The prompt production of &chi / c quarkonia is studied in proton-proton collisions at 7 TeV, using data collected by CMS in 2011 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb &minus / 1. The &chi / c mesons are reconstructed through their radiative decays to J/&psi / and photon with J/&psi / &rarr / &mu / +&mu / &minus / . The photons are reconstructed through their conversion in electron-positron pairs in the tracking detector which gives a mass resolution sufficient for resolving these states. The ratio of the prompt production cross sections for the &chi / c1 and &chi / c2 states, &sigma / (&chi / c2)/&sigma / (&chi / c1), has been determined as a function of the J/&psi / transverse momentum between 7 and 25 GeV/c.

<p>Ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) are thought to have produced a state of matter called the Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP). The QGP forms when nuclear matter governed by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) reaches a temperature and baryochemical potential necessary to achieve the transition of hadrons (bound states of quarks and gluons) to {it deconfined} quarks and gluons. Such conditions have been achieved at RHIC, and the resulting QGP created exhibits properties of a near perfect fluid. In particular, strong evidence shows that the QGP exhibits a very small shear viscosity to entropy density ratio &eta/s, near the lower bound predicted for that quantity by Anti-deSitter space/Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) methods of &eta/s = $hbar$/ 4 &pi $k_B$ where $hbar$ is Planck's constant and $k_B$ is Boltzmann's constant. As the produced matter expands and cools, it evolves through a phase described by a hadron gas with rapidly increasing $eta/s$.</p><p>This thesis presents robust calculations of $eta/s$ for hadronic and partonic media as a function of temperature using the Green-Kubo formalism. An analysis is performed for the behavior of $eta/s$ to mimic situations of the hadronic media at RHIC evolving out of chemical equilibrium, and systematic uncertainties are assessed for our method. In addition, preliminary results are presented for the bulk viscosity to entropy density ratio $zeta/s$, whose behavior is not well-known in a relativistic heavy ion collisions. The diffusion coefficient for baryon number is investigated, and an algorithm is presented to improve upon the previous work of investigation of heavy quark diffusion in a thermal QGP. </p><p>By combining the results of my investigations for $eta/s$ from our microscopic transport models with what is currently known from the experimental results on elliptic flow from RHIC, I find that the trajectory of $eta/s$ in a heavy ion collision has a rich structure, especially near the deconfinement transition temperature $T_c$. I have helped quantify the viscous hadronic effects to enable investigators to constrain the value of $eta/s$ for the QGP created at RHIC.</p> / Dissertation

Unexpected properties of recently discovered mesons DsJ(2317) and DsJ(2460) have caused an excitement in the high energy community. These mesons are under experimental study in BaBar, Belle and CLEO. The experimental data on these mesons is quite limited at the moment, but it is expected to be improved in the following years. The unexpected properties of these mesons, such as the low mass, and small width, have caused speculations about their structure. Various models have been proposed which go beyond the simple quark-antiquark picture of the mesons, such as a meson molecule, or a four-quark state. Therefore, understanding the underlying structure of these mesons can reveal a deeper understanding of QCD. In this thesis, the strong decay of the DsJ(2317) meson, DsJ(2317)--&gt / Dspi0, is studied using three-point QCD Sum Rules method in the conventional cs framework. DsJ(2317) -&gt / Dspi0 decay violates isospin symmetry. Therefore, this decay is studied as a two stage process / an isospin conserving DsJ(2317) --&gt / Ds eta decay followed by the conversion of eta into a pi0 due to isospin violation.

The recently discovered DsJ(2317) and DsJ(2460) mesons had stimulated many theoretical and experimental studies due to their unexpected properties. In this thesis, we make a review of the predictions on the properties of these mesons using the quark model and QCD Sum Rules. We studied different models about the structure of these mesons, which are suggested because of their unexpected properties. Moreover, using the quark model which implies that the structure of DsJ meson as cs and QCD Sum Rules method, we investigated the semileptonic decay DsJ(2317)--&gt / D0 l nu.

Quantum Chromodynamics(QCD) is part of the Standard Model(SM) that describes the interaction of fundamental particles. In QCD, due to the fact that strong coupling constant is large at low energies, perturbative approaches do not work. For this reason, non-perturbative approaches have to be used for studying the properties of hadrons. Among several non-perturbative approaches, QCD sum rules is one of the reliable methods which is applied to understand the properties of hadrons and their interactions. In this thesis, the semileptonic rare decays of $B$ meson to $K_{1}(1270)$ and $K_{1} (1400)$ are analyzed in the framework of three point QCD sum rules approach. The $Brightarrow K_{1} (1270,1400) ell^+ ell^-$ decays are significant flavor changing neutral current (FCNC) decays of the $B$ meson, since FCNC processes are forbidden at tree level at SM. These decays are sensitive to the new physics beyond SM. The radiative $Brightarrow K_{1}(1270) gamma$ decay is observed experimentally. Although semileptonic $Bto K_1(1270,1400)$ decays are still not observed, they are expected to be observed at future B factories. These decays happens at the quark level with $brightarrow s ell^+ ell^- $ transition, providing new opportunities for calculating CKM matrix elements: $V_{tb}$ and $V_{ts}$. Applying three point QCD sum rules to $Brightarrow K_{1} (1270,1400) ell^+ ell^-$ decays is tricky, due to the fact that the $K_{1} (1270)$ and $K_{1} (1400)$ states are the mixtures of ideal $^{3}P_{1}(K_{1}^{A})$ and $^{1}P_{1}(K_{1}^{B})$ orbital angular momentum states. First, by taking axial vector and tensor current definitions for $K_1$ mesons, the transition form factors of $Brightarrow K_{1A} ell^+ ell^-$ and $Brightarrow K_{1B} ell^+ ell^-$ are calculated. Then using the definitions for $K_1$ mixing, the transition form factors of $Brightarrow K_{1} (1270,1400) ell^+ ell^-$ decays are obtained. The results of these form factors are used to estimate the branching ratio of $B$ meson into $K_1(1270)$ and $K_1(1400)$. The results obtained for form factors and branching fractions are also compared with the ones in the literature.

Conventional Heavy Quarkonium systems, Charmonium and Bottomonium, are believed to be composed of a heavy quark and anti-quark pair. These systems are investigated by dierent methods resulting from dierent approaches to Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), such as Lattice QCD, Eective Theories and Sum Rules. In this thesis we study the spectrum of Charmonium and Bottomonium using a non-relativistic Quark Model. Assuming one gluon exchange for the short distances and a linear confining potential for long distances we derive Breit-Fermi interaction Hamiltonian and calculate the spectra arising from this Hamiltonian. Also we calculate the partial widths of E1 and M1 radiative decays.

We describe work on the construction of an effective field theory on a spherical light shell. The motivation arises from classical electromagnetism: If a collision produces charged particles with zero net charge emerging simultaneously from a point and instantaneously accelerating to the speed of light, then the electromagnetic fields due to these charges lie entirely on a spherical shell expanding at the speed of light. We show that this also applies to classical color radiation from high-energy collisions that produce colored particles. Specifically, the color fields produced in such a process are associated with a non-linear &sigma;-model on the 2D light shell with specific symmetry-breaking terms. The quantum version of such a picture exhibits asymptotic freedom and should therefore be a useful starting point for a light-shell effective theory for QCD. We start in the simplified context of zero-flavor scalar quantum electrodynamics. Our effective theory has 3 major ingredients: breaking down the fields into soft and hard sectors with the large energy of the hard fields in the radial direction scaled out, a special gauge called light-shell gauge in which the picture simplifies, and a gauge-invariant source defined on a spherical light shell having infinitesimal radius. We match the fields between the effective theory and the full theory, meaning zero-flavor scalar QED. This allows us to compute the amplitude for the production of any number of scalars from the gauge-invariant source. We then find the tree-level amplitude for the emission of a photon using our effective theory and show that our result agrees with the full theory. To calculate loop effects in our effective theory, we need the photon propagator in light-shell gauge. We derive this propagator and use it to calculate the 1-loop correction to the amplitude for the production of a scalar and anti-scalar pair arising from virtual photon effects. This reduces to a pair of purely angular integrals in the effective theory and reproduces the familiar double logs of the full theory subject to an appropriate interpretation of an angular cutoff. / Physics

We review the Regge theory and the minijet model for pp and pp collisions. We show that, in the conventional minijet approach, the asymptotic behavior of the total cross section calculated using currently accepted gluon distribution function and perturbative QCD rises too rapidly when compared with the data and fails to satisfy Froissart bound. To tame the rise, we have developed a new formalism for the interaction between QCD gluon and the classical color field of the colliding nucleons, and show how the gluon propagator is modified. The corresponding gauge invariance condition of the propagator is derived and shown to be satisfied. The modified gluon propagator leads to a suppression of the minijet cross section due to the gg [rightwards arrow] gg sub-process in the small-x region. We show that the pp and pp total cross section from [square root]s = 5 GeV to 30 TeV can be described as a sum of a hard component contributed by the classical field modified minijet model and a soft component due to the exchange of the Pomeron and the I=0 exchange-degenerate [omega] and f Regge trajectories. The soft-component model is motivated by the notion of duality. The predicted total cross section has a ln s asymptotic behavior. / text

Thèse diffusée initialement dans le cadre d'un projet pilote des Presses de l'Université de Montréal/Centre d'édition numérique UdeM (1997-2008) avec l'autorisation de l'auteur.

Le LHC au CERN, qui est le collisionneur le plus puissant au monde, a été construit pour découvrir le boson de Higgs ainsi que des signaux de nouvelle physique. Mais au-delà de ces découvertes, les expériences auprès du LHC ont accumulé (et vont continuer à accumuler) une grande quantité de données qui pourront être utilisées pour accroître notre connaissance de la ChromoDynamique Quantique (QCD). Cette thèse est dans cette dernière ligne, elle contient deux parties qui utilisent des variables de corrélations pour contraindre les différentes entrées non perturbatives. La première partie concerne les contraintes pouvant être mises sur les fonctions de fragmentation (FF) en utilisant des variables de corrélation dans la production de hadron + jet. Les entrées non perturbatives pour les récentes FF ont été extraites des donnée e^+ e^- de LEP. Ces données mettent des contraintes sur les FF à petites valeurs de la variable de fragmentation x (x < 0.7), mais n'en donnent pas pour des grandes valeurs de x. Pour cette raison, les comportements des jeux de FF diffèrent de façon importante pour des grandes valeurs de x. Une analyse à l'approximation au-delà de l'ordre dominant (NLO) des corrélations hadron-jet dans les collisions p-p au LHC a été menée. Nous avons considéré deux cas : la corrélation entre un hadron et le jet de recul, et la corrélation entre un hadron et le jet qui le contient. Ces deux cas donnent des résultats similaires. Nous montrons que la production inclusive de hadrons chargés à l'intérieur d'un jet est une observable discriminante qui permet de différencier les différents jeux de FF disponibles. Nous étudions aussi le cas où l'on utilise des hadrons identifiés (kaons, protons). La deuxième partie concerne l'étude de la production associée de photon + jet de saveur lourde dans les collisions hadroniques au LHC et au Tevatron. Cette section efficace peut être utilisée pour contraindre les densités partoniques de saveurs lourdes dans le proton. Une étude antérieure avait montré qu'il y avait un grand désaccord entre les prédictions théoriques et les données expérimentales dans le cas de la production associée d'un photon et un jet de saveur charmée au Tevatron. Nous présentons trois façons de calculer cette section efficace dépendant de la manière dont est détecté le jet de saveur lourde. La première façon, appelée méthode de la masse invariante, a été utilisée pour retrouver les précédents résultats, la deuxième, appelée algorithme en kt avec saveur, utilise un algorithme de jet avec saveur qui permet de reconstruire des observables qui sont insensibles au domaine infrarouge. La troisième façon, appelée approche FF, utilise des fonctions de fragmentation de partons en hadrons de saveur lourde, la taille du jet est prise en compte à travers l'échelle de factorisation de l'état final. Les prédictions utilisant les trois façons sont données à l'approximation NLO en QCD perturbative. Elles ont été implémentées dans un programme construit à partir de JetPhox. En utilisant l'approche masse invariante, nous retrouvons les résultats précédents. Ces résultats sont comparables à ceux obtenus en utilisant l'approche algorithme en kt avec saveur. Ces deux méthodes donnent des résultats théoriques qui sont trop bas comparés aux données expérimentales du Tevatron pour une saveur charmée. L'approche FF prédit une section efficace différentielle par rapport à l'impulsion transverse du photon (pt) d'environ 1,8 à 2,7 fois plus grande que celle obtenue en utilisant l'approche masse invariante pour des pt de 80 à 110 GeV au Tevatron. Ce résultat est en bon accord avec les données expérimentales. Des prédictions sont aussi présentées pour l'énergie du LHC utilisant les trois façons de calculer pour une saveur charmée ou belle.