HMS Industrial networks is a company that offers communication solutions for automation systems. There exists an abundance of different industrial network technologies and HMS manufactures gateways that translate and allow communication between the different networks.The multiplicity of network technologies introduces problems when it comes to monitoring the processes in an automation system. It is desirable to be able to access the process data through a single network technology and this is what OPC UA is used for. Briefly, OPC UA can be described as an interface for exchange ofprocess data in automation systems. HMS has noticed a rising trend in the interest for OPC UA and therefore wants to investigate the possibility to use OPC UA on their platform, the Anybus X-Gateway. The goal of this thesis has been to port an OPC UA stack, provided by the OPCfoundation, to the HMS operating system running on an Anybus X-Gateway. The port has been successful and has been verified by unit tests and a test application. Thus, a first step towards a complete OPC UA product has been taken. Further, the thesis presents a theoretical summary about real-time operating systems to explain their function and usage.

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abstract: The need for multi-core architectural trends was realized in the desktop computing domain fairly long back. This trend is also beginning to be seen in the deeply embedded systems such as automotive and avionics industry owing to ever increasing demands in terms of sheer computational bandwidth, responsiveness, reliability and power consumption constraints. The adoption of such multi-core architectures in safety critical systems is often met with resistance owing to the overhead in migration of the existing stable code base to the new system setup, typically requiring extensive re-design. This also brings about the need for exhaustive testing and validation that goes hand in hand with such a migration, especially in safety critical real-time systems. This project highlights the steps to develop an asymmetric multiprocessing variant of Micrium µC/OS-II real-time operating system suited for a multi-core system. This RTOS variant also supports multi-core synchronization, shared memory management and multi-core messaging queues. Since such specialized embedded systems are usually developed by system designers focused more so on the functionality than on the coding standards, the adoption of automatic production code generation tools, such as SIMULINK's Embedded Coder, is increasingly becoming the industry norm. Such tools are capable of producing robust, industry compliant code with very little roll out time. This project documents the process of extending SIMULINK's automatic code generation tool for the AMP variant of µC/OS-II on Freescale's MPC5675K, dual-core Microcontroller Unit. This includes code generation from task based models and multi-rate models. Apart from this, it also de-scribes the development of additional software tools to allow semantically consistent communication between task on the same kernel and those across the kernels. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Computer Science 2014

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre sistemas operacionais de tempo real (RTOS) utilizados na implementação da infraestrutura de controle digital para sistemas mecatrônicos, mas serve também como referência para outros sistemas que possuam restrições de tempo. Além de ter um caráter experimental, onde foram medidos e analisados dados como o pior tempo de resposta dos sistemas e a latência para tratamento de interrupções, este trabalho de pesquisa ainda contempla a implementação e uso de RTOS em situações práticas, bem como contempla a construção de uma plataforma geral de pesquisa que servirá de base para futuros trabalhos no laboratório de mecatrônica. Os sistemas analisados neste trabalho foram o VxWorks, QNX, Linux, RTAI, Windows XP, Windows CE e \'mü\'C/OS-II. Outro produto gerado durante este trabalho foi um Live CD para auxiliar na implementação e ensino de conceitos e sistemas de tempo real. / This work presents a study about real time operating systems (RTOS) that are utilized as infrastructure to create digital control systems for mechatronics systems, and also for systems that have critical time constraints. Parameters like worst case response time and interrupt latency were measured for each operating system. This research project also covers the implementation and use of RTOS in practical situations. A general research platform for robotics and real time research was also developed and will be used for future works in the Mechatronics Laboratory. The tested systems were VxWorks, QNX, Linux, RTAI, Windows XP, Windows CE and \'mü\'C/OS-II. Another product released during this work was a Live CD to aid the implementation and teaching of real time systems and concepts.

Les systèmes temps-réels sont des systèmes qui sont soumis à "des contraintes de temps", comme par exemple le délais de réponse d'un système à un événement physique. Souvent les temps de réponse sont de l'ordre du milliseconde et parfois même du microseconde. Construire des systèmes temps-réels nécessite l'utilisation de méthodologies de conception et de mise en œuvre qui garantissent la propriété de respect des contraintes de temps, par exemple un système doit réagir dans les limites définies par l'utilisateur tels que les délais et la périodicité. Un délai non respecté dans systèmes temps-réel critique est catastrophique, comme par exemple dans les systèmes automobiles. Si un airbag se déclanche tard dans un accident de voiture, même quelques millisecondes trop tard peuvent conduire à des répercussions graves. Dans les systèmes temps-réels non critiques, une perte significative de performance et de QoS peuvent se produire, comme par exemple dans les réseaux de systèmes multimédia. Contribution: Nous fournissons une méthode de conception rigoureuse des systèmes temps-réel. L'implèmentation est générée à partir d'une application logicielle temps-réel et une plate-forme cible, en utilisant les deux modèles suivants: * Un modèle abstrait représentant le comportement de l'application logicielle en temps réel sous forme d' un automate temporisé. Celui-ci décrit des contraintes temporelles définies par l'utilisateur qui sont indépendantes de la plateforme. Ses transitions sont intemporelles et correspondent à l'exécution des différentes instructions de l'application. * Un modèle physique représentant le comportement du logiciel en temps réel s'exécutant sur une plate-forme donnée. Il est obtenu par l'attribution des temps d'exécution aux transitions du modèle abstrait. Une condition nécessaire pour garantir l'implémentabilité dy système est la "time-safety", c'est à dire, toute séquence d'exécution du modèle physique est également une séquence d'exécution du modèle abstrait. "Time-safety" signifie que la plate-forme est assez rapide pour répondre aux exigences de synchronisation de l'application. Comme les temps d'exécution des actions ne sont pas connus avec exactitude, "time-safety" est vérifiée pour les temps d'exécution pire cas es actions en faisant l' hypothèse de la robustesse. La robustesse signifie que la "time-safety" est préservée lorsqu'on augmente la vitesse de la plate-forme d'exécution. Pour des logiciels et plate-forme d'exécution correspondant à un modèle robuste, nous définissons un moteur d'exécution qui coordonne l'exécution du logiciel d'application afin de répondre à ses contraintes temporelles. En outre, en cas de non-robustesse, le moteur d'exécution permet de détecter les violations de contraintes temporelles en arrêtant l'exécution. Nous avons mis en place le moteur d'exécution pour les programmes BIP. Nous avons validé la méthode pour la conception et la mise en œuvre du robot Dala. Nous montrons les avantages obtenus en termes d'utilisation du processeur et l'amélioration de la latence de la réaction. / Context: Real-time systems are systems that are subject to "real-time constraints"— e.g. operational deadlines from event to system response. Often real-time response times are understood to be in the order of milliseconds and sometimes microseconds. Building real-time systems requires the use of design and implementation methodologies that ensure the property of meeting timing constraints e.g. a system has to react within user-defined bounds such as deadlines and periodicity. A missed deadline in hard real-time systems is catastrophic, like for example in automotive systems, for example if an airbag is fined too late in a car accident, even one ms too late leads to serious repercussions. In soft real-time systems it can lead to a significant loss of performance and QoS like for example in networked multimedia systems. Contribution: We provide a rigorous design and implementation method for the implementation of real-time systems. The implementation is generated from a given real-time application software and a target platform by using two models: * An abstract model representing the behavior of real-time software as a timed automaton. The latter describes user-defined platform-independent timing constraints. Its transitions are timeless and correspond to the execution of statements of the real-time software. * A physical model representing the behavior of the real-time software running on a given platform. It is obtained by assigning execution times to the transitions of the abstract model. A necessary condition for implementability is time-safety, that is, any (timed) execution sequence of the physical model is also an execution sequence of the abstract model. Time-safety means that the platform is fast enough to meet the timing requirements. As execution times of actions are not known exactly, time-safety is checked for worst-case execution times of actions by making an assumption of time-robustness: time-safety is preserved when speed of the execution platform increases. For given real-time software and execution platform corresponding to a time-robust model, we define an execution Engine that coordinates the execution of the application software so as to meet its timing constraints. Furthermore, in case of non-robustness, the execution Engine can detect violations of time-safety and stop execution. We have implemented the execution Engine for BIP programs with real-time constraints. We have validated the method for the design and implementation of the Dala rover robot. We show the benefits obtained in terms of CPU utilization and amelioration in the latency of reaction.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre sistemas operacionais de tempo real (RTOS) utilizados na implementação da infraestrutura de controle digital para sistemas mecatrônicos, mas serve também como referência para outros sistemas que possuam restrições de tempo. Além de ter um caráter experimental, onde foram medidos e analisados dados como o pior tempo de resposta dos sistemas e a latência para tratamento de interrupções, este trabalho de pesquisa ainda contempla a implementação e uso de RTOS em situações práticas, bem como contempla a construção de uma plataforma geral de pesquisa que servirá de base para futuros trabalhos no laboratório de mecatrônica. Os sistemas analisados neste trabalho foram o VxWorks, QNX, Linux, RTAI, Windows XP, Windows CE e \'mü\'C/OS-II. Outro produto gerado durante este trabalho foi um Live CD para auxiliar na implementação e ensino de conceitos e sistemas de tempo real. / This work presents a study about real time operating systems (RTOS) that are utilized as infrastructure to create digital control systems for mechatronics systems, and also for systems that have critical time constraints. Parameters like worst case response time and interrupt latency were measured for each operating system. This research project also covers the implementation and use of RTOS in practical situations. A general research platform for robotics and real time research was also developed and will be used for future works in the Mechatronics Laboratory. The tested systems were VxWorks, QNX, Linux, RTAI, Windows XP, Windows CE and \'mü\'C/OS-II. Another product released during this work was a Live CD to aid the implementation and teaching of real time systems and concepts.

The demands of a modern way of life have changed the way power electronics systems work. For instance, the grid has to provide not only the service of delivering electrical energy but also the communication to enable interactions between customers and enable them to be producers of electrical energy, too. Thus, the smart grid has come into existence. The consequence of the smart grid is that consumers could be “smart.” The most obvious consumers are households, so the houses have to also be smart and must be equipped with various power electronics devices for producing and managing electrical energy. Again, all those devices have to communicate somehow and provide data for managing electrical energy in the house. Zoomed in further, novel, state-of-the-art measurement equipment could have been built from different power electronics devices, and communication among them would be necessary for good operation. Zoomed further in, communication among different pieces of power electronics devices (such as converters) could offer benefits such as flexibility, abstraction, and modularity. This thesis provides insight into different communication techniques and protocols used in power electronics systems. A top-down approach presents three different levels of communication used in real-life projects with all the challenges they bring, starting with the smart house, followed by the state-of-the-art impedance measurement unit, and finalizing with internal power electronics building block (PEBB) communication. In the case of a smart house, where the house is equipped with solar panels, charge controllers, batteries, and inverters, communication allows interoperation between different elements of the power electronics system, enabling energy management. Results show the operation of the system and energy management algorithm. A house of this type won first prize at an international competition where energy management was one of the disciplines. The impedance measurement unit consists of different power electronics devices. In this case, too, communication between devices enables the operation of the impedance measurement unit. Communication techniques used here are shown together with measurement results. Finally, inter-PEBB communication has been shown as an approach for interaction among the different elements inside the PEBB, such as controller, GDs, sensors, and actuators. Real-time communication protocol, including all challenges, is described and developed. This approach is shown to enable communication and synchronization among different nodes inside the PEBB. Communication enables all internal elements of the PEBB to be transparent outside the PEBB in the sense that data gathered from them could be reused anywhere else in the system. Also, this approach enables the development of distributed event (time) driven control, hardware and software, abstraction, high modularity, and flexibility. A very important aspect of inter-PEBB communication is synchronization. A simple technique of sharing a clock among the parts of a 6 kV PEBB has been shown. / M.S. / This thesis provides insight into different communication techniques and protocols used in power electronics systems. A top-down approach presents three different levels of communication used in real-life projects with all the challenges they bring, starting with the smart house and a custom device designed and developed to be a communication interface among different power electronics devices from different vendors, such as charge controllers or inverters, but with capabilities not only to communicate but to also provide a platform for the development of energy management algorithms used to make houses grid zero if not grid positive. Aside from the smart house, this thesis describes communication protocols and techniques used in the impedance measurement unit (IMU). This complex measurement device provides valuable and accurate impedance measurements and consists of different power electronics devices that need to communicate. Finally, at the power electronics building block (PEBB) level, real-time communication protocol with all challenges is described. Developed communication protocol provides communication and synchronization among different nodes such as GDs, sensors, and actuators inside the PEBB. This intra-PEBB communication and synchronization combined with inter-PEBB communication and synchronization provide the foundation for the development of truly distributed event- (time-) driven control as well as hardware and software abstraction.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s’inscrivent dans le cadre du développement logiciel des systèmes temps réel embarqués. Nous définissons dans ce travail une méthodologie nommée DRIM. Cette méthodologie permet de guider le déploiement des applications temps réel sur différents RTOS en suivant la ligne de l’IDM et en assurant le respect des contraintes de temps après le déploiement. L’automatisation de la méthodologie DRIM montre sa capacité à détecter les descriptions non-implémentables de l’application, réalisées au niveau conception, pour un RTOS donné, ce qui présente l’avantage de réduire le temps de mise sur le marché d’une part et de guider l’utilisateur pour un choix approprié de l’RTOS cible d’autre part. / The main purpose of this Phd is to contribute to the software development of real-time embedded systems. We define in this work a methodology named DRIM: Design Refinement toward Implementation Methodology. This methodology aims to guide the deployment of a real-time application on to different RTOS while respecting MDE principals and ensuing that the timing properties are still met after deployment. The automation of DRIM shows its ability to detect non-implementable design models describing the real-time application, on aparticular RTOS, which permits to reduce the time-to-market on the one hand and guide the user to the selection of the appropriate RTOS from the other hand.

This thesis deals with issue of reliability of real-time embedded systems. Contains a summary of basic concepts related to field in real-time embedded systems and mechanisms for dependability enhancement through redundancy techniques and control flow checking. Describes the implementation of selected control flow checking mechanisms, the technique uses software watchdog timers, use of hardware n-modular redundancy in software environment and technique of process pairs using operating system uC/OS-II. The different mechanisms are validated by method injection of faults into the chosen data structures of system uC/OS-II.