Unconditional sentence of imprisonment from perspective of theory and practice Dissertation JUDr. Jiří Pleva Abstract Author tried to express his opinions to contemporary theory and practice concerning the unconditional sentence of imprisonment and provide some impulses to an appropriate change in his thesis. The basic motto of the introduced discourse was the statement that the prime sign of the imposed sentence is the loss (evil) caused to the criminal. Author wanted to prove the ineffectiveness of the imposed sentences in the cases when the subsequent execution of the punishments will not be for the criminal appreciable enough, whereas the factual appreciability of the punishment is only ad hoc to be stated regarding to the situation of the particular offender. Generally extended statement was disproved, that the unconditional sentence of imprisonment was always the strictest form of punishment, by the chosen cases from the court room and also from the prison practice. In thesis author tried to emphasize the importance of all basic purposes of the punishment, until now modified in § 23 of the Criminal code (1961) which cannot be left out at considerations either about imposing sentence or after the coming into force of the new Criminal code (2009). In spirit of the mixed theory of punishment he expressed...

Thesis advisor: James F. Keenan / The United States penal system, fragmented by contradictory impulses toward retribution and incapacitation, is in need of coherent objectives for its prisons and jails. This dissertation draws upon the resources of virtue ethics to suggest a new model of justice, one which claims that a Christian theological framework can offer insight for public correctional institutions. In developing a model of justice as virtue, I incorporate rehabilitative goals and contributions from restorative justice. Advancing beyond these foundations, I draw upon two key sources. First, from a study of virtue and justice in the work of Thomas Aquinas, I argue that the virtue of legal justice - an orientation toward the common good - is the fundamental lens for understanding punishment. The prison can only cultivate justice to the extent that it empowers moral agency and (re-)orients offenders toward right relationship with the community. Second, an inclusive, restorative account of biblical justice - developed particularly from Isaiah, the Psalms, and the New Testament - establishes justice as a saving intervention. Thus, punishment can be a legitimate means but is not constitutive of justice itself. Despite its necessary limitations, the prison must empower the moral agency of inmates through just action, reformulate the role and practices of correctional staff, and facilitate just relationships between offenders and their communities and families. Furthermore, prisons themselves can be understood as moral agents that bear responsibility for cultivating justice in society. For the United States prison, a model of justice as virtue mandates unremitting efforts to transform offenders and the larger community into just moral agents. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

Thesis advisor: Hideo Konishi / Becker (1968) provides a formal framework for analyzing various policies in criminal law. Within this framework there are potential criminals, who have varying benefits from committing an illegal act. They are subject to sanctions when they are caught and are found guilty for committing such acts. Accordingly, increased expected sanctions lead to greater deterrence. There are also costs associated with achieving such deterrence. Hence, there are optimal policy variables which balance costs and gains associated with increased deterrence. In my dissertation, in five independent but closely related essays, I address various issues related to criminal law by making use of optimal crime and deterrence models, which are similar to Becker (1968). First, I analyze the standard of proof in criminal trials and extend a justification as to why there are higher standards of proof in criminal trials versus civil trials. Next, I introduce the concept of mixed warning strategies, and justify the use of mixed as well as pure warning strategies in law enforcement. In a related essay, I show that it is optimal to punish repeat offenders more severely than first time offenders, provided that offenders gain experience in evading detection by committing offenses. In my fourth essay, I identify reasons as to why it is welfare improving to allow individuals to self-report conduct crimes. Finally, I propose a simple framework to incorporate the concept of remorse in the economic analysis of criminal law, and show that the Beckerian maximal fine result need not hold when some individuals feel remorse. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

Chrysippus faces two different objections as to whether Fate can acommodate praise, blame, honor or punishment: one, to the effect that if everything takes place by Fate, then praise and blame do not make a difference in the course of events, and therefore cannot effectively exhort one to virtue or dissuade one from vice; the other, to the effect that if everything takes place by Fate, then one is not the ultimate origin of one\'s actions, and therefore praise, blame, honor, or punishment for one\'s actions are not deserved. The first (preseved in Diogenianus\' testimony apud Eusebius\' Praeparatio Evangelica VI 8) is distinct from the Idle Argument in Origen (Contra Celsum II 20) and Cicero (De Fato 28-30) in that it pertains to the issue of moral responsibility, and derives instead from the digression in Book XXV of Epicurus\' treatise On Nature. The second (preserved in Cicero\'s De Fato 39-45 and Gellius\' Noctes Atticae VII 2) is not related to the issue of alternate possibilities, which belongs rather in a later appraisal of the original discussion, with which it is conflated in Cicero\'s testimony. Chrysippus\' reply to the latter, in that it is capable of establishing, beyond mere absence from external compulsion, that the perfect causes of our impulses are our assents and that our assents do not take place all by themselves, is capable of meeting conditions for desert of praise, blame, honor, or punishment qua therapeutic devices aimed at extirpating our passions, which is the sole notion of praise, blame, honor or punishment to have a claim on desert in the extant fragments of Chrysippus. / Crisipo responde a duas objeções sobre se o Destino pode acomodar louvores, reprimendas, honras ou punições: de acordo com a primeira, se tudo ocorre por Destino, louvores e reprimendas não fazem diferença no curso dos eventos e, por conseguinte, não podem exortar à virtude ou dissuadir do vício de modo efetivo; de acordo com a segunda, se tudo ocorre por Destino, ninguém é a origem última de suas ações e, por conseguinte, louvores, reprimendas, honras ou punições por suas ações não são merecidas. A primeira (preservada no testemunho de Diogeniano apud Eusébio, Praeparatio Evangelica VI 8) é distinta do Argumento Preguiçoso em Cícero (De Fato 28-30) e Orígenes (Contra Celsum II 20) por ser atinente à responsabilidade moral, e deriva da digressão no livro XXV do tratado de Epicuro Sobre a natureza. A segunda (preservada em Cicero, De Fato 39-45 e Gélio, Noctes Atticae VII 2) não tem relação com a questão das possibilidades alternativas, a qual pertence a uma apreciação posterior da discussão original com a qual vem mesclada no testemunho de Cícero. A resposta de Crisipo à segunda objeção, na medida em que é capaz de estabelecer, para além da mera ausência de força exterior, que as causas perfeitas de nossos impulsos são os nossos assentimentos e que os nossos assentimentos não ocorrem a despeito de nós, é capaz de cumprir os requisitos para o merecimento de louvores, reprimendas, honras ou punições enquanto instrumentos terapêuticos que visam à cura de nossas paixões, a qual é a única noção de louvores, reprimendas, honras ou punições que pode aspirar a merecimento nos fragmentos supérstites de Crisipo.

Conhecida como Guerra do Paraguai, Guerra da Tríplice Aliança e Guerra Grande, foi o conflito bélico de grande repercussão na história latino-americana quer quanto à mobilização, quer quanto à perda de homens. A longa duração da guerra, de dezembro de 1864 a março de 1870, analisada através de corpus documental expõe, de maneira brutal o tratamento dado aos soldados e demais participantes que lutavam não contra o inimigo comum paraguaio e sim pela sobrevivência nos campos de batalha: sem água e alimentos suficientes e adequados, sem instrumental médico-cirúrgico preparados para enfrentar as grandes batalhas que produziam milhares de feridos. Na capital do Império do Brasil e em outros portos das duas capitais aliadas como Buenos Aires e Montevidéu soldados recém-convocados, feridos e doentes transitavam sem qualquer orientação sobre cuidados sanitários e vacinação, disseminando, dessa forma, doenças muitas delas incubadas, que logo seriam transmitidas a milhares de outros soldados e civis nos campos de batalha e nas cidades para onde eram levados para tratamento. A concentração de grande massa de combatentes e não combatentes de um acampamento militar exigiu a necessidade de garantir a ordem e a disciplina. As deserções, os atos de covardia e de insubordinação, os homicídios, as brigas, os roubos, os atentados contra a propriedade, as violações e outros delitos estavam longe de serem raros, muito pelo contrário, eram bastante frequentes e constam numa profusa documentação. Analiso, além da fome e das epidemias, o funcionamento da Justiça Militar durante a Guerra do Paraguai em um acampamento do exército brasileiro e em navios da armada imperial onde se vivia sob indispensáveis regras disciplinares, muitas vezes quebradas, privilegiando fontes como memória de combatentes (oficiais e praças) e ordens do dia, entre muitas outras, em arquivos públicos e particulares. Investigo a origem dos batalhões de soldados e marinheiros destinados aos campos de batalhas, bem como o seu recrutamento e estratégias de resistência, analisando também as consequências que isso acarretou em todos os anos que durou a guerra. Procuro demonstrar que as penalidades eram resultantes diretas da fome e das doenças que grassavam nos acampamentos do exército e nos navios da esquadra imperial, interferindo, de maneira crucial, nos resultados da guerra. / Variously known as the War of Paraguay, the War of the Triple Alliance and the Big War, this bellicose conflict inflicted a significant repercussion on Latin American history in both logistics and in human mortality. The long duration of the war, from December of 1864 to March 1870, is analyzed through a body of documented works that brutally expresses the treatment of soldiers and other participants in the war. These people struggled not against a common enemy, but for survival on the battlefields. They faced shortages of water and food as well as the necessary medical-surgical supplies to support the thousands of wounded from the ferocious battles. In the capital of the Brazilian Empire as well as in the two allied capital cities of Buenos Aires and Montevideo, recently conscripted soldiers, the wounded and the sick, passed without any orientation regarding sanitation or vaccination. As a result, diseases, many of them in various stages of incubation, were transmitted to thousands of other soldiers and civilians, on the battlefields and in the cities where some were brought for treatment. A concentrated mass of combatants and support personnel in any military camp requires order and discipline. However, desertion, cowardice, insubordination, murder, fights, robbery, assaults, violations and other crimes were frequent and profusely documented. I analyze not only the hunger and epidemics, but the function of Military Justice during the War of Paraguay in a Brazilian army camp and in an imperial armada where the necessary disciplinary rules were often disregarded, according to sources such as the memoirs of combatants (both officers and conscripts) and in daily order records in public and private archives. I investigate the origins of the battalions of soldiers and sailors destined for the battlefields as well as the recruiting efforts and strategies for resistance, analyzing the consequences of such throughout the years of the war. I strive to demonstrate that the direct penalties were the hunger and the illness that flourished in the army camps and on the imperial naval ships thus affecting, in a crucial manner, the outcome of the war.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar as implicações, na estrutura de imputação penal, das recentes pesquisas em neurociência voltadas a investigar os processos de formação da vontade no cérebro humano. Considerando-se que, dos resultados de experimentos acerca do funcionamento do sistema nervoso central, alguns pesquisadores têm interpretado que as condutas humanas são desencadeadas a partir de processos determinísticos, e não originadas da vontade livre do indivíduo, busca-se verificar de que maneira tais conclusões impactam a responsabilidade penal, notadamente no que diz respeito à culpabilidade, uma vez que sua concepção tradicional e consolidada está fundamentada fortemente na ideia de livre-arbítrio. Com esse escopo, valendo-se do método teórico-bibliográfico, o trabalho se desenvolve em três grandes etapas. Assim, primeiramente, visa-se compreender a relação entre culpabilidade e livre-arbítrio, inicialmente expondo-se de que maneira o primeiro conceito arrogou o segundo como pressuposto no decorrer de seu desenvolvimento epistemológico, para tornar possível, depois de realizada uma análise das razões da consolidação - e da posterior crise - de sua concepção normativa no pensamento penal, examinar quais são (e se são firmes e coerentes) as alternativas teóricas a esse conceito apresentadas pela doutrina contemporânea. Em seguida, volta-se ao estudo da relação entre livre-arbítrio e neurociências. Nessa etapa, investiga-se a natureza dos argumentos utilizados pelos penalistas tanto para sustentar, quanto para refutar a ancoragem da responsabilização penal no livre-arbítrio, examinando-se, ainda, eventuais fragilidades e inconsistências, além dos possíveis aportes que as pesquisas em neurociência podem lhes proporcionar. Tudo isso, com o intuito de se verificar se o advento da neurociência representa uma mudança de paradigma na polêmica em torno da liberdade de vontade. Na fase final do trabalho, o estudo é orientado a traçar um esboço do futuro da responsabilização penal em face dos aportes da neurociência, analisando-se se representam (ou não) o fim da culpabilidade na estrutura de imputação e, além disso, qual o modelo de punição mais adequado tendo-se como parâmetro as finalidades da pena aos postulados neurocientíficos. / The goal of this study is to analyze the implications on criminal liability of the recent researches in the field of neuroscience that relates to will-formation in human brains. Taking into account that some researchers have interpreted, based on experiments about the functioning of the central nervous system, that human behavior become from deterministic processes, instead of the free will of the person, we aim to verify in what ways those conclusions affects the criminal liability. The focus of the review is on criminal culpability, whose traditional concept is based on the idea of free will. With three major portions, the thesis is developed by the bibliographic method. At first, the target is to understand the relationship between criminal culpability and free will and how that one is grounded on this one. Then, after the analysis of the reasons of the consolidation, and subsequent crisis, of the normative concept of culpability among the criminal authors, the purpose is to assay the theoretic alternatives to this notion that are provide by the contemporary doctrine. After that, the work follows with the study of the relationship between free will and neuroscience. At this stage, we investigate the nature of the arguments used by criminalists both to support and to refute the anchor of the criminal liability in free will. We also examine possible weaknesses and inconsistencies, as well as likely contributions that research in neuroscience can provide them. All this in order to verify if the advent of neuroscience represents a paradigm shift in the controversy surrounding free will. In the final phase of the work, there is the attempt to draw a sketch of the future of criminal responsibility in light of the contributions of neuroscience. Thus, we analyze whether these represent (or not) the end of culpability in the structure of criminal liability and what is the most appropriate punishment model to neuroscientific postulates, taking as parameter the purposes of the penalty.

This diploma thesis is focused on motivation of pupils in physical education classes at elementary school. Its aim is to find out how teachers motivate their pupils in PE classes and what response these pupils give to this motivation. In the theoretical part some terms and theories concerning motivation and its use in PE classes are mentioned. In the practical part, I focused on observing motivational elements in PE classes and their subsequent analysis. The research was carried out at two elementary schools - ZŠ Mníšek pod Brdy and ZŠ Stará Huť. It took place amongst pupils from 1st to 5th year.

L'objet de cette thèse est d’explorer les mécanismes évolutionnaires à l'origine de la punition coûteuse chez les humains. Dans le chapitre 1, nous montrons que les comportements punitifs observés en laboratoire sont plus en adéquation avec des processus de sélection individuelle plutôt que de sélection de groupe. Dans le chapitre 2, nous fournissons des preuves empiriques que la décision de punir relève principalement de raisonnements intuitifs causés par une forte exposition à des environnements à réciprocité directe. Enfin, dans le chapitre 3, nous émettons quelques doutes quant à l'hypothèse (plutôt récente) que des stratégies de changement de partenaires pourraient se substituer à la punition coûteuse dans la nature. En somme, nos résultats soulignent le caractère maladaptatif du sentiment punitif tel qu'il se manifeste dans les jeux expérimentaux à un coup. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the evolutionary roots of costly punishment in humans. In chapter 1, we show that available experimental data are more compatible with behavioral patterns sculpted by individual selective pressures than higher-population processes. In chapter 2, we provide experimental evidence that punishing decisions mostly rely on intuitive reasonings originally adapted to direct reciprocity environments. Finally, in chapter 3, we cast doubt on the (recent) claim that cheap partner switching opportunities make costly punishment anecdotal in the wild. In sum, our results emphasize the maladaptive nature of punitive behaviors observed in anonymous, one-shot laboratory settings.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T21:01:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho analisaremos o conceito de desejo e seu desdobramento na teoria de Thomas Hobbes, identificando-o como um elemento fundamental na constituição do corpo, a partir da antropologia, ou psicologia empírica, desenvolvida por Hobbes, subvertendo a ordem tradicional do universo ético e político. Desejo que aparece como uma força, um impulso que dá movimento a vida, sinônimo de felicidade, mas que, por sua desmedida insaciabilidade, coloca o homem sob risco da morte prematura e violenta. Estado de conflito, representado pelo estado de natureza hobbesiano, no qual o homem, num contexto hipotético de pura igualdade, ataca por desejo, seja para obter mais e mais poder, seja para não perder o que possui. Por trás do medo da morte, há o medo da perda do objeto mais cobiçado, ou seja, a vida. Mas apesar do homem espreitar o inimigo e aparentar irracionalidade, é capaz do consenso, quando faz uso da razão, com a qual se somam vontade e eloqüência. O consenso é o pacto, que cria as condições de possibilidade p / In this study we will analyze the concept of desire and its implication in Thomas Hobbes’ Theory, identifying it as a fundamental element in the determination of the man’s action, through the anthropology or empiric psychology developed by Hobbes, changing the traditional order of the ethics and political universe. Desire that appears as a power, an impulse which gives movement to life, synonym of happiness, but, because it is without measure or satisfaction, puts man in situations where the risk of premature and violent death is present. State of conflict, represented by the hobbesian state of nature, in which man, in a context of pure equality, attacks for desire, either to obtain more and more power, or not to lose what he had already achieved. Behind the fear of death, there is the fear of losing the most desired object: life. But, despite spying the enemy, man is also capable of a consensus, when he uses his sense, with which he adds will and elocution. The consensus is the pact which creates the conditi

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-01-31T12:22:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Vinícius Borges Santos_.pdf: 624651 bytes, checksum: 29ea7a5adce22046f92d66f585d69ea1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T12:22:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Vinícius Borges Santos_.pdf: 624651 bytes, checksum: 29ea7a5adce22046f92d66f585d69ea1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-30 / Nenhuma / Pretende-se analisar, nesta dissertação, as razões de punir sob o prisma da teoria mista de H. L. A. Hart, observando para isso em que medida Hart adota as teorias utilitarista e retributivista, especialmente em Bentham e Kant. Para tanto, observa-se o pensamento filosófico na conceituação da finalidade da punição e nas razões pelas quais se deve punir. Objetiva-se, com isso, examinar as teorias da pena com o intuito de encontrar respostas às questões: o que justifica a prática geral da punição? A quem pode a punição ser aplicada? Como nós podemos punir? A pesquisa é eminentemente bibliográfica, desenvolvida a partir da identificação, leitura, análise e interpretação dos escritos dos maiores defensores destas escolas filosóficas. O utilitarismo projeta a função da pena para o futuro, objetivando a prevenção de novos delitos. Sob outra perspectiva, o retributivismo, ao enxergar a pena como consequência do delito, volta sua visão para o passado, apontando como seu fundamento o merecimento e o castigo do infrator. Hart defende a integração das duas teorias mais importantes do pensamento filosófico, considerando a teoria utilitarista quanto ao objetivo geral justificador, e a retributivista no que concerne à distribuição. Da análise da teoria mista de Hart observa-se que, diante da complexidade do instituto da punição, a razão de punir se revela num sistema misto e equilibrado, que abrange tanto a retribuição ao infrator pelo mal cometido como a prevenção de novos delitos. / This dissertation purpose is to analyze the reasons for punishing from the point of view of the H. L. A. Hart's mixed theory, observing to what extent Hart adopts utilitarian and retributivist theories, especially in Bentham and Kant. For this, one observes the philosophical thought in the conceptualization of the aim of the punishment and the reasons by which one must punish. The purpose is to examine the theories of punishment in order to find answers to the questions: what justifies the general practice of punishment? To whom may punishment be applied? How may we punish? The research is eminently bibliographical, developed from the identification, reading, analysis and interpretation of the writings of the greatest defenders of these philosophical schools. Utilitarianism projects the justification of punishment for the future, aiming at the prevention of new crimes. From another perspective, retributivism, when seeing the penalty as a consequence of crime, returns its view to the past, pointing as its foundation the merit and punishment of the offender. Hart defends for the integration of the two most important theories of philosophical thought, considering the utilitarian theory as to the general justifying aim, and the retributivist as far as distribution is concerned. From the analysis of Hart's mixed theory it is observed that, faced with the complexity of the institute of punishment, the reason for punishing is revealed in a mixed and balanced system, which includes both retribution to the offender for wrongdoing and the prevention of new offenses.