Assuming that its deformation is both static and homogeneous, a method was devised within the framework of finite strain theory to calculate the elastic constants of a crystal at zero pressure as well as functions of pressure. As this method can be used for a crystal of any symmetry with a variety of potentials, elastic constant calculations were completed for both quartz and cristobalite using the potentials derived by Lasaga and Gibbs (1987, 1988), Tsuneyuki et al. (1988), van Beest et al. (1990) and Boisen and Gibbs (1993). Among the four theoretical potentials derived from force fields calculated for molecule H₆Si₂Q₇, two potentials associated with the SiO bond stretching as well as the OSiO and the SiOSi bond angle bending terms yield reasonable agreements with the experimental data, supporting the assumption that the binding forces in crystals are similar to those in small molecules (Gibbs 1982). Using the semi-empirical potentials, including the SQLOO potential derived with the covalent model (Boisen and Gibbs 1993) and two derived with the ionic model (Tsuneyuki et al. 1988; van Beest et al. 1990), calculations of the elastic constants reproduce the experimental results for both quartz and cristobalite. The pressure derivatives of the elastic constants calculated with these potentials also agree with the experimental results measured for quartz at low pressures and yield pressure derivatives of the bulk modulus that are in close agreement with that observed for quartz. Using the SQLOO potential, although the results of the calculations do not agree with the experimental data as well as those calculated using the two ionic potentials, the agreement of the calculations made with the theoretical potentials was improved significantly. Finally, using the three semi-empirical potentials, the elastic constants were calculated as functions of pressure for quartz and cristobalite up to their transitional pressures. Calculated for both quartz and cristobalite, different behaviors of the elastic constants were found using different potentials. For cristobalite, the variations of its elastic constants and bulk modulus are better modeled by the SQLOO potential as its structural behaviors calculated with the SQLOO potential are consistent with the X-ray diffraction studies. / Master of Science

Thesis. 1978. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 67-68. / M.S.

David I. Kosowsky. / "June 1, 1955." "This report is based on a thesis submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering, M.I.T., ... ." / Bibliography: p. 59-60. / Army Signal Corps Contract DA36-039 sc-42607 Project 102B Dept. of the Army Project 3-99-10-022

Orientador: Carlos Kenichi Suzuki / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T18:37:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guerra_ChristianoPereira_D.pdf: 3352295 bytes, checksum: efe1174275c24c1520729d7316d099fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A sílica vítrea é um material fundamental para a indústria de alta tecnologia devido as suas propriedades únicas. Dentre estas podemos destacar a sua alta pureza aliada ao elevado ponto de fusão e alta transmitância no ultravioleta. É um material muito usado na indústria de semicondutores e em fotônica. Para aplicações na indústria óptica e de lâmpadas especiais, é necessário que a sílica vítrea tenha alta transmitância na região do ultravioleta médio (200 nm - 300 nm) e do visível e contenha um reduzido teor de bolhas. Tarugos de sílica vítrea foram produzidas pelo método de Verneuil a partir da fusão em chama com gás GLP e O2. Foram utilizados pós de quartzo natural brasileiro de diferentes regiões com variados teores de impurezas e pós de quartzo comerciais nacionais e importados. Foi introduzida uma etapa de lixiviação ácida em um dos pós de quartzo comercial brasileiro com o objetivo de diminuir o teor de bolhas na sílica vítrea. As impurezas nos pós de quartzo foram determinadas através da técnica de ICP-MS. A transmitância óptica entre 190-3200 nm foi determinada por espectroscopia óptica. O teor de OH presente nas amostras de sílica foi determinado através da banda de absorção em 2730 nm na região do infravermelho do espectro. O teor de bolhas foi determinado através de microscopia óptica, considerando bolhas maiores que 0,01 mm. Foi avaliada a relação entre a transmitância das amostras de sílica vítrea e os teores de impurezas presentes nos pós de quartzo. Os resultados de transmitância na região do médio UV das amostras de sílica vítrea produzida com pós de quartzo feitos a partir das lascas de quartzo brasileiro foram comparados com a sílica vítrea produzida com pó de quartzo comercial importado. Os teores de bolhas foram avaliados em relação às condições de processo de fusão e temperatura de fusão do tarugo. Os resultados mostram a excelente viabilidade do quartzo brasileiro para a fabricação de sílica vítrea de elevado valor agregado / Abstract: Due to their unique thermal and optical properties, silica glasses are highly demanded for use in the high technology industry. They are widely used in the semiconductor and optics industries. For most of the applications in optical industry it is necessary to present high optical transmittance in the medium ultraviolet region (200 nm - 300 nm) and visible and low content of bubbles. Silica glass rods were produced by the Verneuil method from flame fusion with LPG and O2 gases by using Brazilian natural quartz from various regions of the country and also imported and national commercial quartz powders. An acid leaching procedure in a commercial Brazilian powder quartz was tested with the purpose of reducing the bubbles content in silica glass. The measurements of impurities concentration in the quartz powders were determined by ICP-MS technique. The optical transmittance from 190-3200 nm was determined by optical spectroscopy. The OH content was determined by the absorption band at 2730 nm in the infrared region of the spectrum. The content of bubbles larger than 0.01 mm was determined by optical microscopy. The relationship between the optical transmittance of the silica glass samples and the level of impurities in the quartz powders was evaluated. The results of the average transmittance in the UV region of the silica glass samples produced from Brazilian quartz lascas were correlated with the silica glass produced using imported commercial quartz powders. The concentration of bubbles was evaluated with respect to the process conditions of fusion and ingot melting temperature. The results show an excellent feasibility of application of Brazilian natural quartz to produce high value added silica glass / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

In 1880, French brothers Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered the phenomenon of piezoelectricity in naturally occurring quartz crystal, sometimes referred to as 'nature's timekeeper.' By 1959, tens of millions of devices that exploited quartz crystal's piezoelectric character were being used in the technologies of radio, telephony, and electronic timekeeping. This dissertation analyzes the rapid rise of quartz crystal technology in the United States by looking at the growth of its knowledge base as reflected primarily in patents and journal articles. The major finding of this analysis is that the rise of quartz crystal technology cannot be fully understood by looking only at individuals, institutions, and technological factors. Rather, this work posits that the concept of technological community is indispensible in explaining rapid technological growth and diffusion that would otherwise seem inexplicable. In the late 1920s, and again in the early 1940s, the knowledge base of quartz crystal technology experienced exponential growth, partly due to U.S. government patronage and enlightened regulation. However, as this study shows, quartz crystal engineers, scientists, and entrepreneurs could not have mobilized as quickly and effectively as they did unless a vibrant technological community already existed. Furthermore, the United States' ability to support such a thriving community depended in part on an early 20th century American culture that displayed an unmatched enthusiasm for democratic communications media, most especially broadcast radio and universal telephone service. Archival records, professional journal articles, government reports, manufacturer catalogs, and U.S. patents have been used to document this history of the quartz crystal technological community. This dissertation contributes to the literature on technological communities and their role in facilitating technological and ecomonic growth by showing that though such communities often form spontaneously, their growth may be nurtured and stimulated through enlightened government regulation. As such, this dissertation should be of interest to scholars in the fields of history of technology, business history, management studies, and public policy.

In this thesis, a new technique for using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) in magnetic field was explored. This technique would take advantage of the sensitive nature of QCM to vibration changes. The idea is to perturb the QCM vibrations with magnetic materials on it by applying magnetic field. A new instrument called magnetic QCM (MQCM) was constructed to explore this technique. The thesis contains three bodies of work. The first body describes the development of the MQCM instrument and the demonstration of the technique. The resonance frequency of a QCM with conducting polymer (polyaniline) suspension in poly(ethylene glycol) was observed to increase with increasing applied DC magnetic field. The change in population of free spins through doping with HCl vapor is reflected in increased frequency-field curve magnitude. The second body of work describes the study of QCM proximity phenomenon discovered during the MQCM instrument development process. When an object approaches a vibrating QCM, the resonant frequency changes. This proximity effect is seen at the distance of 10 mm in air and becomes more pronounced as the distance decreases. This effect depends on the value of quality factor, conductivity of the object, and electrical connection of the object to the QCM electrodes. A simple modified Butterworth van-Dyke model is used to describe this effect. It must be recognized that this effect may lead to experimental artifacts in a variety of analytical QCM applications. The third body of work describes an improved version of MQCM. The complex geometry such as particle suspension were simplified to alternating stack of ferromagnetic and diamagnetic layers. When magnetic field was applied, changes in the QCM admittance magnitude and phase curves were observed. A mass-equivalent stack of continuous consecutive layers of nickel and gold was also exposed to magnetic field but no changes were observed. Butterworth-van-Dyke model attributed the effect to internal shear friction loss among other losses is modulated by the magnetic field. Quantum effect was considered. However, after examining SEM surface images, the source of acoustic response to magnetic field is more likely from interfacial stresses.