No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-150).

No description available.

This thesis is divided into two parts. Part 1 covers the biosynthesis of the fungal metabolite tenellin, and Part 2 the metabolism of β-aminoisobutyrate m Streptomyces sp. Tenellin is a yellow pigment of the fungus Beamaria bassiana. It is of mixed biosynthetic origin, being derived from a polyketide moiety and the amino acid L-phenylalanine. The timing of the C-methylations of the polyketide chain is discussed in Chapter 2, which describes attempts to incorporate deuterium labelled partially assembled putative intermediates into the polyketide. The biosynthesis of the pyridone ring of tenellin requkes the condensation of the polyketide moiety with a rearranged phenylpropanoid unit derived from phenylalanine. The nature of this intriguing intramolecular rearrangement is discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. A phenylalanine derived tetramic acid, proposed as an intermediate in the biosynthesis, has been synthesised, and used in biosynthetic investigations. The results of these investigations and the subsequent identification of tyrosine as a closer precursor to tenellin argue against its intermediacy. The failure of [2-(^13)C(^2)H(^15)N]-phenylalanine to become incorporated intact suggests a transamination process for phenylalanine / tyrosine prior to incorporation. Preliminary investigations suggest para-hydroxy phenyllactate may be die substrate for the rearranging enzyme and a more direct precursor to tenellin. β-Aminoisobutyrate, the end product of reductive thymine catabolism, contributes to both the propionate and butyrate pools in Streptomyces sp. The pathway of incorporation into the isobutyrate / butyrate pool has been investigated, and confirmed to be the reverse of that known to occur in L-valine metabolism. A mutant strain of Streptomyces avemitilis, unable to produce isobutyrate, was used due to low level incorporations into the branched-chain fatty acids. This work was carried out in collaboration with Dr. Hamish McArthur, Pfizer Central Research Division, Groton, USA, and Dr. Kevin Reynolds, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Maryland.

Lyconadin A is a pentacyclic Lycopodium alkaloid isolated from the club moss Lycopodium complanatum with antitumor properties. We have developed a novel 7-exo/6-exo acyl radical cascade cyclization as a method of making the bicyclo[5.4.0]undecane ring system of lyconadin A. The model products are trans-fused ring systems, while a cis-fused ring system is needed in lyconadin A. We have discovered a method to convert the trans-fused model cascade cyclization product into the desired cis isomer. Based on Donohoe's pyridone synthesis, we developed a method for the construction of 5-alkyl and 3,5-dialkyl-6-carbomethoxy-2-pyridones, the former of which is a subunit of lyconadin A. An intramolecular Reformatsky reaction is a key step in this process. We have proceeded with our total synthesis, in which we generated an epoxide by Shi asymmetric epoxidation and regioselectively opened epoxide rings. We have prepared carboxylic acid 197.

No description available.

Antibiotics have been extensively used to treat bacterial infections since Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin 1928. Disease causing microbes that have become resistant to antibiotic drug therapy are an increasing public health problem. According to the world health organization (WHO) there are about 440 000 new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis emerging annually, causing at least 150 000 deaths. Consequently there is an immense need to develop new types of compounds with new modes of action for the treatment of bacterial infections. Presented herein is a class of antibacterial ring-fused 2-pyridones, which exhibit inhibitory effects against both the pili assembly system in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), named the chaperone usher pathway, as well as polymerization of the major curli subunit protein CsgA, into a functional amyloid fibre. A pilus is an organelle that is vital for the bacteria to adhere to and infect host cells, as well as establish biofilms. Inhibition of the chaperone usher pathway disables the pili assembly machinery, and consequently renders the bacteria avirulent. The focus of this work has been to develop synthetic strategies to more efficiently alter the substitution pattern of the aforementioned ring-fused 2-pyridones. In addition, asymmetric routes to enantiomerically enriched key compounds and routes to compounds containing BODIPY and coumarin fluorophores as tools to study bacterial virulence mechanisms have been developed. Several of the new compounds have successfully been evaluated as antibacterial agents. In parallel with this research, manipulations of the core structure to create new heterocycle based central fragments for applications in medicinal chemistry have also been performed.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

O aumento do conhecimento sobre os mecanismos macromoleculares de diversas doenças tem permitido a identificação de vários alvos terapêuticos, porém o desenvolvimento de fármacos para esses alvos não seguiu na mesma velocidade. Além disso, a presença de padrões estruturais inovadores nesses fármacos é baixa. Neste cenário, buscamos, ao mapear o espaço químico medicinal de compostos heteroaromáticos, introduzir novos fragmentos úteis no desenvolvimento de compostos bioativos inovadores. Para tanto, duas abordagens foram avaliadas: 1) Estudo da viabilidade de síntese de dois núcleos heteroaromáticos sem síntese descrita na literatura. 2) Estudo de uma nova rota sintética para obtenção do núcleo furo[2,3-b]piridina, bem como a viabilidade de sua funcionalização e aplicação no desenvolvimento de compostos com atividade antituberculose. Em relação a primeira abordagem (Capítulo 1), para o núcleo 22 (piridazina-piridona) foi possível explorar uma rota sintética que, embora, ainda não tenha sido possível obter o composto desejado, o mesmo necessita apenas de uma etapa de aromatização para ser obtido. Já para o núcleo 20 (pirido-piridazinona), após o estudo de diversas estratégias sintéticas, foi possível obtê-lo, em baixos rendimentos, e, portanto, a otimização da rota sintética, bem como a completa caracterização dele, ainda serão necessários. Durante a exploração das diversas estratégias para a síntese do núcleo 20, foi possível, a partir de resultado inesperado em uma delas, verificar uma nova rota sintética para compostos furo[2-3-b]piridina substituídos nas posições C-2 e C-3, o que foi objeto de estudo da segunda abordagem descrita nesta tese (Capítulo 2). Utilizando condições brandas e livre de metais, foi possível obter diversas furanopiridinas com diferentes substituições em C-2 (arílico ou alquílico), utilizando diversos cloretos de ácidos ou anidridos. Além disso, foi verificado que o anel furânico do núcleo furanopiridínico é estável na reação de hidrólise do éster em C-3, porém quando na presença de hidrazina é formado um novo padrão estrutural com anel pirazolona, proveniente da abertura do anel furano. Em relação a reatividade química da porção piridínica desse núcleo, em reações de ativação da ligação C-H, foi possível realizar a borilação seguida de acoplamento cruzado de Suzuki na posição C-5. Já arilação radicalar ocorreu em C-4 e a fluorinação direta em C-6. Porém, os rendimentos destas reações não foram satisfatórios. Com isso, foi avaliado a reatividade do derivado N-óxido da furanopiridina com diferentes agentes ativantes e nucleófilos. Com o uso de anidrido tríflico como agente ativante, foi possível a iodação em C-5, bromação em C-4 e hidroxilação em C-4 e C-6. Já utilizando PyBroP, como ativante, foi possível realizar reações de aminação nas posições C-4, C-5 e C-6. Esses compostos tiveram a atividade biológica contra Mycobacterium tuberculosis avaliada, onde um dos compostos apresentou atividade promissora, tanto contra cepas laboratoriais, quanto cepas de isolados clínicos multirresistentes. Além disso, esse composto apresentou alto índice de seletividade, e por ser um fragmento, permitirá futuras otimização estruturais. / The increasing knowledge about the macromolecular mechanisms of different diseases allowed the identification of several therapeutic targets over the years. However, the development of drugs to these targets did not follow the same rate. In addition, the introduction of innovative frameworks in new drugs is unsatisfactory. In this scenario, we aim to introduce new useful fragments for application in the development of innovative bioactive compounds, by charting the medicinal chemical space of heteroaromatic compounds. For this purpose, two approaches were evaluated: 1) Develop a feasible synthetic strategy to obtain two new heteroaromatic cores (Cores 20 and 22); 2) Develop a new synthetic route to obtain the furo[2,3-b]pyridine core, chemical elaborate it and screening it against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For the first approach (Chapter 1), one aromatization step is needed to obtain core 22 (pyridazine-pyridone). On the other hand, after evaluating several synthetic strategies, it was possible to obtain core 20 (pyrido-pyridazinone) in low yields. Therefore, a synthetic route optimization and a complete characterization are still required for 20. An unexpected result in attempt to obtain core 20, resulted in a new synthetic route to furo[2-3-b]pyridine, C-2 and C- 3 substituted, that was explored in the second approach (Chapter 2). Using mild and metal-free conditions, it was possible to obtain various furopyridines with different substitutions patterns at C-2 (aryl or alkyl) using either acyl chlorides or anhydrides. In addition, the furan moiety in this core, showed to be stable under the C-3-ester hydrolysis, however, in solution, hydrazine opens the furan ring to form a new pyrazolone ring. Regarding the chemical reactivity of the pyridine moiety in the furopyridine core, it was possible to perform the C-H borylation followed by Suzuki coupling reaction at the C-5 position. Furthermore, radical arylation at C-4 and direct fluorination at C-6 had not satisfactory yields. Therefore, the reactivity of the furopyridine N-oxide derivative with nucleophiles using different activating agents was studied. Using triflic anhydride, as an activating agent, it was possible to iodinate at C-5, brominated at C-4 and hydroxylated at C-4 and C-6. Using PyBroP, as an activator, it was possible to perform amination reactions at positions C-4, C-5 and C-6. In the end, our in-house library of furopyridines was screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and it was found a promising selective bioactive compound against different multidrug-resistant strains of this mycobacteria. Furthermore, this compound is a fragment, which will allow future structural optimization.

This thesis describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of highly substituted, ring-fused 2-pyridones. The utility of the bicyclic 2-pyridones to gain fundamental insights into the disease processes of bacterial infections and Alzheimer’s disease has been investigated. The 2-pyridones have mainly been studied as a new class of anti-infective agents termed pilicides. The function of the pilicides has been explored using uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) as a prototype pathogen and urinary tract infection as a model disease. The pilicides target the infectious ability of UPEC by inhibiting key proteins (chaperones) in the so-called chaperone-usher pathway, thus preventing the assembly of bacterial surface organelles (pili/fimbriae). Synthetic pathways to aminomethylate the 2-pyridones have been developed in order to increase their aqueous solubility while retaining biological activity. Also, the importance of a carboxylic acid has been demonstrated in studies with various carboxylate derivatives and by bioisosteric replacement. Moreover, synthetic procedures to extend the backbone of the rigid, dipeptide-mimicking 2-pyridones have been established. This rendered peptidomimetic building blocks and structures that alongside their potential use as pilicides are of more general interest in peptidomimetic-related research. The potential pilicides have been screened for chaperone affinity using relaxation-edited 1H-NMR spectroscopy. In addition, their ability to inhibit pilus biogenesis in E. coli has been demonstrated by assays of hemagglutination, biofilm formation and attachment to bladder cells, as well as with electron and atomic force microscopy. Moreover, it has been confirmed that pilicides regulate the expression of pili without affecting the biofunctional properties of the pilus rod. This was verified by measurements of individual P pili, on living bacteria, using force measuring optical tweezers. The pilicide binding site was investigated using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography of a pilicide-chaperone complex. Based on the results obtained, a mechanism whereby the pilicides may inhibit pilus assembly was proposed, which was subsequently experimentally supported by surface plasmon resonance assays and genetic analysis. Finally, based on the generic 2-pyridone scaffold, a new collection of substituted compounds has been synthesized and validated as inhibitors of Amyloid β (Aβ)-peptide aggregation, which has been suggested to be involved in Alzheimer’s disease.