This thesis is focused on design and commissioning of appliance for operating and status display in the aquarium. The first part of the thesis deals with the possibilities of solving particular problems of the system and defines the requirements which the system has to fulfil. The next section of the thesis describes design of hardware part of the system and its software.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Magnetgärdets transformatorstation är belägen i Ludvika och ägs av Västerbergslagens Energi AB. Transformatorstationen är nyligen ombyggd och nu mer placerad inomhus, vilket gör att påkänningar från väder och vind minskar. För att minimera behovet av personlig tillsyn och öka tillgängligheten behövs dock någon form av tillståndsövervakning. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att undersöka om det med hjälp av värmekameror är möjligt att tillståndsövervaka de kritiska punkterna i transformatorstationen. För att fastställa detta har teori kring tillståndsövervakning, termografering och värmekameror sammanställts tillsammans med utförda mätningar och tester. Resultaten har sedan diskuterats för att se om ett möjligt lösningsförslag kan presenteras. Viktiga kriterier för att möjligöra tillståndsövervakning med hjälp av värmekameror har tagits fram. Slutsatsen är att det är möjligt, men kräver en komplicerad systemlösning. Lösningsförslaget bygger på flera samspelande delar och bör bli ett kraftfullt övervakningssystem. Huruvida värmekameror är det bästa och enda verktyget är dock tveksamt. Det anses därför väsentligt att även undersöka andra övervakningsmöligheter, som exempel termistorgivare. / The substation called Magnetgärdet is located in Ludvika, Sweden and it is owned by Västerbergslagens Energi AB. The substation has recently been renovated and is now placed indoors, which reduces the influence of weather on the station. To decrease the need for personal supervision and increase the availability of the station a monitoring solution is needed. The purpose of this degree thesis is to examine if it is possible to monitor the condition of critical items in the station with infrared cameras. To determine this, theory on condition monitoring, thermography and thermal imaging cameras has been compiled together with relevant measurements and tests. The results are then discussed to see if a possible solution can be presented. Important criteria for making condition monitoring with infrared cameras possible have also been formulated in this degree thesis. The conclusion is that it is possible, but a complicated system is required. The solution we have given is based on different parts interplaying with each other and it should become a powerful monitoring system. It is however uncertain whether infrared cameras are the only and best tools, therefore other tools should be considered. It might be possible to use thermistors with, or instead of infrared cameras.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Le tritium est un radioélément produit par fission ternaire ou activation neutronique au sein des réacteurs de fission et utilisé comme combustible dans les machines de fusion (comme, en autres, le JET en Angleterre ou le futur ITER à Cadarache). Des études sont actuellement en cours sur la gestion de cette ressource que ce soit en vue de son utilisation ou de son élimination d’effluents gazeux, liquides ou de déchets. Cette thèse se propose d’étudier la revalorisation du tritium en tant que combustible pour les machines de fusion par le biais d’un Réacteur Catalytique à Membrane (RCM). Celui-ci associe les phénomènes de conversion catalytique de l’eau tritiée, par échange isotopique avec le diprotium selon la réaction générique Q_2 O+H_2⇌H_2 O+Q_2 (Q=H,D ou T), et de perméation sélective, d’une membrane à base de palladium. Ce matériau présente une perméabilité exclusive aux isotopes de l’hydrogène H, D et T par formation respective d’hydrures, deutérures ou tritiures de palladium. Au sein du RCM, ces flux transmembranaires permettent, par retrait des produits de réactions, d’atteindre des taux de conversion plus élevés que dans un réacteur à lit fixe à parois imperméables (loi de Le Chatelier). Au CEA, un banc d’essais utilisant le deutérium comme simulant du tritium a été construit dans l’objectif d’étudier de manière séparée, à l’échelle du laboratoire, ces propriétés de conversion et de perméation ainsi que leur couplage. Grâce au développement d’une méthode permettant l’analyse simultanée des isotopologues de l’eau et du dihydrogène par spectrométrie de masse, il a été montré, d’une part, que le catalyseur à base de nickel utilisé présente une activité suffisante pour que l’état d’équilibre thermodynamique des réactions d’échange isotopique soit atteint très rapidement et d’autre part, que le flux de perméation des isotopologues du dihydrogène suit une loi de Richardson. Des analyses de sensibilités sur les paramètres opératoires montrent que les performances globales du RCM (i.e. facteur de dédeutération) croissent avec la température, la différence de pression transmembranaire, le débit de balayage et le temps de séjour dans le tube, mais passent par un maximum avec la variation de la teneur en vapeur d’eau lourde dans le gaz à traiter. Sur la base de ces observations, un modèle phénoménologique quantifiant les transferts de quantités de mouvement et de matière a été développé. Il rend compte du comportement global observé expérimentalement même si un effort reste à fournir sur la modélisation de la perméation des espèces hétéronucléaires. Grâce aux principes physiques sur lesquels il est basé et aux règles de similitudes existant entre les propriétés physico-chimiques des différents isotopologues (loi de Graham), ce modèle est aisément extrapolable au traitement d’espèces tritiées. / Tritium is produced in light and heavy water reactor fuel by ternary fission or neutron activation. This by-product is used as fuel in fusion fuel reactors such as JET in Culham or ITER in Cadarache (France). The growing interest of this research area will make the tritium fluxes increase; it is then worth addressing the question of its future whether it will be used or flushed out from liquid and gaseous effluents or waste. This thesis studies the recovery of tritium as fuel for fusion machines by means of packed bed membrane reactor (PBMR). Such a reactor combines catalytic conversion of tritiated water thanks to isotope exchange with hydrogen according to the reversible reaction Q_2 O+H_2⇌H_2 O+Q_2 (Q=H,D or T) and selective permeation of Q2 through Pd-based membrane. In fact, palladium has the ability to bond with hydrogen isotopes, creating a selective permeation barrier. In the PBMR, thanks to the reaction products withdrawal, these permeation fluxes drive the heavy water conversion rate, to higher values than those reached in conventional fixed bed reactors (Le Chatelier’s law). In order to study PBMRs, the CEA has built a test bench, using deuterium instead of tritium, allowing the analysis of their conversion and separation performances at the laboratory scale. An in-house method has been developed to determine simultaneously hydrogen and water isotopologues content by mass spectrometer analysis. It was experimentally shown that the activity of Ni-based catalyst used in this study was sufficient to allow the isotope exchange reactions to reach their thermodynamic equilibrium in a very short time. In addition, hydrogen permeation flux was shown to follow a Richardson’s law. Sensitivity studies performed on the PBMR’s main operating parameters revealed that its global performance (i.e. dedeuteration factor) increases with the temperature, the transmembrane pressure difference, the sweep gas flow rate and the residence time in the catalyst particle bed but reaches a maximum with the variation of heavy water content in the feed stream. According to these observations, a phenomenological 2D model, describing momentum and mass transfers, was developed. Simulations results are in good agreement with the general behavior observed experimentally. Results show that modeling of the permeation of heteronuclear species should account for crossed-interactions of the hydrogen isotopologues on the mass transfer of one specie. Nevertheless, thanks to the modeling approach used and the similitude rules existing between isotopologues’ physical and chemical properties (Graham’s law), this model can be easily extrapolated to the processing of tritium containing mixtures

Orientador: Ronaldo Aloise Pilli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T12:16:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Riston_JoseRoberto_M.pdf: 1975890 bytes, checksum: 83dd322a0b88c53adac5195340f43a5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho trata de estudos visando à síntese estereosseletiva do alcalóide 275A (18, Figura 1). Esse alcalóide foi isolado por Daly e colaboradores da pele de pequenas rãs venenosas neotropicais da família Dendrobatidae em 1986. Sua estrutura possui um núcleo 1-azabiciclo[5.3.0]decano de grande importância sintética. Para construção desse núcleo utilizamos, principalmente, as reações de a-amidoalquilação e de metátese de olefinas de fechamento de anel (RCM), tendo como reagente inicial a (S) prolina (57) Esquema1 / Abstract: This work consists in studies toward the stereoselective synthesis of alkaloid 275A (18, Figure 1). This alkaloid was isolated by Daly and co-workers from the skin of neotropical poison little frogs of Dendrobatidae family in 1986. His structure has an 1-azabicyclo[5.3.0]decane nucleus of great synthetic importance. To construct this nucleus we used, mainly, a-amidoalkylation reactions and ring close metathesis (RCM), starting with (S) proline (57, Scheme 1) / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

Implementation of common and sustainable working methods is highly valued for Scania IM.The aim of their maintenance work is to increase availability to enable production targets. Themaintenance work should be safe with regard to human and environment, cost-effective andbased on suitable maintenance strategies. In order to achieve this, a common standardized workprocess is required for how Scania IM will work in the preparation phase of the components.The purpose of this degree project was to investigate how a new workflow can be used todevelop appropriate maintenance and stock strategies for components. The work was delimitedto analyze eighteen components, distributed over nine different subsystems in a multi-operationmachine.The project began with a meeting on Scania IM where the work process and the research objectwere presented. Relevant literature was selected and the selected research object was dividedinto different subsystems. Based on these subsystems, components were selected to beinvestigated. The work process was divided into two parts, process for maintenance strategyand process for stock strategy. In order to determine the appropriate maintenance strategy forthe components, interviews were applied. Interviewers were selected according to the technicalarea of the specific component. The stock strategy process was not complete as it was missinga systematic approach. This approach was subsequently developed into a new, expanded workprocess according to the preferences of the company. Afterwards, appropriate stock strategieswere selected through data collection and interviews.All components were assigned storage and maintenance strategies based on the characteristicsof each component, i.e. probability of failure, consequences of failure and lead time.Developing an appropriate maintenance strategy, which corresponds to the first part, turned outto be easier than determining the appropriate stock strategy. However, it turned out that the firstpart had an unclear decision point - to determine if failure modes occurred regularly or not.There was no definition of the concept of regular failures, which may have contributed to nocomponent being assigned predetermined maintenance as a strategy. Therefore, this isrecommended to be done in order for the process to be useful and correct.This degree project shows that the new work process can be used to develop appropriatemaintenance and storage strategies, provided that the person using the process has sufficientknowledge in the subject. The work process is meant to be used by maintenance staff, and musttherefore be verified before it can be established as a standardized working method. / Implementering av gemensamma och hållbara arbetssätt är en värdegrund hos Scanias IM.Målsättningen med underhållsarbetet är att öka driftsäkerheten för att möjliggöra uppsattaproduktionsmål. Underhållsarbetet som bedrivs ska vara säkert med hänsyn tagen till människaoch miljö, kostnadseffektivt och baserat på väl avvägda underhållsstrategier. För att uppnå dettaså krävs det bland annat en gemensam standardiserad arbetsprocess för hur Scania IM skallarbeta vid underhållsberedning av maskinkomponenter. Syftet med detta examensarbete var attundersöka hur en ny arbetsprocess för underhållsberedning kan användas för att ta framlämpliga underhålls- och lagerstrategier för maskinkomponenter. Arbetet avgränsades till attanalysera arton komponenter, fördelade över nio olika delsystem i en fleroperationsmaskin.Projektet inleddes med ett möte på Scania IM där arbetsprocessen samt undersökningsobjektetpresenterades. Relevant litteratur valdes ut och det valda undersökningsobjektet delades upp iolika delsystem. Utifrån dessa delsystem valdes komponenter ut som skulle undersökas.Arbetsprocessen var uppdelad i två delar, process för underhållsstrategi samt process förlagerstrategi. För att bestämma lämplig underhållsstrategi för komponenterna tillämpadesintervjuer. Intervjupersonerna valdes ut efter vilket teknikområde den specifika komponententillhörde. Processen för lagerstrategi var inte fullständig då den saknade ett systematiskttillvägagångssätt. Detta tillvägagångssätt utvecklades efterhand till en ny, utökad arbetsprocessi enlighet med verksamhetens önskemål. Därefter valdes lämpliga lagerstrategier ut genomdatainsamling och intervjuer.Samtliga komponenter tilldelades lager- och underhållsstrategier som baserades påförutsättningarna hos varje komponent, det vill säga felsannolikhet, konsekvens och ledtid. Attta fram lämplig underhållsstrategi, som motsvarar första delen, visade sig vara enklare än attbestämma lämplig lagerstrategi. Det visade sig dock att den första delen hade en otydligbeslutspunkt - att ta ställning till om feltyper uppstod regelbundet eller inte. Det fanns ingenanpassad definition av begreppet regelbundna fel, vilket kan ha bidragit till att ingen komponenttilldelades förutbestämt underhåll som strategi. Därför rekommenderas detta att göras för attprocessen ska bli användarvänlig och korrekt.Detta examensarbete visar att den nya arbetsprocessen går att använda för att ta fram lämpligaunderhålls- och lagerstrategier, förutsatt att den som använder processen har tillräckligakunskaper inom området. Arbetsprocessen är tänkt att användas av underhållsberedare, ochmåste därför verifieras av sådana innan den kan etableras som en standardiserad arbetsmetod.

The presented doctoral thesis is focused on solving reliability of operation and optimization of maintenance of rotary machines. In the theoretical part, the RCM method is analyzed in detail including several available modifications of this method. Furthermore, the most commonly used methods of technical diagnostics are presented. The practical part is focused on the design of a new methodology based on the RCM method.

Aujourd’hui les réseaux électriques sont exploités dans un marché dérégulé. Les gestionnaires des réseaux électriques sont tenus d’assurer un certain nombre de critères de fiabilité et de continuité du service, tout en minimisant le coût total consacré aux efforts effectués pour maintenir la fiabilité des installations. Il s’agit de trouver une stratégie, qui répond à plusieurs exigences, comme : le coût, les performances, la législation, les exigences du régulateur, etc. Cependant, le processus de prise de décision est subjectif, car chaque participant ramène sa contribution sur base de sa propre expérience. Bien que ce processus permette de trouver la « meilleure » stratégie, cette dernière n’est pas forcément la stratégie « optimale ». Ce compromis technico-économique a sensibilisé les gestionnaires des réseaux électriques à la nécessité d’un recours à des outils d’aide à la décision, qui doivent se baser sur des nouvelles approches quantitatives et une modélisation plus proches de la réalité physique. Cette thèse rentre dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche lancé par ELIA, et dénommé COMPRIMa (Cost-Optimization Models for the Planning of the Renewal, Inspection, and Maintenance of Belgian power system facilities). Ce projet vise à développer une méthodologie qui permet de modéliser une partie du réseau électrique de transport (par les réseaux de Petri stochastiques) et de simuler son comportement dynamique sur un horizon donné (simulation de Monte Carlo). L’évaluation des indices de fiabilité permet de comparer les différents scénarios qui tentent d’améliorer les performances de l’installation. L’approche proposée est basée sur la stratégie RCM (Reliability-Centered Maintenance). La méthodologie développée dans cette thèse permet une modélisation plus réaliste du réseau qui tient compte, entre autres, des aspects suivants : - La corrélation quantitative entre le processus de maintenance et le processus de vieillissement des composants (par un modèle d’âge virtuel) ; - Les dépendances liées à l’aspect multi-composant du système, qui tient compte des modes de défaillance spécifiques des systèmes de protection ; - L’aspect économique lié à la stratégie de maintenance (inspection, entretien, réparation, remplacement), aux coupures (programmées et forcées) et aux événements à risque (refus disjoncteur, perte d’un client, perte d’un jeu de barres, perte d’une sous-station, etc.).

<p>Electrical production in Sweden today is mainly from nuclear and hydro power. However, there is large increase in renewable energy like wind power and the installed new capacity goals are large. Several electrical production sources are important for the sustainability of the energy system. Maintenance is an approach for keeping a system sustainable. The importance of structured maintenance for reliable electrical production systems triggers the development of qualitative and quantitative maintenance management methods. Examples of these methods are Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) which is a structured qualitative approach that focuses on reliability when planning maintenance, and Reliability Centered Asset Management (RCAM) which is a development of RCM into a quantitative approach with the aim to relate preventive maintenance to total maintenance cost and system reliability.</p><p>This thesis presents models, as applications of RCAM, based on the methods of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and mathematical optimization, applied to wind and nuclear power plants. Both deterministic and stochastic approaches have been used and the proposed models are based on the <em>Total Cost</em> model, which summarizes costs for maintenance and production loss, and the <em>Aircraft </em>model, which is an opportunistic maintenance optimization model. Opportunistic maintenance is preventive maintenance performed at opportunities. The wind power applications in this study show on different ways to cover costs of condition monitoring systems (CMS) and further on economic benefits of these when uncertainties of times to failure are included in the model. The nuclear power applications show on that the optimization model is dependent on the discount rate and that a high discount rate gives more motivation for opportunistic replacements. When put into a stochastic framework and compared to other maintenance strategies it is shown that an extended opportunistic maintenance optimization model has a good overall performance, and that it, for high values of the constant cost of performing maintenance, is preferable to perform opportunistic maintenance. The proposed models, applied to wind and nuclear power plants, could be extended and adapted to fit other components and systems.</p> / Reliability and cost centered maintenance methods