M.Dip.Tech. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Abstract Production of pulp and paper from raw wood involves the washing of substantial quantities of highly coloured material from the wood pulp. Although most of this colour is trapped within the mill and the mills wastewater treatment system, discharge of coloured wastewater remains a problem of public concern. Lake Rotorua, New Zealand is filled with sediment consisting almost exclusively of diatoms. The most abundant species, Aulacoseira, has been shown to have very small pores, less than 200 nm, that could be very useful for the capture and holding of large organic molecules. Lake Rotorua is situated close to the two largest pulp and paper mills in New Zealand and may have to be dredged to solve a problem of eutrophication. Wastewaters generated at the Kinleith (Tokoroa) and Tasman (Kawerau) mills in the North island of New Zealand have been used to assess the characteristics of colour removal by Lake Rotorua diatoms. Vacuum filtration through the diatoms succeeded in removing colour but proved to be impractically slow as an industrial process. Addition of diatoms to wastewater streams in stirred experiments showed that significant adsorption took place. The majority of the colour was removed within 30 seconds of mixing. The efficiency of colour removal was found to vary between wastewater streams within the mills. The pH dependency of this removal was tested and found to be most effective in a pH range of 3.6 to 5. Attempts to reuse the diatoms showed that chemical backwash regimes were more effective than calcination. This study concluded that surface silanols were likely to be the principle agent in forming coagulants with the colour material and were subsequently trapped on the diatom surfaces, but more importantly within the pores.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State College, 1937. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-129). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Boston University. Note: missing page 90. / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2999-01-01

North America is the world’s largest pulp and paper producing region as well as the largest consuming region. An understanding of market integration is critical for designing relevant policies since it is important to improve national welfare and ensure long-run competitive market equilibrium. In addition, it is crucial for the Canadian industry to maintain the competitiveness for its pulp and paper products in the world market, because any deterioration in the performance of the Canadian pulp and paper industry will have negative social and economic impact on the well-being of Canada and affect Canadian balance of payment. This thesis contains three essays that investigate the market integration of the combined markets of Canada and the US, and the competitive position of Canadian pulp and paper products in the US market. The first essay presents an econometric analysis of spatial integration of the US and Canada newsprint markets as reflected in newsprint prices. It applies the Johansen multivariate cointegration procedure to test the law of one price for five regional markets (British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, US east, US west) of newsprint using monthly data for the 1988 to 2004 period. Preliminary data analysis shows that all price series are non-stationary I(1) processes. The hypothesis that the Law of One Price (LOP) holds for all five regional newsprint markets simultaneously was not supported by the Johansen multivariate test. The LOP was also tested for national markets, and it was found to hold between US west and US east newsprint prices. The results suggest that there is a single newsprint market in the US, whereas there are several distinct newsprint markets in Canada. The second essay examines the degree of market integration among US import markets for three pulp and paper products, and further analyses the dynamic interaction between US domestic and US import markets. Persistence profile results show that long-run equilibrium exists in the US import markets for three pulp and paper products of interest; moreover, given a system-wide shock, a new equilibrium could be reached in a relatively short period. Forecast error variance decomposition suggests that US markets are critical since shocks to domestic US prices for relevant pulp and paper products explain a substantial amount of movements in import prices. The third essay studies substitution between main categories of imported pulp and paper products and between imported and domestic pulp and paper products in the US market. A restricted translog subcost function approach was employed to derive the elasticity of substitution. The results suggest that Canadian pulp and paper products are still competitive and have maintained their competitiveness in the US market. However the consecutive demand decline for pulp and paper in the US has brought hard times to Canada. It seems that if Canadian pulp and paper industry wants to retain a dominant position in the world market place, it will have to create global reach and develop new markets.

No description available.

The experiences of past efforts of industrial pollution control while maintaining competitiveness should be of great value to research and policy practice addressing sustainability issues today. In this article, we analyze the environmental adaptation of the Swedish pulp industry during the period 1970–1990 as illustrated by the sulfite pulp producer Domsjö mill. We investigate how this company managed to adapt to heavy transformation pressure from increasing international competition in combination with strict national environmental regulations during the 1960s to the early 1990s. In line with the so-called Porter hypothesis, the company was able to coordinate the problems that were environmental in nature with activities aiming at production efficiency goals and the development of new products. Swedish environmental agencies and legislation facilitated this ―win-win‖ situation by a flexible but still challenging regulatory approach towards the company. From the early 1990s and onwards, the greening of the pulp industry was also a result of increased market pressure for green paper products.

Petroleum coke (petcoke) has been burned at kraft pulp mills to partially substitute for natural gas and fuel oil used in lime kilns. Due to the high vanadium and sulfur contents in petcoke, there had been concerns over the impact of burning petcoke on kiln and chemical recovery operations. Laboratory studies were performed to examine the fate of vanadium and sulfur in lime kilns and chemical recovery cycle. The results suggest that most of the vanadium in petcoke quickly forms calcium vanadates with lime in the kiln, mostly 3CaO•V2O5. In the causticizers, calcium vanadates react with Na2CO3 in green liquor to form sodium vanadate (NaVO3). Due to its high solubility, NaVO3 dissolves in the liquor circulating around the chemical recovery system. V becomes enriched in the liquor, leading to vanadium build-up in the system. The S in petcoke would stay in the reburned lime, lower the lime availability, increase SO2 emissions from the kiln stack, alter the S balance, increase the liquor sulphidity, and potentially contribute to ring formation in the kiln.

Petroleum coke (petcoke) has been burned at kraft pulp mills to partially substitute for natural gas and fuel oil used in lime kilns. Due to the high vanadium and sulfur contents in petcoke, there had been concerns over the impact of burning petcoke on kiln and chemical recovery operations. Laboratory studies were performed to examine the fate of vanadium and sulfur in lime kilns and chemical recovery cycle. The results suggest that most of the vanadium in petcoke quickly forms calcium vanadates with lime in the kiln, mostly 3CaO•V2O5. In the causticizers, calcium vanadates react with Na2CO3 in green liquor to form sodium vanadate (NaVO3). Due to its high solubility, NaVO3 dissolves in the liquor circulating around the chemical recovery system. V becomes enriched in the liquor, leading to vanadium build-up in the system. The S in petcoke would stay in the reburned lime, lower the lime availability, increase SO2 emissions from the kiln stack, alter the S balance, increase the liquor sulphidity, and potentially contribute to ring formation in the kiln.

No description available.