摘要 i Abstract ii 誌謝 iv 表目錄 vii 圖目錄 1 一、 緒論 6 1-1前言 6 1-2研究動機與目的 7 1-3氫氧化鋁介紹 8 1-3-1氫氧化鋁結構 9 1-3-2氫氧化鋁之應用 10 1-4氧化鋁介紹 11 1-4-1氧化鋁晶型及結構 13 1-4-2氧化鋁之應用 16 二、 文獻回顧 17 2-1電漿定義及特徵 17 2-1-1非熱電漿之理論 21 2-1-2液相脈衝電漿之原理 24 2-1-3顆粒形成流程 28 2-1-4電漿法製備無機物粉末 30 2-2 製備α相氧化鋁粉末 41 2-2-1拜耳法 43 2-2-2溶膠凝膠法 48 2-2-3水熱法 50 2-2-4機械球磨法 56 2-2-5沉澱法 57 2-2-6燃燒法 59 三、 實驗方法與步驟 60 3-1實驗藥品與設備 60 3-2研究內容 63 3-3實驗流程與架構 65 3-4 本實驗設計之綠能特色 68 四、 結果與討論 69 4-1 氫氧化鋁之產量及反應機構 69 4-2氫氧化鋁之X-Ray繞射儀分析(X-Ray Diffractometer,XRD) 74 4-3氫氧化鋁之EDS(X-Ray energy dispersive spectrometer)分析 77 4-4氫氧化鋁之FE-SEM分析 78 4-5氫氧化鋁之粒徑分析 91 4-6氫氧化鋁之比表面積分析分析 94 4-7氧化鋁之鍛燒溫度探討 98 4-8氧化鋁之持溫時間探討 105 4-9氧化鋁添加硝酸銀之探討 111 4-10氧化鋁添加造孔劑之探討 118 五、 結論 124 六、 未來工作 126 參考文獻 127

Thesis (M.Sc. (Environmental Science and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Environmental Science and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

About 8 tons of dry undigested solid waste is generated by the MixAlco process for every 40 tons of food residue waste fed into the process. This MixAlco process produces liquid fuels and the sludge generated can be further converted into synthesis gas using the process of pyrolysis. The hydrogen component of the product synthesis gas may be separated by pressure swing adsorption and used in the hydrogenation of ketones into fuels and chemicals. The synthesis gas may also be catalytically converted into liquid fuels via the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. The auger-type pyrolyzer was operated at a temperature between 630-770 degrees C and at feed rates in the range of 280-374 g/minute. The response surface statistical method was used to obtain the highest syngas composition of 43.9 +/- 3.36 v % H2/33.3 +/- 3.29 v % CO at 740 degrees C. The CH4 concentration was 20.3 +/- 2.99 v %. For every ton of sludge pyrolyzed, 5,990 g H2 (719.3 MJ), 65,000 g CO (660 MJ) and 21,170 g CH4 (1055.4 MJ) were projected to be produced at optimum condition. At all temperatures, the sum of the energies of the products was greater than the electrical energy needed to sustain the process, making it energy neutral. To generate internal H2 for the MixAlco process, a method was developed to efficiently separate H2 using pressure swing adsorption (PSA) from the synthesis gas, with activated carbon and molecular sieve 5A as adsorbents. The H2 can be used to hydrogenate ketones generated from the MixAlco process to more liquid fuels. Breakthrough curves, cycle mass balances and cycle bed productivities (CBP) were used to determine the maximum hydrogen CBP using different adsorbent amounts at a synthesis gas feed rate of 10 standard lpm and pressure of 118 atm. A 99.9 % H2 purity was obtained. After a maximum CBP of 66 % was obtained further increases in % recovery led to a decrease in CBP. The synthesis gas can also be catalytically converted into liquid fuels by the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) process. A Co-SiO2/Mo-Pd-Pt-ZSM-5 catalyst with a metal-metal-acid functionality was synthesized with the aim of increasing the selectivity of JP-8 (C10-C17) fuel range. The specific surface areas of the two catalysts were characterized using the BET technique. The electron probe microanalyzer (with WDS and EDS capabilities) was then used to confirm the presence of the applied metals Co, Mo, Pd and Pt on the respective supports. In addition to the gasoline (C4-C12) also produced, the synthesis gas H2:CO ratio was also adjusted to 1.90 for optimum cobalt performance in an enhanced FTS process. At 10 atm (150 psig) and 250 degrees C, the conventional FTS catalyst Co-SiO2 produced fuels rich in hydrocarbons within the gasoline carbon number range. At the same conditions the Co-SiO2-Mo-Pd-Pt/HZSM-5 catalyst increased the selectivity of JP-8. When Co-SiO2/Mo-Pd-Pt-HZSM-5 was used at 13.6 atm (200 psig) and 250 degrees C, a further increase in the selectivity of JP-8 and to some extent diesel was observed. The relative amounts of olefins and n-paraffins decreased with the products distribution shifting more towards the production of isomers.

In this thesis I have endeavoured to throw light on both the private and public aspect of the lives of women living in the Roman African provinces from the first century BC to the seventh century AD. Funerary inscriptions reveal that the role of women in private life was projected in a manner which reflected the ideals for Roman womanhood (pudicitia, castitas,fides and fecunditas), even when they clearly came of Afro-Punic stock. In terms of the quality of their lives Roman African women of the propertied status groups (about whom we know the most) had a good standard of living compared to other parts of the Roman Empire, and for example were well-educated in the urbanized areas compared to provinces such as Gaul. Roman African women of the elite also enjoyed a degree of autonomy enhanced by the increased financial independence granted to them in terms of Roman law, which enabled them to function as benefactors in their communities in the same way as their male counterparts, donating money for temples, baths and markets. In return for this they were duly recognized in honorary inscriptions by their communities. Although this public role may appear to be in conflict with the 'ideal' domestic or private role of the Roman matron, this activity was sanctioned by the fact that they were acting in the interests of male family members who were engaged in municipal careers. In the 2nd and 3rd centuries there are a few signs that women were beginning to act more in their own interests, but much of their public role faded with the increasing dominance of the Christian Church which prescribed a more limited role for women. The only exceptions occurred in the times of persecution through the temporary prominence gained by women as martyrs and confessors, although this prominence cannot be said to have advantaged women in general. During the Vandal and Byzantine period we know of only a few women, primarily those with connections to the elite at Rome and Constantinople, who acted with the independence and authority of their class. / D.Litt. et Phil. (Ancient History / Ancient and Near Eastern Studies

This thesis examines the legend of the Italian virgin martyr, Saint Maria Goretti (1890-1902). Her legend states that she died at the age of eleven protecting her virginity from her assailant Alessandro Serenelli who stabbed her numerous times, and that she granted him forgiveness before she died. Hence, she has been promoted as an example of purity and mercy. The continued relevance of Saint Maria Goretti is demonstrated by the fact that her figure was used to promote the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy proclaimed by Pope Francis and first announced in March 2015. The aim of the current study is to examine how Maria Goretti has been portrayed in the Catholic tradition. This is done by analysing Maria Goretti’s official representation found in the papal discourse about her (which consists of homilies, discourses, Angelus, messages and a letter), as well as by analysing the devotional discourse which in this study is comprised of two books that belong to the genre of hagiography. The chosen books: St. Maria Goretti, by Marie Cecilia Buehrle (1950), and St. Maria Goretti: In garments all red, by Fr. Godfrey Poage, C.P. (1950) can be included among the classics written about Saint Maria Goretti in English. I deploy a thematic narrative analysis as method in which I’m concerned with content in terms of themes, and with the ways in which characters are represented. Uncovering the themes that are discussed in the papal discourse and the devotional discourse about Saint Maria Goretti contributes to a better understanding of her representation and, in some measure, to a reconsideration of what she represents. A part of this thesis focuses on the aspects of Maria Goretti’s representation that can be considered problematic because of the claim that it is preferable to choose to be killed rather than to be raped. Therefore, it becomes necessary to include the discourse that treats Goretti’s story from a critical point of view which in this study embraces ethical, psychological, and feminist perspectives. The legend of Maria Goretti has been the object of arguably many studies. This thesis, nonetheless, contributes with a more detailed analysis of the discourse about Maria Goretti at the official level as well as the devotional level. I also seek to give insight into the genre of hagiography and to elucidate that the edeavour of portraying a wholly virtuous individual does not come without it’s complications in terms of the interpretations that can be made of the images that are conveyed. The analysis shows, among other things, that the representation of Maria Goretti misses aspects of reality and the complexity and multifariousness of the subject of sexual violence. I argue that a wholesome and more comprehensive representation of Saint Maria Goretti should include expert knowledge of sexual violence, especially that which can be found within the field of psychology.

This thesis examines the legend of the Italian virgin martyr, Saint Maria Goretti (1890-1902). Her legend states that she died at the age of eleven protecting her virginity from her assailant Alessandro Serenelli who stabbed her numerous times, and that she granted him forgiveness before she died. Hence, she has been promoted as an example of purity and mercy. The continued relevance of Saint Maria Goretti is demonstrated by the fact that her figure was used to promote the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy proclaimed by Pope Francis and first announced in March 2015. The aim of the current study is to examine how Maria Goretti has been portrayed in the Catholic tradition. This is done by analysing Maria Goretti’s official representation found in the papal discourse about her (which consists of homilies, discourses, Angelus, messages and a letter), as well as by analysing the devotional discourse which in this study is comprised of two books that belong to the genre of hagiography. The chosen books: St. Maria Goretti, by Marie Cecilia Buehrle (1950), and St. Maria Goretti: In garments all red, by Fr. Godfrey Poage, C.P. (1950) can be included among the classics written about Saint Maria Goretti in English. I deploy a thematic narrative analysis as method in which I’m concerned with content in terms of themes, and with the ways in which characters are represented. Uncovering the themes that are discussed in the papal discourse and the devotional discourse about Saint Maria Goretti contributes to a better understanding of her representation and, in some measure, to a reconsideration of what she represents. A part of this thesis focuses on the aspects of Maria Goretti’s representation that can be considered problematic because of the claim that it is preferable to choose to be killed rather than to be raped. Therefore, it becomes necessary to include the discourse that treats Goretti’s story from a critical point of view which in this study embraces ethical, psychological, and feminist perspectives. The legend of Maria Goretti has been the object of arguably many studies. This thesis, nonetheless, contributes with a more detailed analysis of the discourse about Maria Goretti at the official level as well as the devotional level. I also seek to give insight into the genre of hagiography and to elucidate that the edeavour of portraying a wholly virtuous individual does not come without it’s complications in terms of the interpretations that can be made of the images that are conveyed. The analysis shows, among other things, that the representation of Maria Goretti misses aspects of reality and the complexity and multifariousness of the subject of sexual violence. I argue that a wholesome and more comprehensive representation of Saint Maria Goretti should include expert knowledge of sexual violence, especially that which can be found within the field of psychology.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:36:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:36:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a padronização de 68Ga, um emissor de pósitrons de meia-vida curta, usado em PET (Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons). A padronização do 68Ga foi realizada em um sistema de coincidência 4πβ-γ, que consiste de um detector proporcional em geometria 4π a gás fluente acoplado a um detector de cristal semicondutor HPGe, para a detecção de raios gama. A aquisição de dados foi realizada por meio de um Sistema de Coincidência por Software (SCS), desenvolvido no Laboratório de Metrologia Nuclear (Laboratório de Metrologia Nuclear - LMN) no IPEN-CNEN / SP. Os resultados finais foram obtidos a partir de um ajuste de curva multiparamétrica aplicando-se uma metodologia que leva em consideração a matriz de covariância combinando os resultados experimentais com aqueles determinados pela simulação Monte Carlo. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2017-03-10T15:06:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 23000.pdf: 2483857 bytes, checksum: ba54fa302ba8e46dabc056e73e8bd8ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T15:06:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 23000.pdf: 2483857 bytes, checksum: ba54fa302ba8e46dabc056e73e8bd8ee (MD5) / Rejeitos radioativos são gerados em todas as etapas do ciclo do combustível nuclear e em instituições que fazem uso de elementos radioativos. No Brasil, para que possam atender a legislação vigente, eles devem ser devidamente gerenciados e tratados. A caracterização é a etapa do gerenciamento de rejeitos radioativos que certifica e complementa as informações presentes no documento de identificação fornecido pelo gerador dos rejeitos radioativos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia para caracterização de tambores de rejeitos radioativos. Neste trabalho foi utilizada a técnica de espectrometria gama associada ao método de Monte Carlo para obter e estabelecer uma relação entre as eficiências de contagens teóricas e experimentais para quatro tambores de calibração com densidades diferentes, preparados com nove tubos de PVC em seu interior. O detector de HPGe utilizado foi posicionado em três diferentes distâncias em relação a extremidade do tambor de calibração. A utilização do método de Monte Carlo mostrou-se adequado a metodologia proposta neste trabalho. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP