momentos pós-alta hospitalar e após reabilitação e piora em alguns domínios 30 meses após o transplante. Conclusão: O transplante de pulmão permanece sendo um procedimento de alto risco, no entanto, é uma estratégia terapêutica viável para pacientes com fibrose cística em estágio avançado da doença. Os dados encontrados no estudo sugerem uma tendência positiva a curto prazo na capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida, contudo a médio prazo perecem diminuir, enquanto a função pulmonar apresenta crescente melhora a curto e médio prazo. São necessários mais estudos com um maior número de pacientes para se afirmar com propriedade os benefícios a longo prazo do transplante de pulmão para essa população. / Introduction: Cystic Fibrosis, also known as mucoviscidosis, is a chronic autosomal recessive genetic disorder with systemic manifestations, lung transplantation being one of the alternatives for treatment when the disease is in its terminal phase. Objective: Evaluate the lung function, physical conditions and the quality of life of the cystic fibrosis patient after 30 months from the lung transplantation following a rehabilitation program of cardiopulmonary therapy. Methodology: The study of the ambispective cohort, involved eight patients with cystic fibrosis (5 women and 3 men aged 27 ± 4.6 years) for the period from December 2006 to December 2010, two patients died during the study. Analysis was made of the Six Minutes Walk Test (6MWT), lung function and the SF-36 questionnaire for the pre-transplant, immediately post- transplant, post cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and 30 months after the transplant. Results: The waiting list was 883±571 days, hospitalization time totalled 30.14 ±12.6 days. The patients showed, on average, a pretransplant VEF1 25.1% and CVF 38.4%, immediately posttransplant VEF1 66.6% and CVF 54.6%, post cardiopulmonary rehabilitation VEF1 60.8% and CVF 65.2% end 30 months post-transplant VEF1 66.6% and CVF 67.2%. In the TC6M, the average distance done before the transplant was 488 meters, immediately post-transplant it was 510 meters, post cardiopulmonary rehabilitation it was 603 meters and 30 months after transplant it was 462 meters. The quality of life of the patients showed improvement from the moment of leaving the hospital and after rehabilitation but did deteriorate in some domains after 30 months from the transplant. Conclusion: The lung transplantation continues to be a high risk procedure, however it still is a therapeutic strategy available to patients with cystic fibrosis at the advance stage of the disease. The findings of the study suggest there is a positive trend in the short term functional capacity and quality of life in the medium term however perish decrease, while increasing lung function has improved in the short and medium term. Although it would require further study with a higher number of patients to affirm with confidence the benefit for the long term of lung transplants for this population.

Introdução: A fibrose cística também conhecida como mucoviscidose, é uma doença genética autossômica recessiva, crônica, com manifestações sistêmicas, sendo o transplante pulmonar uma das alternativas para o tratamento quando a doença se apresenta em fase terminal. Objetivos: Avaliar a função pulmonar, condicionamento físico e qualidade de vida em pacientes com fibrose cística após trinta meses do transplante pulmonar seguido de um programa de reabilitação do cardiopulmonar. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte ambispectivo, foram estudados 8 pacientes com fibrose cística (5 mulheres 3 homens com média de idade 27 ± 4,62 anos) no período de dezembro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010. Havido perda de 2 pacientes ao longo do estudo. Foram analisados o teste de caminhada de seis minutos(TC6M), testes de função pulmonar e o questionário SF-36 no pré-transplante, pós-transplante imediato, pósreabilitação cardiopulmonar e após trinta meses após o transplante. Resultados: Tempo de lista de espera de 883 ± 571 dias tempo de internação total 30,14 ± 12,6 dias. Os pacientes apresentaram em média no pré-transplante VEF1 25,1% e CVF 38,4%, no pós transplante imediato VEF1 52,6% e CVF 54,6%. após reabilitação VEF1 60,8% e CVF 65,2% e 30 meses pós transplante VEF1 66,6% e CVF 67,2% . No TC6M a média de distância percorrida antes do transplante foi de 488 metros, pós-transplante imediato 510 metros, pós-reabilitação 603 metros e 30 meses pós-transplante 462 metros. Quanto à qualidade de vida os pacientes apresentaram melhora nos momentos pós-alta hospitalar e após reabilitação e piora em alguns domínios 30 meses após o transplante. Conclusão: O transplante de pulmão permanece sendo um procedimento de alto risco, no entanto, é uma estratégia terapêutica viável para pacientes com fibrose cística em estágio avançado da doença. Os dados encontrados no estudo sugerem uma tendência positiva a curto prazo na capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida, contudo a médio prazo perecem diminuir, enquanto a função pulmonar apresenta crescente melhora a curto e médio prazo. São necessários mais estudos com um maior número de pacientes para se afirmar com propriedade os benefícios a longo prazo do transplante de pulmão para essa população. / Introduction: Cystic Fibrosis, also known as mucoviscidosis, is a chronic autosomal recessive genetic disorder with systemic manifestations, lung transplantation being one of the alternatives for treatment when the disease is in its terminal phase. Objective: Evaluate the lung function, physical conditions and the quality of life of the cystic fibrosis patient after 30 months from the lung transplantation following a rehabilitation program of cardiopulmonary therapy. Methodology: The study of the ambispective cohort, involved eight patients with cystic fibrosis (5 women and 3 men aged 27 ± 4.6 years) for the period from December 2006 to December 2010, two patients died during the study. Analysis was made of the Six Minutes Walk Test (6MWT), lung function and the SF-36 questionnaire for the pre-transplant, immediately post- transplant, post cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and 30 months after the transplant. Results: The waiting list was 883±571 days, hospitalization time totalled 30.14 ±12.6 days. The patients showed, on average, a pretransplant VEF1 25.1% and CVF 38.4%, immediately posttransplant VEF1 66.6% and CVF 54.6%, post cardiopulmonary rehabilitation VEF1 60.8% and CVF 65.2% end 30 months post-transplant VEF1 66.6% and CVF 67.2%. In the TC6M, the average distance done before the transplant was 488 meters, immediately post-transplant it was 510 meters, post cardiopulmonary rehabilitation it was 603 meters and 30 months after transplant it was 462 meters. The quality of life of the patients showed improvement from the moment of leaving the hospital and after rehabilitation but did deteriorate in some domains after 30 months from the transplant. Conclusion: The lung transplantation continues to be a high risk procedure, however it still is a therapeutic strategy available to patients with cystic fibrosis at the advance stage of the disease. The findings of the study suggest there is a positive trend in the short term functional capacity and quality of life in the medium term however perish decrease, while increasing lung function has improved in the short and medium term. Although it would require further study with a higher number of patients to affirm with confidence the benefit for the long term of lung transplants for this population.

Introdução: A fibrose cística também conhecida como mucoviscidose, é uma doença genética autossômica recessiva, crônica, com manifestações sistêmicas, sendo o transplante pulmonar uma das alternativas para o tratamento quando a doença se apresenta em fase terminal. Objetivos: Avaliar a função pulmonar, condicionamento físico e qualidade de vida em pacientes com fibrose cística após trinta meses do transplante pulmonar seguido de um programa de reabilitação do cardiopulmonar. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte ambispectivo, foram estudados 8 pacientes com fibrose cística (5 mulheres 3 homens com média de idade 27 ± 4,62 anos) no período de dezembro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010. Havido perda de 2 pacientes ao longo do estudo. Foram analisados o teste de caminhada de seis minutos(TC6M), testes de função pulmonar e o questionário SF-36 no pré-transplante, pós-transplante imediato, pósreabilitação cardiopulmonar e após trinta meses após o transplante. Resultados: Tempo de lista de espera de 883 ± 571 dias tempo de internação total 30,14 ± 12,6 dias. Os pacientes apresentaram em média no pré-transplante VEF1 25,1% e CVF 38,4%, no pós transplante imediato VEF1 52,6% e CVF 54,6%. após reabilitação VEF1 60,8% e CVF 65,2% e 30 meses pós transplante VEF1 66,6% e CVF 67,2% . No TC6M a média de distância percorrida antes do transplante foi de 488 metros, pós-transplante imediato 510 metros, pós-reabilitação 603 metros e 30 meses pós-transplante 462 metros. Quanto à qualidade de vida os pacientes apresentaram melhora nos momentos pós-alta hospitalar e após reabilitação e piora em alguns domínios 30 meses após o transplante. Conclusão: O transplante de pulmão permanece sendo um procedimento de alto risco, no entanto, é uma estratégia terapêutica viável para pacientes com fibrose cística em estágio avançado da doença. Os dados encontrados no estudo sugerem uma tendência positiva a curto prazo na capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida, contudo a médio prazo perecem diminuir, enquanto a função pulmonar apresenta crescente melhora a curto e médio prazo. São necessários mais estudos com um maior número de pacientes para se afirmar com propriedade os benefícios a longo prazo do transplante de pulmão para essa população. / Introduction: Cystic Fibrosis, also known as mucoviscidosis, is a chronic autosomal recessive genetic disorder with systemic manifestations, lung transplantation being one of the alternatives for treatment when the disease is in its terminal phase. Objective: Evaluate the lung function, physical conditions and the quality of life of the cystic fibrosis patient after 30 months from the lung transplantation following a rehabilitation program of cardiopulmonary therapy. Methodology: The study of the ambispective cohort, involved eight patients with cystic fibrosis (5 women and 3 men aged 27 ± 4.6 years) for the period from December 2006 to December 2010, two patients died during the study. Analysis was made of the Six Minutes Walk Test (6MWT), lung function and the SF-36 questionnaire for the pre-transplant, immediately post- transplant, post cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and 30 months after the transplant. Results: The waiting list was 883±571 days, hospitalization time totalled 30.14 ±12.6 days. The patients showed, on average, a pretransplant VEF1 25.1% and CVF 38.4%, immediately posttransplant VEF1 66.6% and CVF 54.6%, post cardiopulmonary rehabilitation VEF1 60.8% and CVF 65.2% end 30 months post-transplant VEF1 66.6% and CVF 67.2%. In the TC6M, the average distance done before the transplant was 488 meters, immediately post-transplant it was 510 meters, post cardiopulmonary rehabilitation it was 603 meters and 30 months after transplant it was 462 meters. The quality of life of the patients showed improvement from the moment of leaving the hospital and after rehabilitation but did deteriorate in some domains after 30 months from the transplant. Conclusion: The lung transplantation continues to be a high risk procedure, however it still is a therapeutic strategy available to patients with cystic fibrosis at the advance stage of the disease. The findings of the study suggest there is a positive trend in the short term functional capacity and quality of life in the medium term however perish decrease, while increasing lung function has improved in the short and medium term. Although it would require further study with a higher number of patients to affirm with confidence the benefit for the long term of lung transplants for this population.

Le système nerveux autonome (SNA) contribue de façon importante aux régulations des fonctions cardiovasculaires. Pendant des décennies, les chercheurs ont essayé de comprendre comment la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque (VFC) et le gain du baroréflexe cardiaque pouvaient être utilisés comme marqueurs significatifs du contrôle neurovégétatif cardiaque, et parfois de son altération. L'objectif général de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre le rôle du SNA dans la modulation et les adaptations des fonctions cardiaques et vasculaires. Le projet comprenait quatre études.Dans la première étude, nous avons analysé les effets de l'accélération gravitationnelle graduées sur la régulation neurovégétative de la fréquence cardiaque et de la vasomotricité artériolaire. Dans ces expositions expérimentales des variables cardiovasculaires et respiratoires ont été modifiées de façon spécifique. Nos résultats ne sont pas compatibles avec la mise en jeu d’une régulation sympathique au niveau cardiaque en situation d’hypergravité brève. Nous avons supposé que seule la branche sympathique du SNA était active durant une exposition à une accélération de gravité élevée. La réponse adaptative de la vasomotricité artérielle vasculaire est observée en condition de grande décharge des barorécepteurs. Notre deuxième travail eu pour objet l'effet de la dénervation pulmonaire sur la VFC, et a donc été conduit chez des patients ayant subi une greffe pulmonaire complète. Le greffon n'étant plus relié au SNA, il s'agit d'un excellent modèle expérimental pour l'étude de la régulation cardiovasculaire en l’absence de modulation de l'activité cardiaque par des afférences nerveuses pulmonaires parasympathiques et/ou sympathiques. Puisque la VFC dans les hautes fréquences est reconnue comme largement déterminée par le profil ventilatoire, on s’attend à ce que la composante à haute fréquence de la VFC soit absente chez les sujets transplantés bi-pulmonaires. Les résultats montrent que cette dénervation pulmonaire implique une forte réduction de la VFC totale et dans les deux bandes de fréquence étudiées, hautes et basses. Cela indique donc qu’une large contribution de la modulation nerveuse de la VFC répond aux afférences pulmonaires. La sensibilité du baroréflexe est réduite. Le rapport plus élevé entre les basses et les hautes fréquences traduit une réduction de puissance totale principalement due à la diminution de la composante haute fréquence. Ces résultats montrent que les afférences pulmonaires contribuent largement à la à la modulation neurovégétative de la composante à hautes fréquences de la VFC. La variabilité de la pression artérielle est beaucoup moins modifiée que celle de la VFC par la transplantation bipulmonaire, ce qui met en évidence que les afférences pulmonaires contribuent spécifiquement à la modulation de la VFC. Cette observation est un argument fort pour reconnaître des voies de régulation différentes pour les variabilités de fréquence cardiaque d’une part et de pression artérielle d’autre part. Le troisième article traite des effets sur la modulation cardiovasculaire de blocages pharmacologiques du SNA sur les régulations de fréquence cardiaque et de vasomotricité périphérique, au repos et pendant l'exercice. / Autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiovascular regulation are closely linked. For decades, researches have tried to understand how heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflexes can be used as significant markers of the autonomic nervous control, and sometimes of its impairments. The general aim of this thesis is to gain further insights into the role of ANS in modulating cardiac and vascular functions. The project consisted of four studies.In the first study, we analysed the effects of gravitational acceleration on cardiovascular autonomic control. This special condition showed interesting results for cardiorespiratory variables. Our results did not agree with the notion of sympathetic up-regulation in hypergravity. We speculated that only the sympathetic branch of the ANS might have been active during elevated gravitational acceleration exposure. Furthermore, the vascular response occurred in a condition of massive baroreceptor unloading.Our second work targeted the effect of lung denervation on HRV in bilateral lung transplant recipients. As the graft is no longer connected to the ANS, this is an excellent experimental model for the study of cardiovascular regulation without modulation of heart activity by parasympathetic and/or sympathetic lung afferents. The hypothesis was that the modulation of the high frequency component of HRV by the breathing frequency is mediated by the ANS. This hypothesis would be supported by the results if the high frequency component of HRV is suppressed in bilateral lung transplant recipients. Lung denervation implied strong HRV reduction, all indices being decreased, indicating that neural modulation from lung afferents contributes largely to HRV. Baroreflex sensitivity was reduced. The higher low-versus-high frequency ratio implied that the total power drop was mostly due to the high frequency component, indicating that neural modulation from lung afferents largely contributes to the high frequency component of HRV. The changes in blood pressure variability were smaller than those in HRV, suggesting that the effects of lung denervation were specific to HRV modulation. This finding confirms that blood pressure variability and HRV are under different control mechanisms.The third article concerns the effects of autonomic blockades on cardiovascular modulation, at rest and during exercise. We hypothesized that HRV should decrease with vagal or sympathetic blockades, and disappear during simultaneous blockade of both ANS branches. The results suggest that the parasympathetic outflow to the heart is the main determinant of HRV, while the role of the sympathetic branch is less important. Indeed, sympathetic blockades failed in changing HRV indices at rest, indicating that a selective blockade of cardiac ß-adrenergic receptors has no effects on spontaneous heart rate oscillations. These effects are specific to HRV, as the effects observed on blood pressure variability are indirectly related to the action of the administered drugs. The changes in baroreflex sensitivity were consistent with the changes in arterial blood pressure variability, suggesting that baroreflexes may modulate the LF power of arterial blood pressure.