Orientador: Tânia Marcia Costa / Resumo: A temperatura é uma das principais restrições ambientais à distribuição dos organismos, afetando a fisiologia e sobrevivência. Organismos que habitam a zona do entremarés estão constantemente expostos à variação da temperatura e, com as mudanças climáticas, esses organismos devem enfrentar condições diferentes, que incluem temperaturas mais elevadas, levando a maiores taxas de perda de água por evaporação e, consequentemente, redução do desempenho ou mortalidade. Neste estudo, testamos os efeitos da dessecação em duas espécies de caranguejos violinistas (Leptuca thayeri e Minuca rapax) que ocupam habitats distintos em relação à cobertura da vegetação e posição no entremarés e, portanto, podem responder de forma diferente ao estresse por dessecação e ao aumento da temperatura. Leptuca thayeri, que é restrita à zona intermediária do entremarés, é mais sensível à dessecação do que M. rapax, uma espécie generalista, com maiores taxas de dessecação e mortalidade quando expostas à dessecação por 120 minutos. Além disso, em comparação com M. rapax, L. thayeri possui uma carapaça mais permeável. Também avaliamos se o aumento de temperatura pode causar alterações fisiológicas na espécie mais restrita L. thayeri, tendo acesso a alimento e à água. Uma elevação de temperatura de 10 ° C e 20 ° C durante 72 h não causou mortalidade em L. thayeri nem mudanças na concentração de glicose e proteína na hemolinfa. No entanto, as temperaturas mais altas aumentaram os níveis de lactato desidrogen... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-08-25T15:19:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_ComportamentoRitmoAtividade.pdf: 5049899 bytes, checksum: 7b07ec01227d31f370bfef7990b0e4ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-08-28T15:18:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_ComportamentoRitmoAtividade.pdf: 5049899 bytes, checksum: 7b07ec01227d31f370bfef7990b0e4ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-28T15:18:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_ComportamentoRitmoAtividade.pdf: 5049899 bytes, checksum: 7b07ec01227d31f370bfef7990b0e4ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-22 / Este estudo objetivou elaborar o orçamento comportamental, obter o nível de atividade anual na superfície, bem como a arquitetura das galerias das espécies Uca maracoani e Minuca rapax, que coexistem na região entremarés do manguezal de Cururuperé, Curuçá, Pará. Durante quatro períodos lunares, nos meses de outubro a dezembro de 2013, foram realizadas filmagens do comportamento das espécies para obtenção do orçamento. A atividade anual das espécies foi avaliada através de filmagens do número de animais ativos e de galerias em quatro estações ao longo do rio. Para avaliar a forma e distribuição das galerias foram feitos moldes de parafina liquefeita em duas estações com sedimento lodoso e lodo-arenoso. No etograma das espécies, foram registrados noventa e cinco comportamentos, agrupados nas categorias: Alimentar, Reprodutiva, Motora, Acústica, Territorial, Agonística, Mantenedora e Grooming. As seguintes categorias foram importantes para diferenciar o orçamento energético das espécies: Alimentar, Territorial, Acústica, Reprodutiva. No que diz respeito à diferenciação dos nichos de machos e fêmeas na mesma espécie, se destacam os comportamentos: Alimentar, Motora, Territorial, Manutenção, Acústica, Reprodutora, Grooming. O excesso de chuva (fevereiro) e a baixa umidade (novembro) influenciaram negativamente a atividade dos animais à superfície, enquanto que o clima no mês de junho permitiu uma maior atividade desses animais à superfície. Apesar de certa semelhança na arquitetura das galerias das duas espécies, as diferenças de volume e de profundidade sugerem que estas apresentam escalas individuais muito diferentes de influências no processo de bioturbação. No entanto, esse processo pode ser contrabalanceado pela densidade populacional de cada espécie e pela taxa de atividade das mesmas. / This study aimed to elaborate the behavioral budget and to obtain the level of annual activity on the surface as well as the shape of the galleries of Uca maracoani and Minuca rapax, which coexist in the intertidal region of the Curuperé mangrove, Curuçá, Pará, During four sequential lunar periods, from October to December of 2013, the behavior of the species was shot to obtain the budget. The annual activity of the species was evaluated by shooting the number of active animals and galleries at four sites along the river. To evaluate the shape and distribution of the galleries paraffin casts were obtained in two stations with mud sediment and sand-muddy. In the ethogram of the species, ninety-five behaviors were recorded, grouped into the categories: Feeding, Reproductive, Walking and Running, Acoustics and Sysmics, Territorial, Agonistic, Maintenance and Grooming. The following categories were important to differentiate the energy budget of the species: Feeding, Territorial, Acoustics, Reproductive. Considering the difference of niches of males and females of the same species, the following behaviors are noteworthy: Feeding, Walking and Running, Territorial, Maintenance, Acoustics and Sysmics, Reproductive, Grooming. A great amount of rainfall (February) and low humidity (October) decreased animals activity at the surface, while the climate in June allowed a higher activity of these animals at the surface. Despite some similarities in the architecture of the galleries of the two species, the differences in volume and depth suggest that they present individual scales that are very different from influences in the bioturbation process. However, this process can be counterbalanced by the population density of each species and its activity rate.

The effect of cattle grazing on the abundance and distribution of vegetation, burrowing crabs (Uca rapax, Uca pugnax, and Sesarma cinereum), marsh periwinkles (Littoraria irrorata), horn snails (Cerithidea pliculosa), and salt marsh snails (Melampus bidentatus) was evaluated over four seasons (summer 2000, fall 2000, winter 2001, and spring 2001) in grazed and ungrazed treatments. A Galveston Island salt marsh adjacent to Snake Island Cove was sampled at five elevations, from the water's edge to the high tidal flats. Data were analyzed for statistical differences using a two-way ANOVA in SAS. Cattle grazing may affect the vegetation and macroinvertebrate communities in salt marshes through trampling and herbivory. Vegetation resources available to other herbivores are decreased by the direct consumption of plant material by cattle. Spartina alterniflora and Salicornia virginica heights were significantly greater in ungrazed treatments than grazed for every season in the edge, upper, and middle elevation zones. Total aerial vegetative cover was also reduced significantly in grazed treatments, with the greatest impact in the edge and upper marsh. In the ungrazed treatments, S. alterniflora stem density was significantly greater in edge elevations, while both S. virginica percent cover and stem density in the edge elevation was greater. Burrowing crab populations were greater in the upper marsh and edge habitat of ungrazed treatments, while significantly greater in most of the middle marsh habitats of the grazed treatment. Size of burrowing crabs was generally significantly greater in ungrazed treatments. Cerithidea pliculosa size decreased in grazed treatments, but population had an overall increase in grazed treatments. Littoraria irrorata had very few differences between treatments, although few specimens were found. Melampus bidentatus populations were too small to evaluate thoroughly. Macroinvertebrate populations could be used to assess the overall health of grazed salt marshes.

The effect of cattle grazing on the abundance and distribution of vegetation, burrowing crabs (Uca rapax, Uca pugnax, and Sesarma cinereum), marsh periwinkles (Littoraria irrorata), horn snails (Cerithidea pliculosa), and salt marsh snails (Melampus bidentatus) was evaluated over four seasons (summer 2000, fall 2000, winter 2001, and spring 2001) in grazed and ungrazed treatments. A Galveston Island salt marsh adjacent to Snake Island Cove was sampled at five elevations, from the water's edge to the high tidal flats. Data were analyzed for statistical differences using a two-way ANOVA in SAS. Cattle grazing may affect the vegetation and macroinvertebrate communities in salt marshes through trampling and herbivory. Vegetation resources available to other herbivores are decreased by the direct consumption of plant material by cattle. Spartina alterniflora and Salicornia virginica heights were significantly greater in ungrazed treatments than grazed for every season in the edge, upper, and middle elevation zones. Total aerial vegetative cover was also reduced significantly in grazed treatments, with the greatest impact in the edge and upper marsh. In the ungrazed treatments, S. alterniflora stem density was significantly greater in edge elevations, while both S. virginica percent cover and stem density in the edge elevation was greater. Burrowing crab populations were greater in the upper marsh and edge habitat of ungrazed treatments, while significantly greater in most of the middle marsh habitats of the grazed treatment. Size of burrowing crabs was generally significantly greater in ungrazed treatments. Cerithidea pliculosa size decreased in grazed treatments, but population had an overall increase in grazed treatments. Littoraria irrorata had very few differences between treatments, although few specimens were found. Melampus bidentatus populations were too small to evaluate thoroughly. Macroinvertebrate populations could be used to assess the overall health of grazed salt marshes.