Consider a multi-priority, nonpreemptive, N-server Poisson arrival queueing system. The number of servers requested by an arrival has a known probability distribution. Service times are negative exponential. In order to save available servers for higher priority customers, arriving customers of each lower priority are deliberately queued whenever the number of servers busy equals or exceeds a given priority-dependent cutoff number. A queued priority i customer enters service the instant the number of servers busy is at most the respective cutoff number of servers minus the number of servers requested (by the customer) and all higher priority queues are empty. In other words the queueing discipline is in a sense HOL by priorities, FCFS within a priority. All servers requested by a customer start service simultaneously; service completion instants are independent. We derive the priority i waiting time distribution (in transform domain) and other system statistics.

Th.--Sc.--Paris X, 1976. / Bibliogr. p. 225-230. Résumés en diverses langues.

La migration représente un déplacement saisonnier récurrent entre un site de reproduction et un site d'hivernage géographiquement distants. Les migrateurs profitent ainsi d'un environnement saisonnier où les conditions sont favorables à la reproduction avec des ressources abondantes et une réduction de la compétition et de la prédation. En contrepartie, migrer implique des contraintes phénologiques, en plus d'exposer les individus à une plus grande diversité d'environnements lors des déplacements. Il est toutefois difficile d'établir des liens entre les conditions rencontrées durant la période nonreproductrice et leurs répercussions sur la reproduction chez les migrateurs. L'objectif général de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les principales étapes du cycle annuel et leurs interrelations chez le labbe à longue queue, un oiseau marin migrateur de longue distance exploitant la toundra arctique en été et les mers australes en hiver. Cette thèse se décompose en trois objectifs spécifiques : (1) examiner les mouvements annuels de cet abondant prédateur de la toundra arctique en décrivant sa migration transéquatoriale, sa phénologie et ses stratégies migratoires saisonnières; (2) évaluer les relations entre les périodes non-reproductrice et reproductrice via de possibles effets reportés réciproques, ainsi que les impacts directs de la disponibilité de sa principale source de nourriture estivale, les lemmings, sur sa reproduction; (3) étudier les mécanismes permettant la coexistence du labbe au sein d'une guilde de prédateurs aviaires partageant deux espèces de lemmings dont les populations fluctuent annuellement. De 2004 à 2019, la reproduction du labbe a été suivie sur l'Île Bylot (Nunavut) dans le Haut-Arctique canadien pour en estimer la phénologie et le succès. Parallèlement, les nids des principaux prédateurs aviaires présents dans la zone d'étude (harfang des neiges, goéland bourgmestre, buse pattue, labbe à longue queue) ont été géoréférencés et des pelotes de régurgitations récupérées afin d'identifier les proies consommées. De 2014 à 2019, 70 géolocalisateurs ont été déployés sur des labbes pour suivre leurs déplacements pendant une année entière. Les géolocalisateurs ont révélé que les labbes parcourent annuellement >32 000 km. Durant la période non-reproductrice, ils hivernent majoritairement dans la région d'upwelling du Benguela de l'Atlantique Sud et ils effectuent une halte migratoire printanière et automnale au large des Grands Bancs de Terre-Neuve, des régions océaniques hautement productives. Contrairement à la majorité des oiseaux, la migration d'automne est plus rapide que celle du printemps. Cette stratégie s'explique probablement par des contraintes écologiques au printemps ralentissant la progression vers l'Arctique, comme la présence de la banquise et la toundra enneigée, et des contraintes endogènes à l'automne incitant les individus à arriver rapidement au site d'hivernage pour amorcer la mue. Nous avons trouvé peu d'effets reportés de la période d'hivernage et de la migration printanière sur la reproduction. Toutefois, une réduction du temps en vol en hiver augmente la propension à nicher, alors qu'une arrivée trop hâtive au printemps la diminue. En revanche, une forte abondance de lemmings en été augmente la propension à nicher et le succès reproducteur, alors que pondre tardivement diminue celui-ci. Globalement, les conditions locales influencent fortement la reproduction, alors que les effets reportés ont un effet plutôt faible. Durant l'été, deux mécanismes permettent la coexistence de la guilde de prédateurs aviaires à laquelle le labbe appartient. D'abord, une ségrégation spatiale de l'habitat basée sur les préférences spécifiques réduit le chevauchement des territoires de nidification entre espèces. Ensuite, une ségrégation alimentaire dans les espèces et la taille des lemmings en fonction de la taille des prédateurs qui les consomment réduit le chevauchement des niches alimentaires. En l'absence du prédateur dominant, le harfang, un relâchement de la pression de compétition s'opère néanmoins sur le labbe, le plus petit prédateur, qui déplace sa niche alimentaire en consommant des proies plus grosses. Ces résultats suggèrent que les conditions variables et imprévisibles de l'Arctique comme les couvertures de neige et de glace, ainsi que l'abondance de lemmings influencent fortement le cycle annuel du labbe à longue queue et affectent davantage le succès reproducteur que la variabilité émanant de la période non-reproductrice. Cette thèse améliore notre compréhension des stratégies migratoires aviaires et du rôle de la compétition interspécifique dans un environnement caractérisé par une ressource pulsée, les lemmings. / Migration represents a recurring seasonal movement between geographically distant breeding and wintering sites. Migrants thus benefit from a seasonal environment where conditions are favourable to reproduce with abundant resources, and low competition and predation. However, migrating involves phenological constraints, and exposes individuals to a greater diversity of environments. Nevertheless, it is difficult to establish links between conditions encountered during the non-breeding period and their impact on reproduction in migrants. The overall objective of this thesis is to better understand the main stages of the annual cycle and their interrelationships in the long-tailed jaeger, a long-distance migratory seabird exploiting the Arctic tundra in summer and the southern seas in winter. This thesis consists of three specific objectives: (1) examine the annual movements of this abundant Arctic tundra predator by describing its transequatorial migration, phenology and seasonal migratory strategies; (2) assess the relationships between non-breeding and breeding periods through potential reciprocal carry-over effects, as well as the direct impacts of the availability of its main food resource in summer, lemmings, on its reproduction; (3) investigate the mechanisms allowing coexistence of the jaeger within a guild of avian predators sharing two species of lemmings whose populations fluctuate annually. From 2004 to 2019, reproduction of jaegers was monitored on Bylot Island, Nunavut, in the Canadian High Arctic to estimate its phenology and success. Also, nests of the main avian predators present in the study area (snowy owl, glaucous gull, rough-legged hawk, long-tailed jaeger) were georeferenced and regurgitation pellets collected to identify the prey consumed. From 2014 to 2019, 70 geolocators were deployed on jaegers to track their movements throughout an entire year. Geolocators showed that jaegers travel >32 000 km annually. During the non-breeding period, they winter mostly in the Benguela upwelling region of the South Atlantic and they make a stopover off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland in spring and in fall, both highly productive oceanic regions. Unlike most birds, fall migration is faster than spring migration. This strategy is likely due to ecological constraints during the spring that slow progression towards the Arctic, such as the presence of sea-ice and the snow cover in the tundra, and endogenous constraints in the fall, prompting individuals to quickly arrive at the wintering site to start molting. We found few carry-over effects of the wintering period and spring migration on reproduction. However, reducing time spent flying during the winter increases breeding propensity, while arriving too early in spring has the opposite effect. Conversely, high lemming abundance during the summer increases breeding propensity and breeding success, while laying late decreases the latter. Overall, reproduction is strongly influenced by local conditions and weakly influenced by carry-over effects. During the summer, two mechanisms allow the coexistence of the guild of avian predators to which jaegers belongs. First, spatial segregation of habitat based on species-specific preferences reduces overlap of nesting territories between species. Second, food segregation based on lemming species and size according to the size of predators that consume them reduces the overlap of food niches. The absence of the dominant predator, the snowy owl, nonetheless triggers a competitive release on the smallest one, the jaeger, which shifts its food niche by consuming larger prey. These results suggest that variable and unpredictable conditions in the Arctic as snow and ice covers, and lemming abundance strongly influence the annual cycle of the long-tailed jaeger and influence reproductive performance more than the variability encountered during the non-breeding period. This thesis improves our understanding of bird migratory strategies and the role of interspecific competition in an environment characterized by a pulsed resource, lemmings.

With extremely wide bandwidth and good channel properties, optical fibers have brought fast and reliable data transmission to todays data communications. However, to handle heavy traffic flowing through optical physical links, much faster processing speed is required or else congestion can take place at network nodes. Also, to provide people with voice, data and all categories of multimedia services, distinguishing between different data flows is a requirement. To address these router performance, Quality of Service /Class of Service and traffic engineering issues, Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) was proposed for IP-based Internetworks. In addition, routers flexible in hardware architecture in order to support ever-evolving protocols and services without causing big infrastructure modification or replacement are also desirable. Therefore, reconfigurable hardware implementation of MPLS was proposed in this project to obtain the overall fast processing speed at network nodes. The long-term goal of this project is to develop a reconfigurable MPLS router, which uniquely integrates the best features of operations being conducted in software and in run-time-reconfigurable hardware. The scope of this thesis includes system architecture and service algorithm considerations, Verilog coding and testing for an actual device. The hardware and software co-design technique was used to partition and schedule the protocol code for execution on both a general-purpose processor and stream-based hardware. A novel RPS scheme that is practically easy to build and can realize pipelined packet-by-packet data transfer at each output was proposed to take the place of the traditional crossbar switching. In RPS, packets with variable lengths can be switched intelligently without performing packet segmentation and reassembly. Primary theoretical analysis of queuing issues was discussed and an improved multiple queue service scheduling policy UD-WRR was proposed, which can reduce packet-waiting time without sacrificing the performance. In order to have the tests carried out appropriately, dedicated circuitry for the MPLS functional block to interface a specific MAC chip was implemented as well. The hardware designs for all functions were realized with a single Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device in this project. The main result presented in this thesis was the MPLS function implementation realizing a major part of layer three routing at the reconfigurable hardware level, which advanced a great step towards the goal of building a router that is both fast and flexible.

With extremely wide bandwidth and good channel properties, optical fibers have brought fast and reliable data transmission to todays data communications. However, to handle heavy traffic flowing through optical physical links, much faster processing speed is required or else congestion can take place at network nodes. Also, to provide people with voice, data and all categories of multimedia services, distinguishing between different data flows is a requirement. To address these router performance, Quality of Service /Class of Service and traffic engineering issues, Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) was proposed for IP-based Internetworks. In addition, routers flexible in hardware architecture in order to support ever-evolving protocols and services without causing big infrastructure modification or replacement are also desirable. Therefore, reconfigurable hardware implementation of MPLS was proposed in this project to obtain the overall fast processing speed at network nodes. The long-term goal of this project is to develop a reconfigurable MPLS router, which uniquely integrates the best features of operations being conducted in software and in run-time-reconfigurable hardware. The scope of this thesis includes system architecture and service algorithm considerations, Verilog coding and testing for an actual device. The hardware and software co-design technique was used to partition and schedule the protocol code for execution on both a general-purpose processor and stream-based hardware. A novel RPS scheme that is practically easy to build and can realize pipelined packet-by-packet data transfer at each output was proposed to take the place of the traditional crossbar switching. In RPS, packets with variable lengths can be switched intelligently without performing packet segmentation and reassembly. Primary theoretical analysis of queuing issues was discussed and an improved multiple queue service scheduling policy UD-WRR was proposed, which can reduce packet-waiting time without sacrificing the performance. In order to have the tests carried out appropriately, dedicated circuitry for the MPLS functional block to interface a specific MAC chip was implemented as well. The hardware designs for all functions were realized with a single Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device in this project. The main result presented in this thesis was the MPLS function implementation realizing a major part of layer three routing at the reconfigurable hardware level, which advanced a great step towards the goal of building a router that is both fast and flexible.

Analysis of new schemes aimed at improving congestion in communications systems is vital for todays service providers. Many techniques are used to evaluate such schemes be it precisely via mathematics or approximately using simulation. This thesis introduces a new scheme, the multi priority dual queue (MPDQ). The MPDQ is the combination of two concepts, the dual queue introduced by [Hayes et. al., 1999] and prioritised traffic. The MPDQ is a system with finite waiting room with two queues where traffic upon arrival if finding the first queue full wait in the second queue if there is room. When a space becomes vacant in the first queue, a customer at the front of the second queue enters the back of the first, which is the queue that has the service centre at the front of it. The traffic can be of two or more classes. The analysis of such a system is complex, both analytically using queueing theory and approximately using simulation analysis. Both approaches are taken in this thesis. To begin, the new algorithmic approach used for the MPDQ is applied for the single buffer model. The steady state and waiting time distributions are obtained and later compared to the MPDQ. Next the performance characteristics are obtained by solving the steady state and waiting time distributions of a two class MPDQ. Preemptive and non-preemptive service disciplines are investigated. Maple is also used to solve the algorithm. To broaden the application of the MPDQ scheme, computer simulations using Arena are undertaken to extend the application of the scheme (and existing finite queueing models) to situations with more than two priorities, something that is extremely difficult to solve analytically. Using simulation, comparisons are undertaken for the single and dual queue schemes for more than two priorities with a variety of queueing disciplines used including First In First Out (FIFO), Last In First Out (LIFO), High Class First (HCF), and Low Class First (LCF). Network scenarios are also modelled to determine the performance of the MPDQ in this environment.

Le fascia est un tissu conjonctif mou présent à plusieurs endroits dans le corps. Selon la littérature, le fascia pourrait jouer un rôle biomécanique au sein du système musculo-squelettique. On croit donc que la dégradation ou des lésions des fascias pourraient être la cause de certains troubles musculo-squelettiques. Il importe donc d'étudier la mécanobiologie de ce tissu in vivo, c'est-à-dire son évolution dans le temps en réponse aux stimuli mécaniques auxquels il est soumis. Pour ce faire, il est nécessaire de trouver un modèle biologique compatible à notre étude. Par le présent projet, on désire procéder à l'examen de la queue de rat comme modèle expérimental pour l'étude mécanobiologique du fascia in vivo. La queue de rat sera considérée comme un modèle expérimental valide si : (1) on démontre théoriquement et/ou expérimentalement qu'il contribue à la biomécanique de la queue; (2) il est possible d'influencer son évolution temporelle par l'application de chargements spécifiques; et (3) on peut identifier ou développer une technique d'analyse permettant d'évaluer cette évolution. L'investigation des deux premiers points a nécessité la modélisation mécanique de la queue de rat à l'aide du logiciel Adams/View. Afin de modéliser et paramétrer judicieusement les composantes de la queue de rat, on a donc : étudié exhaustivement l'anatomie de la queue de rat par la revue littéraire, la dissection et différentes techniques d'imagerie; effectué une revue littéraire sur les dernières avancées scientifiques sur le fascia de même que sur les propriétés mécaniques des différentes structures anatomiques (tissus) de la queue; programmé un traitement d'images pour évaluer l'aire transversale et le bras de levier des structures complexes; développé une méthodologie de tests pour la caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques de la peau et du fascia de la queue de rat. Deux points sur trois ont été validés au cours de ce projet. Le modèle de queue de rat a permis de valider qu'il serait possible de modifier les stimuli mécaniques auxquels le fascia est soumis par blocage et/ou déformation d'une articulation par un appareillage de type Ilizarov. De plus, l'élaboration des tests de traction sur le fascia a permis de confirmer la possibilité d'évaluer l'évolution du fascia en fonction des stimuli mécaniques auxquels il est imposé. En conclusion, le modèle ne démontre pas la contribution du fascia à la biomécanique de la queue puisqu'il ne modélisait que son apport en rigidité longitudinale. Par contre, la modélisation a apporté d'autres hypothèses à propos du rôle joué par le fascia. Un nouveau modèle testant son rôle en cisaillement et en rigidité radiale devra être créé. On conserve donc l'hypothèse que la queue de rat constitue un bon modèle pour l'étude mécanobiologique du fascia in vivo.

No description available.

Video Imaging Vehicle Detection Systems (VIVDS) are steadily becoming the dominant method for the detection of vehicles at a signalized traffic approach. This research is intended to investigate the improvement of a queue and delay estimation algorithm (QDA), specifically the queue detection of vehicles during the red phase of a signal cycle. A previous version of the QDA used a weighted average technique that weighted previous estimates of queue length along with current measurements of queue length to produce a current estimate of queue length. The implementation of this method required some effort to calibrate, and produced a bias that inherently estimated queue lengths lower than baseline (actual) queue lengths. It was the researcher’s goal to produce a method of queue estimation during the red phase that minimized this bias, that required less calibration, yet produced an accurate estimate of queue length. This estimate of queue length was essential as many other calculations used by the QDA were dependent upon queue growth and length trends during red. The results of this research show that a linear regression method using previous queue measurements to establish a queue growth rate, plus the application of a Kalman Filter for minimizing error and controlling queue growth produced the most accurate queue estimates from the new methods attempted. This method was shown to outperform the weighted average technique used by the previous QDA during the calibration tests. During the validation tests, the linear regression technique was again shown to outperform the weighted average technique. This conclusion was supported by a statistical analysis of data and utilization of predicted vs. actual queue plots that produced desirable results supporting the accuracy of the linear regression method. A predicted vs. actual queue plot indicated that the linear regression method and Kalman Filter was capable of describing 85 percent of the variance in observed queue length data. The researcher would recommend the implementation of the linear regression method with a Kalman Filter, because this method requires little calibration, while also producing an adaptive queue estimation method that has proven to be accurate.

Active traffic management is a hot topic for addressing issues of highway congestion. It is the use of intelligent transportation systems to provide real time traffic information on highway conditions. In Austin, the segment of Interstate 35 between Riverside Drive and State Highway 71 experiences both congestion and safety issues. This report provides an introduction into the application of active traffic management through the use of a proposed queue warning system in the area. First, select crash data on the region is highlighted to present the safety conditions, particularly the type of collision and crash severity involved. Next, a proposed queue warning system design is described. This includes a description of the equipment used, methodology for system deployment, and expected outcomes. Finally, a computer simulation testing the operational performance of the queue warning system is performed using VISSIM, and the results are reported. This report aims to demonstrate the role that queue warning system and active traffic management may play in addressing metropolitan traffic needs. / text