<p>Istraživanje faktora koji utiču na nastanak vanrednih događaja na železnici se uobičajeno zasnivaju na analizi internih faktora, dominantno ljudskih faktora.<br />Eksterni faktori koji mogu imati značajan uticaj na povećanje rizika od nastanka vanrednog događaja u dosada&scaron;njoj praksi nisu ustanovljeni i kvantifikovani sa stanovi&scaron;ta uticaja na realizatore transpornog procesa.<br />Regularno ustanovljavanje eksternih faktora i njihova metrika zbog toga predstavlja osnovni protokol za procenu rizika od nastanka i prevenciju vanrednih događaja.</p> / <p>The study of factors that influence the occurrence of railway accidents are usually based on an analysis of internal factors, the dominant human factors.<br />External factors that can have a significant impact on increasing the risk of railway accidents in current practice are not established and quantified from the point of impact on the implementers exchange transport processes.<br />Regular establishment of external factors and their metrics is therefore a basic protocol for assessing the risk of railway accidents and prevention of extraordinary events.</p>

For railways, risk analysis is carried out to identify hazardous situations and their consequences. Until recently, classical methods such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Event Tree Analysis (ETA) were applied in modelling the linear and logically deterministic aspects of railway risks, safety and reliability. However, it has been proven that modern railway systems are rather complex, involving multi-dependencies between system variables and uncertainties about these dependencies. For train derailment accidents, for instance, high train speed is a common cause of failure; slip and failure of brake applications are disjoint events; failure dependency exists between the train protection and warning system and driver errors; driver errors are time dependent and there is functional uncertainty in derailment conditions. Failing to incorporate these aspects of a complex system leads to wrong estimations of the risks and safety, and, consequently, to wrong management decisions. Furthermore, a complex railway system integrates various technologies and is operated in an environment where the behaviour and failure modes of the system are difficult to model using probabilistic techniques. Modelling and quantification of the railway risk and safety problems that involve dependencies and uncertainties such as mentioned above are complex tasks. Importance measures are useful in the ranking of components, which are significant with respect to the risk, safety and reliability of a railway system. The computation of importance measures using FTA has limitation for complex railways. ALARP (As Low as Reasonably Possible) risk acceptance criteria are widely accepted as ’\'best practice’’ in the railways. According to the ALARP approach, a tolerable region exists between the regions of intolerable and negligible risks. In the tolerable region, risk is undertaken only if a benefit is desired. In this case, one needs to have additional criteria to identify the socio-economic benefits of adopting a safety measure for railway facilities. The Life Quality Index (LQI) is a rational way of establishing a relation between the financial resources utilized to improve the safety of an engineering system and the potential fatalities that can be avoided by safety improvement. This thesis shows the application of the LQI approach to quantifying the social benefits of a number of safety management plans for a railway facility. We apply Bayesian Networks and influence diagrams, which are extensions of Bayesian Networks, to model and assess the life safety risks associated with railways. Bayesian Networks are directed acyclic probabilistic graphical models that handle the joint distribution of random variables in a compact and flexible way. In influence diagrams, problems of probabilistic inference and decision making – based on utility functions – can be combined and optimized, especially, for systems with many dependencies and uncertainties. The optimal decision, which maximizes the total benefits to society, is obtained. In this thesis, the application of Bayesian Networks to the railway industry is investigated for the purpose of improving modelling and the analysis of risk, safety and reliability in railways. One example application and two real world applications are presented to show the usefulness and suitability of the Bayesian Networks for the quantitative risk assessment and risk-based decision support in reference to railways.

This thesis explores some aspects of the cultural history of the railway during the latter half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. It argues that the railway was of central importance in creating and shaping Victorian attitudes to the machine and to mechanized civilization in a world increasingly dominated by large scale-technologies. In particular, it explores the significance of negative responses to the railway - fear, anxiety, nervousness, alarm, revulsion - in influencing a range of social, cultural and medical responses to the perceived degenerative threat of technological civilization. The four chapters of the thesis are organized so as to provide a progressive tightening of focus on particular aspects of the railway's significance in this context. The first, most wide-ranging, chapter explores the ways in which the Victorian railway was perceived as both an icon of progress and civilization and as a disruptive, threatening, destructive force. In particular, it seeks to establish the deep-rooted, enduring and influential nature of the fear and anxiety which the railway provoked. The second chapter is concerned with the railway journey as an experience, relating the ambivalence with which the railway was viewed to the journey as a sensory, physical and mental experience. The third chapter focuses on the accident as the most dramatic instance of the dangers of the railway, and relates its significance in contemporary culture to the wider context of the fears provoked by increasingly powerful and potentially destructive technologies. The fourth and final chapter explores the phenomenon of 'railway spine', the obscure nervous condition supposedly suffered by railway accident victims who had seemingly received no actual organic injury, but nonetheless displayed nervous, mental and physical symptoms of serious bodily disorder.

Diploma thesis Aircraft and railway accidents in the Czechoslovakia and in the Czech Republic in 1960 - 2008 in the daily press describes ten serious traffic accidents (five airplane and five train accidents), the context and especially the media coverage of these accidents. The thesis describes and compares the media coverage of these accidents in the analysed daily press - in daily newspaper Rude pravo, Pravo, Mlada fronta and Mlada fronta DNES. It shows the changes in the way of media coverage. It also looks for the factors which influenced the way of media coverage. The aim is to show the changes in the methods and results of a work of a journalist and to set them into the historical, political, social and media context. Furthermore, the thesis consists some theoretical parts about aircraft and railway accidents and prevention. The media analysis is contextualised by some relevant media theories and a brief history of media in Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic in the analysed period.

For railways, risk analysis is carried out to identify hazardous situations and their consequences. Until recently, classical methods such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Event Tree Analysis (ETA) were applied in modelling the linear and logically deterministic aspects of railway risks, safety and reliability. However, it has been proven that modern railway systems are rather complex, involving multi-dependencies between system variables and uncertainties about these dependencies. For train derailment accidents, for instance, high train speed is a common cause of failure; slip and failure of brake applications are disjoint events; failure dependency exists between the train protection and warning system and driver errors; driver errors are time dependent and there is functional uncertainty in derailment conditions. Failing to incorporate these aspects of a complex system leads to wrong estimations of the risks and safety, and, consequently, to wrong management decisions. Furthermore, a complex railway system integrates various technologies and is operated in an environment where the behaviour and failure modes of the system are difficult to model using probabilistic techniques. Modelling and quantification of the railway risk and safety problems that involve dependencies and uncertainties such as mentioned above are complex tasks. Importance measures are useful in the ranking of components, which are significant with respect to the risk, safety and reliability of a railway system. The computation of importance measures using FTA has limitation for complex railways. ALARP (As Low as Reasonably Possible) risk acceptance criteria are widely accepted as ’\'best practice’’ in the railways. According to the ALARP approach, a tolerable region exists between the regions of intolerable and negligible risks. In the tolerable region, risk is undertaken only if a benefit is desired. In this case, one needs to have additional criteria to identify the socio-economic benefits of adopting a safety measure for railway facilities. The Life Quality Index (LQI) is a rational way of establishing a relation between the financial resources utilized to improve the safety of an engineering system and the potential fatalities that can be avoided by safety improvement. This thesis shows the application of the LQI approach to quantifying the social benefits of a number of safety management plans for a railway facility. We apply Bayesian Networks and influence diagrams, which are extensions of Bayesian Networks, to model and assess the life safety risks associated with railways. Bayesian Networks are directed acyclic probabilistic graphical models that handle the joint distribution of random variables in a compact and flexible way. In influence diagrams, problems of probabilistic inference and decision making – based on utility functions – can be combined and optimized, especially, for systems with many dependencies and uncertainties. The optimal decision, which maximizes the total benefits to society, is obtained. In this thesis, the application of Bayesian Networks to the railway industry is investigated for the purpose of improving modelling and the analysis of risk, safety and reliability in railways. One example application and two real world applications are presented to show the usefulness and suitability of the Bayesian Networks for the quantitative risk assessment and risk-based decision support in reference to railways.:ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV ABSTRACT VI ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VIII LIST OF FIGURES XIV LIST OF TABLES XVI CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Need to model and quantify the causes and consequences of hazards on railways 1 1.2 State-of-the art techniques in the railway 2 1.3 Goals and scope of work 4 1.4 Existing work 6 1.5 Outline of the thesis 7 CHAPTER 2: Methods for safety and risk analysis 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.1.1 Simplified risk analysis 12 2.1.2 Standard risk analysis 12 2.1.3 Model-based risk analysis 12 2.2 Risk Matrix 14 2.2.1 Determine the possible consequences 14 2.2.2 Likelihood of occurrence 15 2.2.3 Risk scoring matrix 15 2.3 Failure Modes & Effect Analysis – FMEA 16 2.3.1 Example application of FMEA 17 2.4 Fault Tree Analysis – FTA 19 2.5 Reliability Block Diagram – RBD 22 2.6 Event Tree Analysis – ETA 24 2.7 Safety Risk Model – SRM 25 2.8 Markov Model – MM 27 2.9 Quantification of expected values 31 2.9.1 Bayesian Analysis – BA 35 2.9.2 Hazard Function – HF 39 2.9.3 Monte Carlo (MC) Simulation 42 2.10 Summary 46 CHAPTER 3: Introduction to Bayesian Networks 48 3.1 Terminology in Bayesian Networks 48 3.2 Construction of Bayesian Networks 49 3.3 Conditional independence in Bayesian Networks 51 3.4 Joint probability distribution in Bayesian Networks 52 3.5 Probabilistic Inference in Bayesian Networks 53 3.6 Probabilistic inference by enumeration 54 3.7 Probabilistic inference by variable elimination 55 3.8 Approximate inference for Bayesian Networks 57 3.9 Dynamic Bayesian Networks 58 3.10 Influence diagrams (IDs) 60 CHAPTER 4: Risk acceptance criteria and safety targets 62 4.1 Introduction 62 4.2 ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Possible) criteria 62 4.3 MEM (Minimum Endogenous Mortality) criterion 63 4.4 MGS (Mindestens Gleiche Sicherheit) criteria 64 4.5 Safety Integrity Levels (SILs) 65 4.6 Importance Measures (IMs) 66 4.7 Life Quality Index (LQI) 68 4.8 Summary 72 CHAPTER 5: Application of Bayesian Networks to complex railways: A study on derailment accidents 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Fault Tree Analysis for train derailment due to SPAD 74 5.2.1 Computation of importance measures using FTA 75 5.3 Event Tree Analysis (ETA) 78 5.4 Mapping Fault Tree and Event Tree based risk model to Bayesian Networks 79 5.4.1 Computation of importance measures using Bayesian Networks 81 5.5 Risk quantification 82 5.6 Advanced aspects of example application 83 5.6.1 Advanced aspect 1: Common cause failures 83 5.6.2 Advanced aspect 2: Disjoint events 84 5.6.3 Advanced aspect 3: Multistate system and components 84 5.6.4 Advanced aspect 4: Failure dependency 85 5.6.5 Advanced aspect 5: Time dependencies 85 5.6.6 Advanced aspect 6: Functional uncertainty and factual knowledge 85 5.6.7 Advanced aspect 7: Uncertainty in expert knowledge 86 5.6.8 Advanced aspect 8: Simplifications and dependencies in Event Tree Analysis 86 5.7 Implementation of the advanced aspects of the train derailment model using Bayesian Networks. 88 5.8 Results and discussions 92 5.9 Summary 93 CHAPTER 6: Bayesian Networks for risk-informed safety requirements for platform screen doors in railways 94 6.1 Introduction 94 6.2 Components of the risk-informed safety requirement process for Platform Screen Door system in a mega city 97 6.2.1 Define objective and methodology 97 6.2.2 Familiarization of system and information gathering 97 6.2.3 Hazard identification and hazard classification 97 6.2.4 Hazard scenario analysis 98 6.2.5 Probability of occurrence and failure data 99 6.2.6 Quantification of the risks 105 6.2.6.1. Tolerable risks 105 6.2.6.2. Risk exposure 105 6.2.6.3. Risk assessment 106 6.3 Summary 107 CHAPTER 7: Influence diagrams based decision support for railway level crossings 108 7.1 Introduction 108 7.2 Level crossing accidents in railways 109 7.3 A case study of railway level crossing 110 7.4 Characteristics of the railway level crossing under investigation 111 7.5 Life quality index applied to railway level crossing risk problem 115 7.6 Summary 119 CHAPTER 8: Conclusions and outlook 120 8.1 Summary and important contributions 120 8.2 Originality of the work 122 8.3 Outlook 122 BIBLIOGRAPHY 124 APPENDIX 1 131